1
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Aredes RS, Peixoto FC, Sphaier LA, Silva VNH, Duarte LM, de Carvalho Marques FF. Determination of carbohydrates in brewer's wort by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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2
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Malburet C, Leclercq L, Cotte JF, Thiebaud J, Cottet H. Separation of three strains of polio virus by capillary zone electrophoresis and study of their interaction with aluminum oxyhydroxide. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1667:462838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Martínková E, Křížek T, Kubíčková A, Coufal P. Mobilization of electroosmotic flow markers in capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:932-938. [PMID: 33570209 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
UV-absorbing neutral substances are commonly used as markers of mean electroosmotic flow in capillary electrophoresis for their zero electrophoretic mobility in an electric field. However, some of these markers can interact with background electrolyte components and migrate at a different velocity than the electroosmotic flow. Thus, we tested 11 markers primarily varying in their degree of methylation and type of central atom in combination with five background electrolyte cations differing in their ionic radii and surface charge density, measuring the relative electrophoretic mobility using thiourea as a reference marker. Our results from this set of experiments showed some general trends in the mobilization of the markers based on the effects of marker structure and type of background electrolyte cation on the relative electrophoretic mobility. As an example, the effects of an inadequate choice of marker on analyte identification were illustrated in the electrophoretic separation of glucosinolates. Therefore, our findings may help electrophoretists appropriately select electroosmotic flow markers for various electrophoretic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Martínková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Křížek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kubíčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Coufal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Characterization of ultrahigh molar mass polyelectrolytes by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1631:461536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Sázelová P, Koval D, Severa L, Teplý F, Vigh G, Kašička V. Determination of binding constants of multiple charged cyclodextrin complexes by ACE using uncorrected and ionic strength corrected actual mobilities of the species involved. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:523-535. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sázelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Dušan Koval
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Lukáš Severa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Filip Teplý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Gyula Vigh
- Texas A&M UniversityDepartment Chemistry College Station TX USA
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czechia
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6
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Desvignes I, Chamieh J, Cottet H. Separation and Characterization of Highly Charged Polyelectrolytes Using Free-Solution Capillary Electrophoresis. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10121331. [PMID: 30961256 PMCID: PMC6401714 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of statistical copolymers of various charge densities remains an important and challenging analytical issue. Indeed, the polyelectrolyte (PE) effective electrophoretic mobility tends to level off above a certain charge density, due to the occurrence of Manning counterion condensation. Surprisingly, we demonstrate in this work that it is possible to get highly resolutive separations of charged PE using free-solution capillary electrophoresis, even above the critical value predicted by the Manning counterion condensation theory. Full separation of nine statistical poly(acrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) polymers of different charge densities varying between 3% and 100% was obtained by adjusting the ionic strength of the background electrolyte (BGE) in counter electroosmotic mode. Distributions of the chemical charge density could be obtained for the nine PE samples, showing a strong asymmetry of the distribution for the highest-charged PE. This asymmetry can be explained by the different reactivity ratios during the copolymerization. To shed more light on the separation mechanism, effective and apparent selectivities were determined by a systematic study and modeling of the electrophoretic mobility dependence according to the ionic strength. It is demonstrated that the increase in resolution with increasing BGE ionic strength is not only due to a closer matching of the electroosmotic flow magnitude with the PE electrophoretic effective mobility, but also to an increase of the dependence of the PE effective mobility according to the charge density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Desvignes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Joseph Chamieh
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Hervé Cottet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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7
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Sutton AT, Arrua RD, Gaborieau M, Castignolles P, Hilder EF. Characterization of oligo(acrylic acid)s and their block co-oligomers. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1032:163-177. [PMID: 30143214 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligo(acrylic acid), oligoAA are important species currently used industrially in the stabilization of paints and also for the production of self-assembled polymer structures which have been shown to have useful applications in analytical separation methods and potentially in drug delivery systems. To properly tailor the synthesis of oligoAA, and its block co-oligomers synthesized by Reversible-Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization to applications, detailed knowledge about the chemical structure is needed. Commonly used techniques such as Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) suffer from poor resolution and non-quantitative distributions, respectively. In this work free solution Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) has been thoroughly investigated as an alternative, allowing for the separation of oligoAA by molar mass and the RAFT agent end group. The method was then extended to block co-oligomers of acrylic acid and styrene. Peak capacities up to 426 were observed for these 1D CE separations, 10 times greater than what has been achieved for Liquid Chromatography (LC) of oligostyrenes. To provide a comprehensive insight into the chemical structure of these materials 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to provide an accurate average chain length and reveal the presence of branching. The chain length at which branching is detected was investigated with the results showing a degree of branching of 1% of the monomer units in oligoAA with an average chain length of 9 monomer units, which was the shortest chain length at which branching could be detected. This branching is suspected to be a result of both intermolecular and intramolecular transfer reactions. The combination of free solution CE and NMR spectroscopy is shown to provide a near complete elucidation of the chemical structure of oligoAA including the average chain length and branching as well as the chain length and RAFT agent end group distribution. Furthermore, the purity in terms of the dead chains and unreacted RAFT agent was quantified. The use of free solution CE and 1H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated in this work can be routinely applied to oligoelectrolytes and their block co-oligomers to provide an accurate characterization which allows for better design of the materials produced from these oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Sutton
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5011, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - R Dario Arrua
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5011, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Marianne Gaborieau
- Western Sydney University, ACROSS, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia; Western Sydney University, Medical Sciences Research Group, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Patrice Castignolles
- Western Sydney University, ACROSS, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Emily F Hilder
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5011, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia.
