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Pomyalov S, Minetti CA, Remeta DP, Bonala R, Johnson F, Zaitseva I, Iden C, Golebiewska U, Breslauer KJ, Shoham G, Sidorenko VS, Grollman AP. Structural and mechanistic insights into the transport of aristolochic acids and their active metabolites by human serum albumin. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107358. [PMID: 38782206 PMCID: PMC11253539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acids I and II (AA-I/II) are carcinogenic principles of Aristolochia plants, which have been employed in traditional medicinal practices and discovered as food contaminants. While the deleterious effects of AAs are broadly acknowledged, there is a dearth of information to define the mechanisms underlying their carcinogenicity. Following bioactivation in the liver, N-hydroxyaristolactam and N-sulfonyloxyaristolactam metabolites are transported via circulation and elicit carcinogenic effects by reacting with cellular DNA. In this study, we apply DNA adduct analysis, X-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry, and fluorescence quenching to investigate the role of human serum albumin (HSA) in modulating AA carcinogenicity. We find that HSA extends the half-life and reactivity of N-sulfonyloxyaristolactam-I with DNA, thereby protecting activated AAs from heterolysis. Applying novel pooled plasma HSA crystallization methods, we report high-resolution structures of myristic acid-enriched HSA (HSAMYR) and its AA complexes (HSAMYR/AA-I and HSAMYR/AA-II) at 1.9 Å resolution. While AA-I is located within HSA subdomain IB, AA-II occupies subdomains IIA and IB. ITC binding profiles reveal two distinct AA sites in both complexes with association constants of 1.5 and 0.5 · 106 M-1 for HSA/AA-I versus 8.4 and 9.0 · 105 M-1 for HSA/AA-II. Fluorescence quenching of the HSA Trp214 suggests variable impacts of fatty acids on ligand binding affinities. Collectively, our structural and thermodynamic characterizations yield significant insights into AA binding, transport, toxicity, and potential allostery, critical determinants for elucidating the mechanistic roles of HSA in modulating AA carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Pomyalov
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Conceição A Minetti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - David P Remeta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Radha Bonala
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Irina Zaitseva
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Charles Iden
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Urszula Golebiewska
- Department of Physiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth J Breslauer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Gil Shoham
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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Mechanisms and consequences of protein cysteine oxidation: the role of the initial short-lived intermediates. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:55-66. [PMID: 31919496 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thiol groups in protein cysteine (Cys) residues can undergo one- and two-electron oxidation reactions leading to the formation of thiyl radicals or sulfenic acids, respectively. In this mini-review we summarize the mechanisms and kinetics of the formation of these species by biologically relevant oxidants. Most of the latter react with the deprotonated form of the thiol. Since the pKa of the thiols in protein cysteines are usually close to physiological pH, the thermodynamics and the kinetics of their oxidation in vivo are affected by the acidity of the thiol. Moreover, the protein microenvironment has pronounced effects on cysteine residue reactivity, which in the case of the oxidation mediated by hydroperoxides, is known to confer specificity to particular protein cysteines. Despite their elusive nature, both thiyl radicals and sulfenic acids are involved in the catalytic mechanism of several enzymes and in the redox regulation of protein function and/or signaling pathways. They are usually short-lived species that undergo further reactions that converge in the formation of different stable products, resulting in several post-translational modifications of the protein. Some of these can be reversed through the action of specific cellular reduction systems. Others damage the proteins irreversibly, and can make them more prone to aggregation or degradation.
