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Soman SS, Samad SA, Venugopalan P, Kumawat N, Kumar S. Microfluidic paper analytic device (μPAD) technology for food safety applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:031501. [PMID: 38706979 PMCID: PMC11068414 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens, food adulterants, allergens, and toxic chemicals in food can cause major health hazards to humans and animals. Stringent quality control measures at all stages of food processing are required to ensure food safety. There is, therefore, a global need for affordable, reliable, and rapid tests that can be conducted at different process steps and processing sites, spanning the range from the sourcing of food to the end-product acquired by the consumer. Current laboratory-based food quality control tests are well established, but many are not suitable for rapid on-site investigations and are costly. Microfluidic paper analytical devices (μPADs) are a fast-growing field in medical diagnostics that can fill these gaps. In this review, we describe the latest developments in the applications of microfluidic paper analytic device (μPAD) technology in the food safety sector. State-of-the-art μPAD designs and fabrication methods, microfluidic assay principles, and various types of μPAD devices with food-specific applications are discussed. We have identified the prominent research and development trends and future directions for maximizing the value of microfluidic technology in the food sector and have highlighted key areas for improvement. We conclude that the μPAD technology is promising in food safety applications by using novel materials and improved methods to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the assays, with low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soja Saghar Soman
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, UAE
| | - Shafeek Abdul Samad
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, UAE
| | | | - Nityanand Kumawat
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, UAE
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2
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Kumari R, Singh A, Azad UP, Chandra P. Insights into the Fabrication and Electrochemical Aspects of Paper Microfluidics-Based Biosensor Module. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:891. [PMID: 37754125 PMCID: PMC10526938 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (micro-PADs) have attracted a lot of attention as a viable analytical platform. It is expanding as a result of advances in manufacturing processes and device integration. Conventional microfluidics approaches have some drawbacks, including high costs, lengthy evaluation times, complicated fabrication, and the necessity of experienced employees. Hence, it is extremely important to construct a detection system that is quick, affordable, portable, and efficient. Nowadays, micro-PADs are frequently employed, particularly in electrochemical analyses, to replicate the classic standard laboratory experiments on a miniature paper chip. It has benefits like rapid assessment, small sample consumption, quick reaction, accuracy, and multiplex function. The goal of this review is to examine modern paper microfluidics-based electrochemical sensing devices for the detection of macromolecules, small molecules, and cells in a variety of real samples. The design and fabrication of micro-PADs using conventional and the latest techniques have also been discussed in detail. Lastly, the limitations and potential of these analytical platforms are examined in order to shed light on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kumari
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Uday Pratap Azad
- Laboratory of Nanoelectrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India;
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.K.); (A.S.)
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3
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Abdullah IH, Wilson DJ, Mora AC, Parker RW, Mace CR. Generating signals at converging liquid fronts to create line-format readouts of soluble assay products in three-dimensional paper-based devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4010-4018. [PMID: 37581363 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The correct interpretation of the result from a point-of-care device is crucial for an accurate and rapid diagnosis to guide subsequent treatment. Lateral flow tests (LFTs) use a well-established format that was designed to simplify the user experience. However, the LFT device architecture is inherently limited to detecting analytes that can be captured by molecular recognition. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), like LFTs, have the potential to be used in diagnostic applications at the point of care. However, μPADs have not gained significant traction outside of academic laboratories, in part, because they have often demonstrated a lack of homogeneous shape or color in signal outputs, which consequently can lead to inaccurate interpretation of results by users. Here, we demonstrate a new class of μPADs that form colorimetric signals at the interfaces of converging liquid fronts (i.e., lines) to control where colorimetric signals are formed without relying on capture techniques. We demonstrate our approach by developing assays for three classes of analytes-an ion, an enzyme, and a small molecule-to measure using iron(III), acetylcholinesterase, and lactate, respectively. Additionally, we show these devices have the potential to support multiplexed assays by generating multiple lines in a common readout zone. These results highlight the ability of this new paper-based device architecture to aid the interpretation of assays that create soluble products by using flow to constrain those colorimetric products in a familiar, line-format output.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Andrea C Mora
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | | | - Charles R Mace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Liu Y, Liu X, Chen J, Zhang Z, Feng L. Functional toner for office laser printer and its application for printing of paper-based superwettable patterns and devices. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12592. [PMID: 37537193 PMCID: PMC10400629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Laserjet printing is a kind of facile and digital do-it-yourself strategies, which is of importance to fabricate inexpensive paper-based microfluidic devices. However, the printed hydrophobic barrier is not hydrophobic enough due to the weak hydrophobicity and requires subsequent heating, which can lead to the pyrolysis of cellulose in the paper and influence the detection results. Here, for the first time, we report a kind of functional toner including toner and polydopamine (PDA) nanocapsules which contains oleic acid modified ferric tetroxide (OA-Fe3O4) and octadecylamine (ODA), which is suitable for printing with desired shapes and sizes to lead to formation of superhydrophobic barriers. Moreover, patterns printed with functional toner have good stability, including resistance to moisture, ultraviolet (UV) and bending. Finally, a proof-of-concept of metal and nitrite ions testing is demonstrated using colorimetric analysis, and the results show that the printed devices successfully perform instant detection of ions. The developed functional toner offers easy fabrication, cost-effectiveness and mass production of paper-based devices. In general, this strategy provides a new idea and technical support for the rapid prototyping of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) using laserjet printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Xingfei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Juanning Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhuanli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Libang Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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5