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8
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Capillary electrophoresis for aluminum ion speciation: Optimized separation conditions for complex polycation mixtures. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1552:79-86. [PMID: 29655840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum chlorohydrates (ACH) are used in numerous applications and commercial products on a global scale including water treatment, catalysis or antiperspirants. They are complex mixtures of water soluble aluminum polycations of different degrees of polymerization, that are difficult to separate and quantify due to their susceptibility to depolymerize in solution when placed out of equilibrium, which is inherent to any separation process. We recently achieved the first capillary electrophoresis separation and characterization of ACH oligomers using 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid (MES) as background electrolyte counter-ion. MES stabilizes the separated ACH oligomers during the electrophoretic process leading to highly repeatable and fast separations. In this work, the separation of ACH oligomers was further studied and perfected by varying the ionic strength, MES concentration and pH of the background electrolyte. Complex electrophoretic behavior is reported for the separation of Al13, Al30 and Na+ ions according to these experimental parameters. The transformation of the electropherograms in effective mobility scale and the use of the slope-plot approach are used to better understand the observed changes in selectivity/resolution. Optimal conditions (700 mM MES at 25 mM ionic strength containing 0.1 mM didodecyldimethylammonium bromide for dynamic capillary coating, pH 4.8) obtained for the separation of ACH oligomers are used for the baseline separation of samples difficult to analyze with other methods, including different molecular, aggregated and colloidal forms of aluminum from the Al13, Al30 and Na+ mixture, validating the rationale of the approach.
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9
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Farcaş E, Pochet L, Crommen J, Servais AC, Fillet M. Capillary electrophoresis in the context of drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:195-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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González Fá AJ, Cerutti I, Springer V, Girotti S, Centurión ME, Di Nezio MS, Pistonesi MF. Simple Characterization of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles by Capillary Electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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11
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Cottet H, Wu H, Allison SA. On the ionic strength dependence of the electrophoretic mobility: From 2D to 3D slope-plots. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:624-632. [PMID: 27859393 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Determining the charge and the nature (small ion, nanoparticle, or polyelectrolyte) of an unknown solute from its electrophoretic characteristics remains a challenging issue. In this work, we demonstrate that, if the knowledge of the effective electrophoretic mobility (μep ) at a given ionic strength is not sufficient to characterize a given solute, the combination of this parameter with (i) the relative decrease of the electrophoretic mobility with the ionic strength (S), and (ii) the hydrodynamic radius (Rh ), is sufficient (in most cases) to deduce the nature of the solute and its charge. These three parameters are experimentally accessible by CZE and Taylor dispersion analysis performed on the same instrumentation. 3D representation of the three aforementioned parameters (μep ; S and Rh ) is proposed to visualize the differences in the electrophoretic behavior between solutes according to their charge and nature. Surprisingly, such 3D slope plot in the case of small ions and nanoparticles looks like a "whale-tail," while polyelectrolyte contour plot represents a rather simple and monotonous map that is independent of solute size. This work also sets how to estimate the effective charge of a solute from a given experimental (S,Rh,μ ep 5 mM ) triplet, which is not possible to obtain unambiguously with only (Rh,μ ep 5 mM ) or (S,μ ep 5 mM ) doublet, where μ ep 5 mM is the effective electrophoretic mobility at 5 mM ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Cottet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Hengfu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stuart A Allison
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Influence of the ionic strength of acidic background electrolytes on the separation of proteins by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1432:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Pyell U, Jalil AH, Pfeiffer C, Pelaz B, Parak WJ. Characterization of gold nanoparticles with different hydrophilic coatings via capillary electrophoresis and Taylor dispersion analysis. Part I: Determination of the zeta potential employing a modified analytic approximation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 450:288-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Allison SA, Wu H, Bui TM, Dang L, Huynh GH, Nguyen T, Soegiarto L, Truong BC. Specific ion effects on the electrophoretic mobility of small, highly charged peptides: A modeling study. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2403-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hengfu Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Tuyen M. Bui
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Lac Dang
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Giang H. Huynh
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Tam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Linda Soegiarto
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Bi C. Truong
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA USA
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15