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Zhang J, Chan CK, Ham YH, Chan W. Identifying Cysteine, N-Acetylcysteine, and Glutathione Conjugates as Novel Metabolites of Aristolochic Acid I: Emergence of a New Detoxification Pathway. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1374-1381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Kong Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yat-Hing Ham
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Chen X, Jia W, Zhu L, Mao L, Zhang Y. Recent advances in heterocyclic aromatic amines: An update on food safety and hazardous control from food processing to dietary intake. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:124-148. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Wei Jia
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Li Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Lei Mao
- Department of NutritionSchool of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou China
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Ma LJ, Chen SS, Li GX, Zhu J, Wang QW, Tang Z. Chiral Brønsted-Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric Oxidation of Sulfenamide by Using H2O2: A Versatile Access to Sulfinamide and Sulfoxide with High Enantioselectivity. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Long-jun Ma
- Natural Products Research Center Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shu-sen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guang-xun Li
- Natural Products Research Center Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qi-wei Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhuo Tang
- Natural Products Research Center Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Proteomic Analysis of Thiol Modifications and Assessment of Structural Changes in Hemoglobin Induced by the Aniline Metabolites N-Phenylhydroxylamine and Nitrosobenzene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14794. [PMID: 29093547 PMCID: PMC5665987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MS-based proteomic analysis was combined with in silico quantum mechanical calculations to improve understanding of protein adduction by N-phenylhydroxylamine (PhNHOH) and nitrosobenzene (NOB), metabolic products of aniline. In vitro adduction of model peptides containing nucleophilic sidechains (Cys, His, and Lys) and selected proteins (bovine and human hemoglobin and β-lactoglobulin-A) were characterized. Peptide studies identified the Cys thiolate as the most reactive nucleophile for these metabolites, a result consistent with in silico calculations of reactivity parameters. For PhNHOH, sulfinamides were identified as the primary adduction products, which were stable following tryptic digestion. Conversely, reactions with NOB yielded an additional oxidized adduct, the sulfonamide. In vitro exposure of human whole blood to PhNHOH and NOB demonstrated that only sulfinamides were formed. In addition to previously reported adduction of β93Cys of human Hb, two novel sites of adduction were found; α104Cys and β112Cys. We also report CD and UV-Vis spectroscopy studies of adducted human Hb that revealed loss of α-helical content and deoxygenation. The results provide additional understanding of the covalent interaction of aromatic amine metabolites with protein nucleophiles.
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Cai T, Bellamri M, Ming X, Koh WP, Yu MC, Turesky RJ. Quantification of Hemoglobin and White Blood Cell DNA Adducts of the Tobacco Carcinogens 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 4-Aminobiphenyl Formed in Humans by Nanoflow Liquid Chromatography/Ion Trap Multistage Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1333-1343. [PMID: 28493705 PMCID: PMC5550894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines covalently bound to hemoglobin (Hb) as sulfinamide adducts at the cysteine 93 residue of the Hb β chain have served as biomarkers to assess exposure to this class of human carcinogens for the past 30 years. In this study, we report that 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), an abundant carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed in tobacco smoke and charred cooked meats, also reacts with Hb to form a sulfinamide adduct. A novel nanoflow liquid chromatography/ion trap multistage mass spectrometry (nanoLC-IT/MS3) method was established to assess exposure to AαC and the tobacco-associated bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) through their Hb sulfinamide adducts. Following mild acid hydrolysis of Hb in vitro, the liberated AαC and 4-ABP were derivatized with acetic anhydride to form the N-acetylated amines, which were measured by nanoLC-IT/MS3. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for AαC- and 4-ABP-Hb sulfinamide adducts were ≤7.1 pg/g Hb. In a pilot study, the mean level of Hb sulfinamide adducts of AαC and 4-ABP were, respectively, 3.4-fold and 4.8-fold higher in smokers (>20 cigarettes/day) than nonsmokers. In contrast, the major DNA adducts of 4-ABP, N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl, and AαC, N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole, were below the LOQ (3 adducts per 109 bases) in white blood cell (WBC) DNA of smokers and nonsmokers. These findings reaffirm that tobacco smoke is a major source of exposure to AαC. Hb sulfinamide adducts are suitable biomarkers to biomonitor 4-ABP and AαC; however, neither carcinogen binds to DNA in WBC, even in heavy smokers, at levels sufficient for biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cai
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Xun Ming
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Department of Clinical Sciences, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549
| | - Mimi C. Yu
- Norris Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033 “Retired.”
