1
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Yang F, Urban RD, Lorenz J, Griebel J, Koohbor N, Rohdenburg M, Knorke H, Fuhrmann D, Charvat A, Abel B, Azov VA, Warneke J. Control of Intermediates and Products by Combining Droplet Reactions and Ion Soft-Landing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314784. [PMID: 37917653 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite being recognized primarily as an analytical technique, mass spectrometry also has a large potential as a synthetic tool, enabling access to advanced synthetic routes by reactions in charged microdroplets or ionic thin layers. Such reactions are special and proceed primarily at surfaces of droplets and thin layers. Partial solvation of the reactants is usually considered to play an important role for reducing the activation barrier, but many mechanistic details still need to be clarified. In our study, we showcase the synergy between two sequentially applied "preparative mass spectrometry" methods: initiating accelerated reactions within microdroplets during electrospray ionization to generate gaseous ionic intermediates in high abundance, which are subsequently mass-selected and soft-landed to react with a provided reagent on a substrate. This allows the generation of products at a nanomolar scale, amenable to further characterization. In this proof-of-concept study, the contrasting reaction pathways between intrinsically neutral and pre-charged reagents, respectively, both in microdroplets and in layers generated by ion soft-landing are investigated. This provides new insights into the role of partially solvated reagents at microdroplet surfaces for increased reaction rates. Additionally, further insights into reactions of ions of the same polarity under various conditions is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangshun Yang
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raphael D Urban
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Lorenz
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Griebel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nima Koohbor
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Fuhrmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ales Charvat
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Azov
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, 9300, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Parker K, Bollis NE, Ryzhov V. Ion-molecule reactions of mass-selected ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:47-89. [PMID: 36447431 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase reactions of mass-selected ions with neutrals covers a very broad area of fundamental and applied mass spectrometry (MS). Oftentimes, ion-molecule reactions (IMR) can serve as a viable alternative to collision-induced dissociation and other ion dissociation techniques when using tandem MS. This review focuses on the literature pertaining applications of IMR since 2013. During the past decade considerable efforts have been made in analytical applications of IMR, including advances in one of the major techniques for characterization of unsaturated fatty acids and lipids, ozone-induced dissociation, and the development of a new technique for sequencing of large ions, hydrogen atom attachment/abstraction dissociation. Many advances have also been made in identifying gas-phase chemistry specific to a functional group in organic and biological compounds, which are useful in structure elucidation of analytes and differentiation of isomers/isobars. With "soft" ionization techniques like electrospray ionization having become mainstream for quite some time now, the efforts in the area of metal ion catalysis have firmly moved into exploring chemistry of ligated metal complexes in their "natural" oxidation states allowing to model individual steps of mechanisms in homogeneous catalysis, especially in combination with high-level DFT calculations. Finally, IMR continue to contribute to the body of knowledge in the area of chemistry of interstellar processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas E Bollis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Victor Ryzhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
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3
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Song Y, Song Q, Liu W, Li J, Tu P. High-confidence structural identification of metabolites relying on tandem mass spectrometry through isomeric identification: A tutorial. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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4
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Salvitti C, Pepi F, Troiani A, Rosi M, de Petris G. The Peroxymonocarbonate Anion HCO 4- as an Effective Oxidant in the Gas Phase: A Mass Spectrometric and Theoretical Study on the Reaction with SO 2. Molecules 2022; 28:132. [PMID: 36615325 PMCID: PMC9822475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxymonocarbonate anion, HCO4-, the covalent adduct between the carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide anion, effectively reacts with SO2 in the gas phase following three oxidative routes. Mass spectrometric and electronic structure calculations show that sulphur dioxide is oxidised through a common intermediate to the hydrogen sulphate anion, sulphur trioxide, and sulphur trioxide anion as primary products through formal HO2-, oxygen atom, and oxygen ion transfers. The hydrogen sulphite anion is also formed as a secondary product from the oxygen atom transfer path. The uncommon nucleophilic behaviour of HCO4- is disclosed by the Lewis acidic properties of SO2, an amphiphilic molecule that forms intermediates with characteristic and diagnostic geometries with peroxymonocarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, University of Perugia, Via Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia de Petris