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Aghababaie M, Foroushani ES, Changani Z, Gunani Z, Mobarakeh MS, Hadady H, Khedri M, Maleki R, Asadnia M, Razmjou A. Recent Advances In the development of enzymatic paper-based microfluidic biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 226:115131. [PMID: 36804663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This is mainly due to their low cost, availability, portability, simple design, high selectivity, and sensitivity. Owing to their specific substrates and catalytic functions, enzymes are the most commonly used bioactive agents in μPADs. Enzymatic μPADs are various in design, fabrication, and detection methods. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development of enzymatic μPADs by considering the methods of detection and fabrication. Particularly, techniques for mass production of these enzymatic μPADs for use in different fields such as medicine, environment, agriculture, and food industries are critically discussed. This paper aims to provide a critical review of μPADs and discuss different fabrication methods as the central parts of the μPADs production categorized into printable and non-printable methods. In addition, state-of-the-art technologies such as fully printed enzymatic μPADs for rapid, low-cost, and mass production and improvement have been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Aghababaie
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Elnaz Sarrami Foroushani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Zinat Changani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Zahra Gunani
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790, FInland.
| | - Mahsa Salehi Mobarakeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Hanieh Hadady
- Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute of Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khedri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Maleki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Amir Razmjou
- Mineral Recovery Research Center (MRRC), School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia; UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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6
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Anushka, Bandopadhyay A, Das PK. Paper based microfluidic devices: a review of fabrication techniques and applications. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. SPECIAL TOPICS 2022; 232:781-815. [PMID: 36532608 PMCID: PMC9743133 DOI: 10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of applications are possible with paper-based analytical devices, which are low priced, easy to fabricate and operate, and require no specialized equipment. Paper-based microfluidics offers the design of miniaturized POC devices to be applied in the health, environment, food, and energy sector employing the ASSURED (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free and Deliverable to end users) principle of WHO. Therefore, this field is growing very rapidly and ample research is being done. This review focuses on fabrication and detection techniques reported to date. Additionally, this review emphasises on the application of this technology in the area of medical diagnosis, energy generation, environmental monitoring, and food quality control. This review also presents the theoretical analysis of fluid flow in porous media for the efficient handling and control of fluids. The limitations of PAD have also been discussed with an emphasis to concern on the transformation of such devices from laboratory to the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Aditya Bandopadhyay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
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7
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Sarabi MR, Yigci D, Alseed MM, Mathyk BA, Ata B, Halicigil C, Tasoglu S. Disposable Paper-Based Microfluidics for Fertility Testing. iScience 2022; 25:104986. [PMID: 36105592 PMCID: PMC9465368 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen percent of couples of reproductive age suffer from infertility globally and the burden of infertility disproportionately impacts residents of developing countries. Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), including in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), have been successful in overcoming various reasons for infertility including borderline and severe male factor infertility which consists of 20%–30% of all infertile cases. Approximately half of male infertility cases stem from suboptimal sperm parameters. Therefore, healthy/normal sperm enrichment and sorting remains crucial in advancing reproductive medicine. Microfluidic technologies have emerged as promising tools to develop in-home rapid fertility tests and point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools. Here, we review advancements in fabrication methods for paper-based microfluidic devices and their emerging fertility testing applications assessing sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm DNA analysis, and other sperm functionalities, and provide a glimpse into future directions for paper-based fertility microfluidic systems. Paper-based technologies are emerging to develop in-home rapid fertility tests Fabrication methods for paper-based microfluidic devices are presented Emerging disposable paper-based fertility testing applications are reviewed
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Defne Yigci
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye 34450
| | - M. Munzer Alseed
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye 34684
| | - Begum Aydogan Mathyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HCA Healthcare, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine GME, Brandon Regional Hospital, Florida 33511, USA
| | - Baris Ata
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye 34450
- ART Fertility Clinics, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 337-1500
| | - Cihan Halicigil
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye 34450
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye 34684
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye 34450
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye 34450
- Koç University Is Bank Artificial Intelligence Lab (KUIS AI Lab), Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye 34450
- Corresponding author
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8