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
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Linhart I, Hanzlíková I, Mráz J, Dušková Š. S-(3-Aminobenzanthron-2-yl)cysteine in the globin of rats as a novel type of adduct and possible biomarker of exposure to 3-nitrobenzanthrone, a potent environmental carcinogen. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3317-3325. [PMID: 28283705 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), a potent environmental mutagen and carcinogen, is known to be activated in vivo to 3-benzanthronylnitrenium ion which forms both NH and C2-bound adducts with DNA and also reacts with glutathione giving rise to urinary 3-aminobenzanthron-2-ylmercapturic acid. In this study, acid hydrolysate of globin from rats dosed intraperitoneally with 3-NBA was analysed by HPLC/MS to identify a novel type of cysteine adduct, 3-aminobenzanthron-2-ylcysteine (3-ABA-Cys), confirmed using a synthesised standard. The 3-ABA-Cys levels in globin peaked after single 3-NBA doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg on day 2 to attain 0.25 and 0.49 nmol/g globin, respectively, thereafter declining slowly to 70-80% of their maximum values during 15 days. After dosing rats for three consecutive days with 1 mg 3-NBA/kg a significant cumulation of 3-ABA-Cys in globin was observed. 3-ABA-Cys was also found in the plasma hydrolysate. Herein, after dosing with 1 and 2 mg 3-NBA/kg the adduct levels peaked on day 1 at 0.15 and 0.51 nmol/ml plasma, respectively, thereafter declining rapidly to undetectable levels on day 15. In addition, sulphinamide adducts were also found in the exposed rats, measured indirectly as 3-aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA) split off from globin by mild acid hydrolysis. Levels of both types of adducts in the globin samples parallelled very well with 3-ABA/3-ABA-Cys ratio being around 1:8. In conclusion, 3-ABA-Cys is the first example of arylnitrenium-cysteine adduct in globin representing a new promising class of biomarkers to assess cumulative exposures to aromatic amines, nitroaromatics and heteroaromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Linhart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Iveta Hanzlíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 10042, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 10042, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 10042, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Wang Y, Villalta PW, Peng L, Dingley K, Malfatti MA, Turteltaub KW, Turesky RJ. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of an Acid-Labile Adduct Formed with 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and Albumin in Humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:705-714. [PMID: 27984695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed during the high-temperature cooking of meats. The cytochrome P450-mediated N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group of PhIP produces 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, an electrophilic metabolite that forms adducts with DNA and proteins. Previous studies conducted by our laboratory showed that the reaction of N-oxidized PhIP metabolites with human albumin in vitro primarily occurs at the Cys34 residue, to produce an acid-labile linked sulfinamide adduct. On the basis of these findings, we developed a sensitive ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to measure acid-labile albumin-PhIP adducts in human volunteers administered a dietary-relevant dose of 14C-labeled PhIP [Dingley, K. H., et al. (1999) Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 8, 507-512]. Mild acid treatment of albumin (0.1 N HCl, 37 °C for 1 h) or proteolytic digestion with Pronase [50 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer (pH 8.5) at 37 °C for 18 h] released similar amounts of covalently bound PhIP, which was characterized by multistage scanning and quantified by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The amount of [14C]PhIP recovered by acid treatment of albumin 24 h following dosing accounted for 7.2-21.3% of the [14C]PhIP bound to albumin based on accelerator mass spectrometry measurements. 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-(5-hydroxy)phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, a hydrolysis product of the Cys34 S-N linked sulfenamide adduct of PhIP, was not detected in either acid-treated or protease-treated samples. These findings suggest that a portion of the PhIP bound to albumin in vivo probably occurs as an acid-labile sulfinamide adduct formed at the Cys34 residue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lijuan Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , ChangQing Garden, Hankou, Wuhan 430023, P. R. China
| | - Karen Dingley
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Michael A Malfatti
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - K W Turteltaub