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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5
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Corinti D, Maccelli A, Chiavarino B, Schütz M, Bouchet A, Dopfer O, Crestoni ME, Fornarini S. Cation-π Interactions between a Noble Metal and a Polyfunctional Aromatic Ligand: Ag + (benzylamine). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200300. [PMID: 35412692 PMCID: PMC9325466 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of an isolated Ag+ (benzylamine) complex is investigated by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy complemented with quantum chemical calculations of candidate geometries and their vibrational spectra, aiming to ascertain the role of competing cation-N and cation-π interactions potentially offered by the polyfunctional ligand. The IRMPD spectrum has been recorded in the 800-1800 cm-1 fingerprint range using the IR free electron laser beamline coupled with an FT-ICR mass spectrometer at the Centre Laser Infrarouge d'Orsay (CLIO). The resulting IRMPD pattern points toward a chelate coordination (N-Ag+ -π) involving both the amino nitrogen atom and the aromatic π-system of the phenyl ring. The gas-phase reactivity of Ag+ (benzylamine) with a neutral molecular ligand (L) possessing either an amino/aza functionality or an aryl group confirms N- and π-binding affinity and suggests an augmented silver coordination in the product adduct ionAg + ( benzylamine ) ( L ) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Corinti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoUniversità degli studi di Roma La SapienzaP.le A. Moro 5I-00185RomaItaly
| | - Alessandro Maccelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoUniversità degli studi di Roma La SapienzaP.le A. Moro 5I-00185RomaItaly
| | - Barbara Chiavarino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoUniversità degli studi di Roma La SapienzaP.le A. Moro 5I-00185RomaItaly
| | - Markus Schütz
- Institut für Optik und Atomare PhysikTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 3610623BerlinGermany
- present address: Eagleyard Photonics GmbHRudower Chaussee 2912489BerlinGermany
| | - Aude Bouchet
- Institut für Optik und Atomare PhysikTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 3610623BerlinGermany
- present address: Université Lille LASIRE Lab Adv Spect Interact React & Environm Cite Sci, CNRS, UMR 851659000LilleFrance
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare PhysikTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 3610623BerlinGermany
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoUniversità degli studi di Roma La SapienzaP.le A. Moro 5I-00185RomaItaly
| | - Simonetta Fornarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoUniversità degli studi di Roma La SapienzaP.le A. Moro 5I-00185RomaItaly
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6
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Poad BLJ, Young RSE, Marshall DL, Trevitt AJ, Blanksby SJ. Accelerating Ozonolysis Reactions Using Supplemental RF-Activation of Ions in a Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3897-3903. [PMID: 35201768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions provide structural insights across a range of analytical applications. A hindrance to the wider use of ion-molecule reactions is that they are relatively slow compared to other ion activation modalities and can thereby impose a bottleneck on the time required to analyze each sample. Here we describe a method for accelerating the rate of ion-molecule reactions involving ozone, implemented by supplementary RF-activation of mass-selected ions within a linear ion trap. Reaction rate accelerations between 15-fold (for ozonolysis of alkenes in ionised lipids) and 90-fold (for ozonation of halide anions) are observed compared to thermal conditions. These enhanced reaction rates with ozone increase sample throughput, aligning the reaction time with the overall duty cycle of the mass spectrometer. We demonstrate that the acceleration is due to the supplementary RF-activation surmounting the activation barrier energy of the entrance channel of the ion-molecule reaction. This rate acceleration is subsequently shown to aid identification of new, low abundance lipid isomers and enables an equivalent increase in the number of lipid species that can be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berwyck L J Poad
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.,Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Reuben S E Young
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2552, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.,Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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7