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Tseng S, Yeh PH, Hsu JP. Simulation of polyelectrolyte electrophoresis: effects of the aspect ratio, double-layer polarization, effective charge, and electroosmotic flow. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8177-8185. [PMID: 24963950 DOI: 10.1021/la501535b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrophoresis of a deformable polyelectrolyte (PE) is studied theoretically by considering a Poisson-Nernst-Planck model coupled with modified Navier-Stokes equations, taking account of the effects of double-layer polarization, counterion condensation, and electroosmotic flow. The influences of the local electric field and the effective PE charge on the PE mobility are discussed, thereby providing a complete picture for the phenomenon under consideration. Our model explains successfully the presence of a local minimum in the mobility of a highly charged PE as the bulk salt concentration varies, as observed experimentally. Numerical simulation also reveals several interesting and important results. For example, the more a PE is stretched in the direction of electrophoresis, the larger is its mobility. As the double layer becomes thin, the local electric field becomes independent of the PE shape, and its behavior mainly depends upon its effective charge. We show that the force that stretches a PE is maximal when it is spherical and decreases with an increasing aspect ratio, which has not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiojenn Tseng
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University , Tamsui, Taipei 25137, Taiwan
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16
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Křížek T, Kubíčková A, Hladílková J, Coufal P, Heyda J, Jungwirth P. Electrophoretic mobilities of neutral analytes and electroosmotic flow markers in aqueous solutions of Hofmeister salts. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:617-24. [PMID: 24338984 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Small neutral organic compounds have traditionally the role of EOF markers in electrophoresis, as they are expected to have zero electrophoretic mobility in external electric fields. The BGE contains, however, ions that have unequal affinities to the neutral molecules, which in turn results in their mobilization. In this study we focused on two EOF markers-thiourea and DMSO, as well as on N-methyl acetamide (NMA) as a model of the peptide bond. By means of CE and all atom molecular dynamics simulations we explored mobilization of these neutral compounds in large set of Hofmeister salts. Employing a statistical mechanics approach, we were able to reproduce by simulations the experimental electrophoretic mobility coefficients. We also established the role of the chemical composition of marker and the BGE on the measured electrophoretic mobility coefficient. For NMA, we interpreted the results in terms of the relative affinities of cations versus anions to the peptide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Křížek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011-2013). Electrophoresis 2013; 35:69-95. [PMID: 24255019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review presents a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography) for analysis, isolation, purification, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides, in the methodology of their analysis, including sample preseparation, preconcentration and derivatization, adsorption suppression and EOF control, as well as in detection of peptides, are presented. New developments in particular CE and CEC modes are reported and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are described: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex (bio)matrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid, sequence and chiral analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some micropreparative peptide separations are shown and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide relevant physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Tasci TO, Johnson WP, Fernandez DP, Manangon E, Gale BK. Biased Cyclical Electrical Field Flow Fractionation for Separation of Sub 50 nm Particles. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11225-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401331z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonguc O. Tasci
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - William P. Johnson
- Department
of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Diego P. Fernandez
- Department
of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Eliana Manangon
- Department
of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Bruce K. Gale
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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19
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Maniego AR, Ang D, Guillaneuf Y, Lefay C, Gigmes D, Aldrich-Wright JR, Gaborieau M, Castignolles P. Separation of poly(acrylic acid) salts according to topology using capillary electrophoresis in the critical conditions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9009-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Size and charge characterization of polymeric drug delivery systems by Taylor dispersion analysis and capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5369-79. [PMID: 23624952 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, Taylor dispersion analysis and capillary electrophoresis were used to characterize the size and charge of polymeric drug delivery nanogels based on polyglutamate chains grafted with hydrophobic groups of vitamin E. The hydrophobic vitamin E groups self-associate in water to form small hydrophobic nanodomains that can incorporate small drugs or therapeutic proteins. Taylor dispersion analysis is well suited to determine the weight average hydrodynamic radius of nanomaterials and to get information on the size polydispersity of polymeric samples. The effective charge was determined either from electrophoretic mobility and hydrodynamic radius using electrophoretic modeling (three different approaches were compared), or by indirect UV detection in capillary electrophoresis. The influence of vitamin E hydrophobicity on the polymer effective charge has been studied. The presence of vitamin E leads to a drastic decrease in polymer effective charge in comparison to non-modified polyglutamate. Finally, the electrophoretic behavior of polyglutamate backbone grafted with hydrophobic vitamin E (pGVE) nanogels according to the ionic strength was investigated using the recently proposed slope plot approach. It was deduced that the pGVE nanogels behave electrophoretically as polyelectrolytes which is in good agreement with the high water content of the nanogels.
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