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
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Sheng J, Wang Y, Turesky RJ, Kluetzman K, Zhang QY, Ding X. Novel Transgenic Mouse Model for Studying Human Serum Albumin as a Biomarker of Carcinogenic Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:797-809. [PMID: 27028147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Albumin is a commonly used serum protein for studying human exposure to xenobiotic compounds, including therapeutics and environmental pollutants. Often, the reactivity of albumin with xenobiotic compounds is studied ex vivo with human albumin or plasma/serum samples. Some studies have characterized the reactivity of albumin with chemicals in rodent models; however, differences between the orthologous peptide sequences of human and rodent albumins can result in the formation of different types of chemical-protein adducts with different interaction sites or peptide sequences. Our goal is to generate a human albumin transgenic mouse model that can be used to establish human protein biomarkers of exposure to hazardous xenobiotics for human risk assessment via animal studies. We have developed a human albumin transgenic mouse model and characterized the genotype and phenotype of the transgenic mice. The presence of the human albumin gene in the genome of the model mouse was confirmed by genomic PCR analysis, whereas liver-specific expression of the transgenic human albumin mRNA was validated by RT-PCR analysis. Further immunoblot and mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the transgenic human albumin protein is a full-length, mature protein, which is less abundant than the endogenous mouse albumin that coexists in the serum of the transgenic mouse. The transgenic protein was able to form ex vivo adducts with a genotoxic metabolite of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, a procarcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed in cooked meat. This novel human albumin transgenic mouse model will facilitate the development and validation of albumin-carcinogen adducts as biomarkers of xenobiotic exposure and/or toxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sheng
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kerri Kluetzman
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute , Albany, New York 12203, United States
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Pathak KV, Chiu TL, Amin EA, Turesky RJ. Methemoglobin Formation and Characterization of Hemoglobin Adducts of Carcinogenic Aromatic Amines and Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:255-69. [PMID: 26824300 PMCID: PMC4801648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Arylamines (AAs) and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related carcinogens formed during the combustion of tobacco or cooking of meat. They undergo cytochrome P450 mediated N-hydroxylation to form metabolites which bind to DNA and lead to mutations. The N-hydroxylated metabolites of many AAs also can undergo a co-oxidation reaction with oxy-hemolgobin (HbO2) to form methemoglobin (met-Hb) and the arylnitroso intermediates, which react with the β-Cys(93) chain of Hb to form Hb-arylsulfinamide adducts. The biochemistry of arylamine metabolism has been exploited to biomonitor certain AAs through their Hb arylsulfinamide adducts in humans. We examined the reactivity of HbO2 with the N-hydroxylated metabolites of 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP, HONH-ABP), aniline (ANL, HONH-ANL), and the HAAs 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC, HONH-AαC), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP, HONH-PhIP), and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx, HONH-MeIQx). HONH-ABP, HO-ANL, and HONH-AαC induced methemoglobinemia and formed Hb sulfinamide adducts. However, HONH-MeIQx and HONH-PhIP did not react with the oxy-heme complex, and met-Hb formation and chemical modification of the β-Cys(93) residue were negligible. Molecular modeling studies showed that the distances between the H-ON-AA or H-ON-HAA substrates and the oxy-heme complex of HbO2 were too far away to induce methemoglobinemia. Different conformational changes in flexible helical and loop regions around the heme pocket induced by the H-ON-AA or H-ON-HAAs may explain the different proclivities of these chemicals to induce methemoglobinemia. Hb-Cys(93β) sulfinamide and sulfonamide adducts of ABP, ANL, and AαC were identified, by Orbitrap MS, following the proteolysis of Hb with trypsin, Glu-C, or Lys-C. Hb sulfinamide and sulfonamide adducts of ABP were identified in the blood of mice exposed to ABP, by Orbitrap MS. This is the first report of the identification of intact Hb sulfinamide adducts of carcinogenic AAs in vivo. The high reactivity of HONH-AαC with HbO2 suggests that the Hb sulfinamide adduct of AαC may be a promising biomarker of exposure to this HAA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting-Lan Chiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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12