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Sinha A, Basu M, Chandna P. Paper based microfluidics: A forecast toward the most affordable and rapid point-of-care devices. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:109-158. [PMID: 35033281 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The microfluidic industry has evolved through years with acquired scientific knowledge from different, and already developed industries. Consequently, a wide range of materials like silicon from the electronic industry to all the way, silicone, from the chemical engineering industry, has been spotted to solve similar challenges. Although a typical microfluidic chip, fabricated from glass or polymer substrates offers definite benefits, however, paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (μPADs) possess numerous special benefits for practical implementation at a lower price. Owing to these features, in recent years, paper microfluidics has drawn immense interest from researchers in industry and academia alike. These devices have wider applications with advantages like lower cost, speedy detection, user-easiness, biocompatibility, sensitivity, and specificity etc. when compared to other microfluidic devices. Therefore, these sensitive but affordable devices fit themselves into point-of-care (POC) testing with features in demand like natural disposability, situational flexibility, and the capability to store and analyze the target at the point of requirement. Gradually, advancements in fabrication technologies, assay development techniques, and improved packaging capabilities, have contributed significantly to the real-time identification and health investigation through paper microfluidics; however, the growth has not been limited to the biomedical field; industries like electronics, energy storage and many more have expanded substantially. Here, we represent an overall state of the paper-based microfluidic technology by covering the fundamentals, working principles, different fabrication procedures, applications for various needs and then to make things more practical, the real-life scenario and practical challenges involved in launching a device into the market have been revealed. To conclude, recent contribution of μPADs in the 2020 pandemic and potential future possibilities have been reviewed.
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Rapid, Simple and Inexpensive Fabrication of Paper-Based Analytical Devices by Parafilm ® Hot Pressing. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:mi13010048. [PMID: 35056213 PMCID: PMC8780184 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices have been substantially developed in recent decades. Many fabrication techniques for paper-based analytical devices have been demonstrated and reported. Herein, we report a relatively rapid, simple, and inexpensive method for fabricating paper-based analytical devices using parafilm hot pressing. We studied and optimized the effect of the key fabrication parameters, namely pressure, temperature, and pressing time. We discerned the optimal conditions, including a pressure of 3.8 MPa, temperature of 80 °C, and 3 min of pressing time, with the smallest hydrophobic barrier size (821 µm) being governed by laminate mask and parafilm dispersal from pressure and heat. Physical and biochemical properties were evaluated to substantiate the paper functionality for analytical devices. The wicking speed in the fabricated paper strips was slightly lower than that of non-processed paper, resulting from a reduced paper pore size after hot pressing. A colorimetric immunological assay was performed to demonstrate the protein binding capacity of the paper-based device after exposure to pressure and heat from the fabrication. Moreover, mixing in a two-dimensional paper-based device and flowing in a three-dimensional counterpart were thoroughly investigated, demonstrating that the paper devices from this fabrication process are potentially applicable as analytical devices for biomolecule detection. Fast, easy, and inexpensive parafilm hot press fabrication presents an opportunity for researchers to develop paper-based analytical devices in resource-limited environments.
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Selvakumar B, Kathiravan A. Sensory materials for microfluidic paper based analytical devices - A review. Talanta 2021; 235:122733. [PMID: 34517601 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have grown-up swiftly over the decade due to its low cost, simple fabrication procedure, resource-limitedness, non-toxicity and their environmentally benign nature. The μPADs, also identified as point-of-care devices or health care devices have successfully applied in several fields such as diagnostics, biological, food safety, environmental, electrochemical and most importantly colorimetric/fluorimetric sensors, owing to the attractive passive motions of analyte without any external forces. In recent years, a large number of colorimetric and fluorimetric probes have been reported that can selectively recognize the analytes in μPADs. However, there is no organized review on its structure-activity relationship. In this review, we have focused to summarize the colorimetric and fluorimetric probes utilized in μPADs. This review discuss about the relationships between the structure and functions of various probes as signaling units of the efficient μPADs. The probes including nanomaterials, nanozymes, polymers and organic molecules, their structural activity with regard to sensing performances along with their limit of detection are also discussed. This review is expected to assist readers for better understanding of the sensing mechanisms of various chemo and bio-probes utilized in μPADs, as well as promote their advancement in the field. On the other hand, this review also helps the researchers for enhancement of μPADs and paves way for synergistic application of existing molecular probes as an effective diagnostic tool for the worldwide pandemic novel corona virus COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavadharini Selvakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, 600 062, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunkumar Kathiravan
- Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, 600 062, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bordbar MM, Sheini A, Hashemi P, Hajian A, Bagheri H. Disposable Paper-Based Biosensors for the Point-of-Care Detection of Hazardous Contaminations-A Review. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:316. [PMID: 34562906 PMCID: PMC8464915 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fast detection of trace amounts of hazardous contaminations can prevent serious damage to the environment. Paper-based sensors offer a new perspective on the world of analytical methods, overcoming previous limitations by fabricating a simple device with valuable benefits such as flexibility, biocompatibility, disposability, biodegradability, easy operation, large surface-to-volume ratio, and cost-effectiveness. Depending on the performance type, the device can be used to analyze the analyte in the liquid or vapor phase. For liquid samples, various structures (including a dipstick, as well as microfluidic and lateral flow) have been constructed. Paper-based 3D sensors are prepared by gluing and folding different layers of a piece of paper, being more user-friendly, due to the combination of several preparation methods, the integration of different sensor elements, and the connection between two methods of detection in a small set. Paper sensors can be used in chromatographic, electrochemical, and colorimetric processes, depending on the type of transducer. Additionally, in recent years, the applicability of these sensors has been investigated in various applications, such as food and water quality, environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis, and medical sciences. Here, we review the development (from 2010 to 2021) of paper methods in the field of the detection and determination of toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Bordbar