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Cooper KM, Brennan SF, Woodside JV, Cantwell M, Guo X, Mooney M, Elliott CT, Cuskelly GJ. Acid-labile protein-adducted heterocyclic aromatic amines in human blood are not viable biomarkers of dietary exposure: A systematic study. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 91:100-7. [PMID: 26993956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA) are carcinogenic mutagens formed during cooking of protein-rich foods. HCA residues adducted to blood proteins have been postulated as biomarkers of HCA exposure. However, the viability of quantifying HCAs following hydrolytic release from adducts in vivo and correlation with dietary intake are unproven. To definitively assess the potential of labile HCA-protein adducts as biomarkers, a highly sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was validated for four major HCAs: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx) and 2-amino-3,7,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (7,8-DiMeIQx). Limits of detection were 1-5 pg/ml plasma and recoveries 91-115%. Efficacy of hydrolysis was demonstrated by HCA-protein adducts synthesised in vitro. Plasma and 7-day food diaries were collected from 122 fasting adults consuming their habitual diets. Estimated HCA intakes ranged from 0 to 2.5 mg/day. An extensive range of hydrolysis conditions was examined for release of adducted HCAs in plasma. HCA was detected in only one sample (PhIP, 9.7 pg/ml), demonstrating conclusively for the first time that acid-labile HCA adducts do not reflect dietary HCA intake and are present at such low concentrations that they are not feasible biomarkers of exposure. Identification of biomarkers remains important. The search should concentrate on stabilised HCA-peptide markers and use of untargeted proteomic and metabolomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Cooper
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah F Brennan
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BA, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne V Woodside
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BA, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Cantwell
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BA, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
| | - Geraldine J Cuskelly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
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13
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Pathak KV, Bellamri M, Wang Y, Langouët S, Turesky RJ. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) Adducts and Thiol Oxidation of Serum Albumin as Potential Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16304-18. [PMID: 25953894 PMCID: PMC4481229 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed during the combustion of tobacco. AαC undergoes bioactivation to form electrophilic N-oxidized metabolites that react with DNA to form adducts, which can lead to mutations. Many genotoxicants and toxic electrophiles react with human serum albumin (albumin); however, the chemistry of reactivity of AαC with proteins has not been studied. The genotoxic metabolites, 2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (HONH-AαC), 2-nitroso-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (NO-AαC), N-acetyloxy-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (N-acetoxy-AαC), and their [(13)C6]AαC-labeled homologues were reacted with albumin. Sites of adduction of AαC to albumin were identified by data-dependent scanning and targeted bottom-up proteomics approaches employing ion trap and Orbitrap MS. AαC-albumin adducts were formed at Cys(34), Tyr(140), and Tyr(150) residues when albumin was reacted with HONH-AαC or NO-AαC. Sulfenamide, sulfinamide, and sulfonamide adduct formation occurred at Cys(34) (AαC-Cys(34)). N-Acetoxy-AαC also formed an adduct at Tyr(332). Albumin-AαC adducts were characterized in human plasma treated with N-oxidized metabolites of AαC and human hepatocytes exposed to AαC. High levels of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-AαC (dG-C8-AαC) DNA adducts were formed in hepatocytes. The Cys(34) was the sole amino acid of albumin to form adducts with AαC. Albumin also served as an antioxidant and scavenged reactive oxygen species generated by metabolites of AαC in hepatocytes; there was a strong decrease in reduced Cys(34), whereas the levels of Cys(34) sulfinic acid (Cys-SO2H), Cys(34)-sulfonic acid (Cys-SO3H), and Met(329) sulfoxide were greatly increased. Cys(34) adduction products and Cys-SO2H, Cys-SO3H, and Met(329) sulfoxide may be potential biomarkers to assess exposure and oxidative stress associated with AαC and other arylamine toxicants present in tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyatiben V Pathak