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19945, Iran;
| | - Azarmidokht Sheini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shohadaye Hoveizeh Campus of Technology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Dashte Azadegan 78986, Iran;
| | - Pegah Hashemi
- Research and Development Department, Farin Behbood Tashkhis Ltd., Tehran 16471, Iran;
| | - Ali Hajian
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19945, Iran;
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Gürsoy M. Fabrication of Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices Using PECVD for Selective Separation. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Jiang N, Tansukawat ND, Gonzalez-Macia L, Ates HC, Dincer C, Güder F, Tasoglu S, Yetisen AK. Low-Cost Optical Assays for Point-of-Care Diagnosis in Resource-Limited Settings. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2108-2124. [PMID: 34076428 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Readily deployable, low-cost point-of-care medical devices such as lateral flow assays (LFAs), microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), and microfluidic thread-based analytical devices (μTADs) are urgently needed in resource-poor settings. Governed by the ASSURED criteria (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverability) set by the World Health Organization, these reliable platforms can screen a myriad of chemical and biological analytes including viruses, bacteria, proteins, electrolytes, and narcotics. The Ebola epidemic in 2014 and the ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 have exemplified the ever-increasing importance of timely diagnostics to limit the spread of diseases. This review provides a comprehensive survey of LFAs, μPADs, and μTADs that can be deployed in resource-limited settings. The subsequent commercialization of these technologies will benefit the public health, especially in areas where access to healthcare is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Natha Dean Tansukawat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Macia
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - H. Ceren Ates
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Can Dincer
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Yılmaz K, Şakalak H, Gürsoy M, Karaman M. Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Poly(Ethylhexyl Acrylate) Films in a Large-Scale Batch Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurtuluş Yılmaz
- Chemical Engineering Department, Konya Technical University, Konya 42030, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Şakalak
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Department, Selcuk University, Konya 42075, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gürsoy
- Chemical Engineering Department, Konya Technical University, Konya 42030, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Karaman
- Chemical Engineering Department, Konya Technical University, Konya 42030, Turkey
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15
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Sitanurak J, Fukana N, Wongpakdee T, Thepchuay Y, Ratanawimarnwong N, Amornsakchai T, Nacapricha D. T-shirt ink for one-step screen-printing of hydrophobic barriers for 2D- and 3D-microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Talanta 2019; 205:120113. [PMID: 31450420 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fabric ink, commonly employed for screening t-shirts, as new and versatile material for printing hydrophobic barrier on paper substrate for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Low-cost, screen-printing apparatus (e.g., screen mesh, squeegee, and printing table) and materials (e.g. PVC ink and solvent) were employed to print the PVC ink solution onto Whatman filter paper No. 4. This provides a one-step strategy to print flow barriers without the need of further processing except evaporation for 3-5 min in a fume hood to remove the solvent. The production of the single layer μPADs is reasonably high with up to 77 devices per screening with 100% success rate. This method produces very narrow fluidic channel 486 ± 14 μm in width and hydrophobic barrier of 642 ± 25 μm thickness. Reproducibility of the production of fluidic channels and zones is satisfactory with RSDs of 2.9% (for 486-μm channel, n = 10), 3.7% (for 2-mm channel, n = 50) and 1.5% (for 6-mm diameter circular zone, n = 80). A design of a 2D-μPAD produced by this method was employed for the colorimetric dual-measurements of thiocyanate and nitrite in saliva. A 3D-μPADs with multiple layers of ink-screened paper was designed and constructed to demonstrate the method's versatility. These 3D-μPADs were designed for gas-liquid separation with in-situ colorimetric detection of ethanol vapor on the μPADs. The 3D-μPADs were applied for direct quantification of ethanol in beverages and highly colored pharmaceutical products. The printed barrier was resistant up to 8% (v/v) ethanol without liquid creeping out of the barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirayu Sitanurak
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nutnaree Fukana
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thinnapong Wongpakdee
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Yanisa Thepchuay
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nuanlaor Ratanawimarnwong
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Taweechai Amornsakchai
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Nacapricha
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (Firstlabs), Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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16
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Abstract
We present a rapid (<10 s), cost-effective, unique single-step method for fabricating paper-based devices without necessitating any expensive instrumentation, simply by deploying correction pens that are otherwise commonly used for masking typos in printed or written matters. The marked regions formed by deposits from the correction pen demonstrate ubiquitous flow resistances to typical aqueous solutions and organic solvents in the transverse direction, resulting in a preferential bulk flow along the axial direction of the paper channels ‘fabricated’ in the process. Considering the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of this platform, it is deemed to be ideal for (bio) chemical sensing and point-of-care diagnostics in resource-limited settings.