- From the Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- UMR INSERM 1085 IRSET, Rennes 1 University, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Yi Wang
- From the Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
| | - Sophie Langouët
- UMR INSERM 1085 IRSET, Rennes 1 University, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Robert J Turesky
- From the Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
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14
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Wang Y, Peng L, Bellamri M, Langouët S, Turesky RJ. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Human Serum Albumin Adducts Formed with N-Oxidized Metabolites of 2-Amino-1-methylphenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in Human Plasma and Hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1045-59. [PMID: 25815793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed in cooked meats, is metabolically activated to electrophilic intermediates that form covalent adducts with DNA and protein. We previously identified an adduct of PhIP formed at the Cys(34) residue of human serum albumin following reaction of albumin with the genotoxic metabolite 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HONH-PhIP). The major adducted peptide recovered from a tryptic/chymotryptic digest was identified as the missed-cleavage peptide LQQC*([SO2PhIP])PFEDHVK, a [cysteine-S-yl-PhIP]-S-dioxide linked adduct. In this investigation, we have characterized the albumin adduction products of N-sulfooxy-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (N-sulfooxy-PhIP), which is thought to be a major genotoxic metabolite of PhIP formed in vivo. Targeted and data-dependent scanning methods showed that N-sulfooxy-PhIP adducted to the Cys(34) of albumin in human plasma to form LQQC*([SO2PhIP])PFEDHVK at levels that were 8-10-fold greater than the adduct levels formed with N-(acetyloxy)-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (N-acetoxy-PhIP) or HONH-PhIP. We also discovered that N-sulfooxy-PhIP forms an adduct at the sole tryptophan (Trp(214)) residue of albumin in the sequence AW*([PhIP])AVAR. However, stable adducts of PhIP with albumin were not detected in human hepatocytes. Instead, PhIP and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-(5-hydroxy)phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (5-HO-PhIP), a solvolysis product of the proposed nitrenium ion of PhIP, were recovered during the proteolysis, suggesting a labile sulfenamide linkage had formed between an N-oxidized intermediate of PhIP and Cys(34) of albumin. A stable adduct was formed at the Tyr(411) residue of albumin in hepatocytes and identified as a deaminated product of PhIP, Y(*[desaminoPhIP])TK, where the 4-HO-tyrosine group bound to the C-2 imidazole atom of PhIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- †Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiology Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lijuan Peng
- ‡School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, ChangQing Garden, Hankou, Wuhan 430023, P. R. China
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- §Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U.1085, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France.,∥ANSES Laboratoire de Fougères, La Haute Marche-Javené, BP 90203, 350302 Fougères, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- §Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U.1085, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Robert J Turesky
- †Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiology Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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15
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Ogese MO, Jenkins RE, Maggs JL, Meng X, Whitaker P, Peckham D, Faulkner L, Park BK, Naisbitt DJ. Characterization of Peroxidases Expressed in Human Antigen Presenting Cells and Analysis of the Covalent Binding of Nitroso Sulfamethoxazole to Myeloperoxidase. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:144-54. [PMID: 25531135 DOI: 10.1021/tx500458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity remains a major concern, as it causes high morbidity and mortality. Understanding the mechanistic basis of drug hypersensitivity is complicated by the multiple risk factors implicated. This study utilized sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a model drug to (1) relate SMX metabolism in antigen presenting cells (APCs) to the activation of T-cells and (2) characterize covalent adducts of SMX and myeloperoxidase, which might represent antigenic determinants for T-cells. The SMX metabolite nitroso-SMX (SMX-NO) was found to bind irreversibly to APCs. Time- and concentration-dependent drug-protein adducts were also detected when APCs were cultured with SMX. Metabolic activation of SMX was significantly reduced by the oxygenase/peroxidase inhibitor methimazole. Similarly, SMX-NO-specific T-cells