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17
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Cheng C, Gupta M. Roll-to-Roll Surface Modification of Cellulose Paper via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cheng
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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18
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Paschoalino WJ, Kogikoski S, Barragan JTC, Giarola JF, Cantelli L, Rabelo TM, Pessanha TM, Kubota LT. Emerging Considerations for the Future Development of Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Devices. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waldemir J. Paschoalino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Sergio Kogikoski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - José T. C. Barragan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Juliana F. Giarola
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Lory Cantelli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Thais M. Rabelo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Tatiana M. Pessanha
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Lauro T. Kubota
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
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19
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Toley BJ, Das D, Ganar KA, Kaur N, Meena M, Rath D, Sathishkumar N, Soni S. Multidimensional Paper Networks: A New Generation of Low-Cost Pump-Free Microfluidic Devices. J Indian Inst Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-018-0077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Akyazi T, Basabe-Desmonts L, Benito-Lopez F. Review on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices towards commercialisation. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1001:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Kim YS, Yang Y, Henry CS. Laminated and infused Parafilm® - paper for paper-based analytical devices. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2018; 255:3654-3661. [PMID: 29180835 PMCID: PMC5701284 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous fabrication methods have been reported for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) using barrier materials ranging from photoresist to wax. While these methods have been used with wide success, consistently producing small, high-resolution features using materials and methods that are compatible with solvents and surfactants remains a challenge. Two new methods are presented here for generating μPADs with well-defined, high-resolution structures compatible with solvents and surfactant-containing solutions by partially or fully fusing paper with Parafilm® followed by cutting with a CO2 laser cutter. Partial fusion leads to laminated paper (l-paper) while the complete fusion results in infused paper (i-paper). Patterned structures in l-paper were fabricated by selective removal of the paper but not the underlying Parafilm® using a benchtop CO2 laser. Under optimized conditions, a gap as small as 137 ± 22 μm could be generated. Using this approach, a miniaturized paper 384-zone plate, consisting of circular detection elements with a diameter of 1.86 mm, was fabricated in 64 × 43 mm2 area. Furthermore, these ablation-patterned substrates were confirmed to be compatible with surfactant solutions and common organic solvents (methanol, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide), which has been achieved by very few μPAD patterning techniques. Patterns in i-paper were created by completely cutting out zones of the i-paper and then fixing pre-cut paper into these openings similar to the strategy of fitting a jigsaw piece into a puzzle. Upon heating, unmodified paper was readily sealed into these openings due to partial reflow of the paraffin into the paper. This unique and simple bonding method was illustrated by two types of 3D μPADs, a push-on valve and a time-gated flow distributor, without adding adhesive layers. The free-standing jigsaw-patterned sheets showed good structural stability and solution compatibility, which provided a facile alternative method for fabricating complicated μPADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shin Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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22
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Wiederoder MS, Smith S, Madzivhandila P, Mager D, Moodley K, DeVoe DL, Land KJ. Novel functionalities of hybrid paper-polymer centrifugal devices for assay performance enhancement. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:054101. [PMID: 28966698 PMCID: PMC5595585 DOI: 10.1063/1.5002644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The presented work demonstrates novel functionalities of hybrid paper-polymer centrifugal devices for assay performance enhancement that leverage the advantages of both paper-based and centrifugal microfluidic platforms. The fluid flow is manipulated by balancing the capillary force of paper inserts with the centrifugal force generated by disc rotation to enhance the signal of a colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay for pathogenic E. coli. Low-cost centrifugation for pre-concentration of bacteria was demonstrated by sample sedimentation at high rotational speeds before supernatant removal by a paper insert via capillary force after deceleration. The live bacteria capture efficiency of the device was similar to a commercial centrifuge. This pre-concentrated sample when combined with gold nanoparticle immunoconjugate probes resulted in a detection limit that is 10× lower than a non-concentrated sample for a lateral flow immunoassay. Signal enhancement was also demonstrated through rotational speed variation to prevent the flow for on-device incubation and to reduce the flow rate, thus increasing the sample residence time for the improved capture of gold nanoparticle-bacteria complexes in an integrated paper microfluidic assay. Finally, multiple sequential steps including sample pre-concentration, filtration, incubation, target capture by an integrated paper microfluidic assay, silver enhancement and quenching, and index matching were completed within a single device. The detection limit was 105 colony forming units per ml, a 100× improvement over a similar paper-based lateral flow assay. The techniques utilize the advantages of paper-based microfluidic devices, while facilitating additional functionalities with a centrifugal microfluidic platform for detection performance enhancement in a low-cost, automated platform amenable to point-of-care environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Smith
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - P Madzivhandila
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - D Mager