were activated by APCs pulsed with SMX, and the response was inhibited by pretreatment with methimazole or glutaraldehyde, which blocks antigen processing. Western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and mass spectrometry analyses suggested the presence of low concentrations of myeloperoxidase in APCs. RT-PCR revealed mRNA expression for flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO1-5), thyroid peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase, but the corresponding proteins were not detected. Mass spectrometric characterization of SMX-NO-modified myeloperoxidase revealed the formation of N-hydroxysulfinamide adducts on Cys309 and Cys398. These data show that SMX's metabolism in APCs generates antigenic determinants for T-cells. Peptides derived from SMX-NO-modified myeloperoxidase may represent one form of functional antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monday O Ogese
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - James L Maggs
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Whitaker
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit, St James's University Hospital , Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Peckham
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit, St James's University Hospital , Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Faulkner
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool , Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
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16
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Peng L, Turesky RJ. Optimizing proteolytic digestion conditions for the analysis of serum albumin adducts of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, a potential human carcinogen formed in cooked meat. J Proteomics 2014; 103:267-78. [PMID: 24698664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are carcinogens formed during the cooking of meats or arise in tobacco smoke. The genotoxic N-oxidized metabolites of HAAs bind to Cys residues of proteins to form arylsulfinamide adducts. However, these adducts are unstable and undergo hydrolysis during enzymatic digestion, and thus have been precluded as biomarkers of exposure to HAAs. Arylsulfinamide adducts of HAAs can undergo oxidation to form stable arylsulfonamide linkages, which are chemically stable and amenable for analysis. 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a carcinogen present in cooked meat. We established a quantitative MS-based method to measure the sulfinamide adduct of PhIP formed at the cysteine(34) (Cys(34)) residue of human serum albumin (SA), following chemical oxidation of PhIP-modified SA with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. Different enzyme systems (trypsin; chymotrypsin; trypsin/chymotrypsin; proteinase K; pronase E; and pronase E/leucine aminopeptidase/prolidase) were evaluated for their proficiency of digestion of SA modified with PhIP. The strongest signal was observed for the L(31)QQC*PFEDHVK(41) peptide, by ultraperformance liquid chromatography and ion trap MS. A limit of quantification value was 0.3fmol of LQQC*PFEDHVK per μg SA, or 2.5 adducts per 10(5) SA molecules, when assaying 0.75μg of SA. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This article describes a mass spectrometric based method to characterize and measure human serum albumin (SA) adducts of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed in cooked meats and tobacco smoke. PhIP undergoes metabolic activation to form reactive N-oxidized intermediates that bind to DNA and proteins. N-oxidized PhIP metabolites bind to the Cys(34) residue of SA to form a sulfinamide linkage. However, the linkage undergoes hydrolysis during proteolysis, precluding the employment of this adduct as a biomarker in human studies. We have shown that the sulfinamide linkage undergoes oxidation to form the [cysteine-S-yl-PhIP]-S-dioxide, a sulfonamide linked adduct which is stable toward proteolysis. The specificity and efficiency of several different proteases toward the digestion of the SA-Cys(34)-PhIP adduct were examined. The combination of trypsin and chymotrypsin produced the single-missed cleaved peptide LQQC*PFEDHVK in high yield. Moreover, denaturation and chemical reduction of the internal Cys disulfide bonds of SA were not required for the recovery of LQQC*PFEDHVK. The novel chemistry and proteomic approaches developed in this study may be applied to monitor biologically reactive N-oxidized intermediates of arylamines through their adduction products formed at nucleophilic Cys residues of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Peng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, ChangQing Garden, Hankou, Wuhan 430023, PR China; Division of Environmental Health Sciences,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiology Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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