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Moodley
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - D L DeVoe
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K J Land
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
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23
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Paper and Fiber-Based Bio-Diagnostic Platforms: Current Challenges and Future Needs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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A Chemically Patterned Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Device (C-µPAD) for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1188. [PMID: 28446756 PMCID: PMC5430703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemically patterned microfluidic paper-based analytical device (C-µPAD) is developed to create fluidic networks by forming hydrophobic barriers using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of trichlorosilane (TCS) on a chromatography paper. By controlling temperature, pattern size, and CVD duration, optimal conditions were determined by characterizing hydrophobicity, spreading patterns, and flow behavior on various sized fluidic patterns. With these optimal conditions, we demonstrated glucose assay, immunoassay, and heavy metal detection on well-spot C-µPAD and lateral flow C-µPAD. For these assays, standard curves showing correlation between target concentration and gray intensity were obtained to determine a limit of detection (LOD) of each assay. For the glucose assays on both well-spot C-µPAD and lateral flow C-µPAD, we achieved LOD of 13 mg/dL, which is equivalent to that of a commercial glucose sensor. Similar results were obtained from tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) detection with 3 ng/mL of LOD. For Ni detection, a colorimetric agent was immobilized to obtain a stationary and uniform reaction by using thermal condensation coupling method. During the immobilization, we successfully functionalized amine for coupling the colorimetric agent on the C-µPAD and detected as low as 150 μg/L of Ni. These C-µPADs enable simple, rapid, and cost-effective bioassays and environmental monitoring, which provide practically relevant LODs with high expandability and adaptability.
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25
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Koenig M, Kumar R, Hussal C, Trouillet V, Barner L, Lahann J. pH‐Responsive Aminomethyl Functionalized Poly(
p
‐xylylene) Coatings by Chemical Vapor Deposition Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Koenig
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan (UM) Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Christoph Hussal
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Leonie Barner
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan (UM) Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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26
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Jiang X, Fan ZH. Fabrication and Operation of Paper-Based Analytical Devices. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:203-222. [PMID: 27070184 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the fabrication techniques and operational components of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Being low-cost, user-friendly, fast, and simple, μPADs have seen explosive growth in the literature in the last decade. Many different materials and technologies have been employed to fabricate μPADs for various applications, including those that employ patterning, the creation of physical boundaries, and three-dimensional structures. In addition to fabrication techniques, flow control and other operational components in μPADs are of great interest. These components enable μPADs to control flow rates, direct flow paths via valves, sequentially deliver reagents automatically, and display test results, all of which will make μPADs more suitable for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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27
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Lab-on-paper micro- and nano-analytical devices: Fabrication, modification, detection and emerging applications. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Kuan CM, York RL, Cheng CM. Lignocellulose-based analytical devices: bamboo as an analytical platform for chemical detection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18570. [PMID: 26686576 PMCID: PMC4685277 DOI: 10.1038/srep18570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes the development of lignocellulose-based analytical devices (LADs) for rapid bioanalysis in low-resource settings. LADs are constructed using either a single lignocellulose or a hybrid design consisting of multiple types of lignocellulose. LADs are simple, low-cost, easy to use, provide rapid response, and do not require external instrumentation during operation. Here, we demonstrate the implementation of LADs for food and water safety (i.e., nitrite assay in hot-pot soup, bacterial detection in water, and resazurin assay in milk) and urinalysis (i.e., nitrite, urobilinogen, and pH assays in human urine). Notably, we created a unique approach using simple chemicals to achieve sensitivity similar to that of commercially available immunochromatographic strips that is low-cost, and provides on-site, rapid detection, for instance, of Eschericia coli (E. coli) in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Meng Kuan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Roger L. York
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Anesethesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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29
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Chen B, Frank-Finney RJ, Gupta M. Fabricating Polymer Canopies onto Structured Surfaces Using Liquid Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:23056-23061. [PMID: 26378688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study the use of initiated chemical vapor deposition in conjunction with liquid scaffolds to deposit polymer canopies onto structured surfaces. Liquid is applied to micropillar and microstructure surfaces to act as a scaffolding template such that the deposited polymer films take the shape of the liquid surface. Two methods for directing the location of the scaffolding liquid were examined. In the first method, high surface tension liquids rest in a Cassie-Baxter state over the structured surfaces, allowing for control over the canopy location and size by varying the position and volume of the liquid. In the second method, the structured surfaces are inverted onto a thin layer of low surface tension liquid, allowing the coverage and height of the canopy to be controlled by varying the area and thickness of the liquid layer. Although the canopies demonstrated in this study were fabricated using initiated chemical vapor deposition, the generality of our scaffolding method can easily be translated to other vapor deposition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Chen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Robert J Frank-Finney
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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30
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Abstract
Paper-based microfluidics provide an inexpensive, easy to use technology for point-of-care diagnostics in developing countries. Here, we combine paper-based microfluidic devices with responsive hydrogels to add an entire new class of functions to these versatile low-cost fluidic systems. The hydrogels serve as fluid reservoirs. In response to an external stimulus, e.g. an increase in temperature, the hydrogels collapse and release fluid into the structured paper substrate. In this way, chemicals that are either stored on the paper substrate or inside the hydrogel pads can be dissolved, premixed, and brought to reaction to fulfill specific analytic tasks. We demonstrate that multi-step sequences of chemical reactions can be implemented in a paper-based system and operated without the need for external precision pumps. We exemplify this technology by integrating an antibody-based E. coli test on a small and easy to use paper device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Niedl
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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31
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Murphy A, Gorey B, de Guzman K, Kelly N, Nesterenko EP, Morrin A. Microfluidic paper analytical device for the chromatographic separation of ascorbic acid and dopamine. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose-based filter papers were used as base materials to construct microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) coupling a separation channel with electrochemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Murphy
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - B. Gorey
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - K. de Guzman
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - N. Kelly
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - E. P. Nesterenko
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
| | - A. Morrin
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
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32
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He Y, Wu Y, Fu JZ, Wu WB. Fabrication of paper-based microfluidic analysis devices: a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09188h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main advantage of μPADs is compact and low-cost, we suggest that three kinds of technology could be utilized to develop the prototype of μPADs-based instruments rapidly, including open source hardware-Aduino, smart phone and 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control
- College of Mechanical Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Yan Wu
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control
- College of Mechanical Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jian-Zhong Fu
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control
- College of Mechanical Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control
- College of Mechanical Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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33
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Cate DM, Adkins JA, Mettakoonpitak J, Henry CS. Recent Developments in Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2014; 87:19-41. [PMID: 25375292 DOI: 10.1021/ac503968p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cate
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jaclyn A. Adkins
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jaruwan Mettakoonpitak
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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34
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Bradley LC, Gupta M. Copolymerization of 1-Ethyl-3-vinylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501407q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Bradley
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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35
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Tomazelli Coltro WK, Cheng CM, Carrilho E, de Jesus DP. Recent advances in low-cost microfluidic platforms for diagnostic applications. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2309-24. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia-GO Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas-SP Brazil
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos; Universidade de São Paulo; São Carlos-SP Brazil
| | - Dosil Pereira de Jesus
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas-SP Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas; UNICAMP; Campinas-SP Brazil
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36
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Petruczok CD, Chen N, Gleason KK. Closed batch initiated chemical vapor deposition of ultrathin, functional, and conformal polymer films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:4830-4837. [PMID: 24713046 DOI: 10.1021/la500543d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A modified fabrication process based on initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) has been developed for producing ultrathin and uniform polymer films. This so-called "closed batch" (CB) iCVD process provides fine-tuning of the thickness and deposition rate of polymeric materials while using significantly less reactant material than the conventional continuous flow (CF) iCVD process. Four different polymers, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(trivinyltrimethylcyclotrisiloxane), poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate), and poly(ε-caprolactone), were synthesized by both CB and traditional CF iCVD. The resulting CB iCVD polymers are functionally identical to CF iCVD and solution-polymerized materials. Additionally, the new CB process retains the desirable ability to achieve conformal coverage over microstructures. Ultrathin (<30 nm) films can be controllably and reproducibly deposited; no prior optimization process is required to obtain excellent film thickness uniformity. The CB iCVD films are also extremely smooth, exhibiting RMS roughness values between 0.4 and 0.7 nm. Use of the CB process improves reaction yield by factors of 10-200 for the four different film chemistries and decreases material cost per 100 nm of film by 1-2 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy D Petruczok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Culbertson CT, Mickleburgh TG, Stewart-James SA, Sellens KA, Pressnall M. Micro total analysis systems: fundamental advances and biological applications. Anal Chem 2014; 86:95-118. [PMID: 24274655 PMCID: PMC3951881 DOI: 10.1021/ac403688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom G. Mickleburgh
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | | | - Kathleen A. Sellens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Melissa Pressnall
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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38
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Demirel G, Babur E. Vapor-phase deposition of polymers as a simple and versatile technique to generate paper-based microfluidic platforms for bioassay applications. Analyst 2014; 139:2326-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple yet versatile approach has been demonstrated for the fabrication of paper-based microfluidic platforms based on a vapor-phase polymerization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Demirel
- Bio-inspired Materials Research Laboratory (BIMREL)
- Department of Chemistry
- Gazi University
- 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Babur
- Bio-inspired Materials Research Laboratory (BIMREL)
- Department of Chemistry
- Gazi University
- 06500 Ankara, Turkey
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39
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Chen B, Kwong P, Gupta M. Patterned fluoropolymer barriers for containment of organic solvents within paper-based microfluidic devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:12701-12707. [PMID: 24283374 DOI: 10.1021/am404049x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the ability to pattern lipophobic fluoropolymer barriers for the incorporation of pure organic solvents as operating liquids within paper-based microfluidic devices. Our fabrication method involves replacing traditional wax barriers with fluoropolymer coatings by combining initiated chemical vapor deposition with inhibiting transition metal salt to pattern the polymer. Multiple techniques for patterning the transition metal salt are tested including painting, spray coating, and selective wetting through the use of a photoresist. The efficacy of the barrier coatings to contain organic solvents is found to be dependent on the conformality of the polymer deposited around the paper fibers. We demonstrate examples of the benefits provided by the containment of organic solvents in paper-based microfluidic applications including the ability to tune the separation of analytes by varying the operating solvent and by modifying the channel region of the devices with additional polymer coatings. The work exhibited in this paper has the potential to significantly expand the applications of paper-based microfluidics to include detection of water insoluble analytes. Additionally, the generality of the patterning process allows this technique to be extended to other applications that may require the use of patterned hydrophobic and lipophobic regions, such as biosensing, chemical detection, and optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Chen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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40
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Coclite AM, Howden RM, Borrelli DC, Petruczok CD, Yang R, Yagüe JL, Ugur A, Chen N, Lee S, Jo WJ, Liu A, Wang X, Gleason KK. 25th anniversary article: CVD polymers: a new paradigm for surface modification and device fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5392-423. [PMID: 24115244 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Well-adhered, conformal, thin (<100 nm) coatings can easily be obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for a variety of technological applications. Room temperature modification with functional polymers can be achieved on virtually any substrate: organic, inorganic, rigid, flexible, planar, three-dimensional, dense, or porous. In CVD polymerization, the monomer(s) are delivered to the surface through the vapor phase and then undergo simultaneous polymerization and thin film formation. By eliminating the need to dissolve macromolecules, CVD enables insoluble polymers to be coated and prevents solvent damage to the substrate. CVD film growth proceeds from the substrate up, allowing for interfacial engineering, real-time monitoring, and thickness control. Initiated-CVD shows successful results in terms of rationally designed micro- and nanoengineered materials to control molecular interactions at material surfaces. The success of oxidative-CVD is mainly demonstrated for the deposition of organic conducting and semiconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010 , Austria
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Kwong P, Seidel S, Gupta M. Solventless fabrication of porous-on-porous materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:9714-9718. [PMID: 24073753 DOI: 10.1021/am402775r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we fabricate patterned porous polymer membranes on porous substrates by a combination of physical masking and chemical vapor deposition. This all-dry technique eliminates solvent-related issues and allows for the fabrication of hierarchical porous-on-porous structures with a wide range of chemical compositions and shapes. The porous polymer membranes are made by operating at unconventional processing conditions to simultaneously deposit and polymerize monomer. The solid monomer serves as a porogen and creates microstructures around which polymer forms. Membranes with thicknesses ranging from a few hundred micrometers to a millimeter are fabricated on porous paper substrates. The resolution of the patterning process and the structure of the resulting membranes are analyzed as a function of the deposition time. It was found that the patterned membranes exhibit a tapered structure and the dimensions are in good agreement with the dimensions of the mask. One potential application of these patterned polymer membranes is demonstrated for the selective separation of analytes for diagnostic applications on paper-based microfluidic devices. The ability to pattern porous-on-porous structures can be useful for the development of hierarchical membranes for water purification and gas separation, and for sensing, patterned tissue scaffolding, and other lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kwong
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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