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Chen X, Xiong Z, Yang M, Gong Y. Discrimination and quantitation of halobenzoic acid positional isomers upon Th(IV) coordination by mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2658-2661. [PMID: 35137751 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06925j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A fast and reliable mass spectrometry-based method has been developed to discriminate the positional isomers of o-, m- and p-C6H4XCO2H (X = F, Cl and Br). This is based on the distinct fragmentation patterns of isomeric ThCl4(C6H4XCO2)- ions generated by electrospray ionization of the solutions with C6H4XCO2H isomers and ThCl4. Moreover, the composition of these positional isomers can be conveniently quantified without any pre-treatment according to the proportion of gas-phase fragmentation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Zhixin Xiong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meixian Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
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8
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Corinti D, Chiavarino B, Spano M, Tintaru A, Fornarini S, Crestoni ME. Molecular Basis for the Remarkably Different Gas-Phase Behavior of Deprotonated Thyroid Hormones Triiodothyronine (T3) and Reverse Triiodothyronine (rT3): A Clue for Their Discrimination? Anal Chem 2021; 93:14869-14877. [PMID: 34714056 PMCID: PMC8581966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Thyroid hormones
are biologically active small molecules responsible
for growth and development regulation, basal metabolic rate, and lipid
and carbohydrate metabolism. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
(LC–MS) can be used to quantify thyroid hormones blood level
with high speed and selectivity, aiming to improve the diagnosis and
treatment of the severe pathological conditions in which they are
implicated, i.e., hypo- and hyperthyroidism. In this work, the gas-phase
behavior of the isomeric thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and
reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) in their deprotonated form was studied
at a molecular level using MS-based techniques. Previously reported
collision-induced dissociation experiments yielded distinct spectra
despite the high structural similarity of the two compounds, suggesting
different charge sites to be responsible. Infrared multiple photon
dissociation spectroscopy on [T3-H]− and [rT3-H]− was performed, and the results were interpreted using
DFT and MP2 calculations, assessing the prevalence of T3 in the carboxylate
form and rT3 as a phenolate isomer. The different deprotonation sites
of the two isomers were also found to drive their ion-mobility behavior.
In fact, [T3-H]− and [rT3-H]− were
successfully separated. Drift times were correlated with collisional
cross section values of 209 and 215 Å2 for [T3-H]− and [rT3-H]−, respectively. Calculations
suggested the charge site to be the main parameter involved in the
different mobilities of the two anions. Finally, bare [T3-H]− and [rT3-H]− were made to react with neutral acetylacetone
and trifluoroacetic acid, confirming rT3 to be more acidic than T3
in agreement with the calculated gas-phase acidities of T3 and rT3
equal to 1345 and 1326 kJ mol–1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Corinti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Barbara Chiavarino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Mattia Spano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Aura Tintaru
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Simonetta Fornarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma I-00185, Italy
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9
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Heiles S. Advanced tandem mass spectrometry in metabolomics and lipidomics-methods and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5927-5948. [PMID: 34142202 PMCID: PMC8440309 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics and lipidomics are new drivers of the omics era as molecular signatures and selected analytes allow phenotypic characterization and serve as biomarkers, respectively. The growing capabilities of untargeted and targeted workflows, which primarily rely on mass spectrometric platforms, enable extensive charting or identification of bioactive metabolites and lipids. Structural annotation of these compounds is key in order to link specific molecular entities to defined biochemical functions or phenotypes. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS), first and foremost collision-induced dissociation (CID), is the method of choice to unveil structural details of metabolites and lipids. But CID fragment ions are often not sufficient to fully characterize analytes. Therefore, recent years have seen a surge in alternative tandem MS methodologies that aim to offer full structural characterization of metabolites and lipids. In this article, principles, capabilities, drawbacks, and first applications of these "advanced tandem mass spectrometry" strategies will be critically reviewed. This includes tandem MS methods that are based on electrons, photons, and ion/molecule, as well as ion/ion reactions, combining tandem MS with concepts from optical spectroscopy and making use of derivatization strategies. In the final sections of this review, the first applications of these methodologies in combination with liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry imaging are highlighted and future perspectives for research in metabolomics and lipidomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiles
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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10
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Liu JKY, Niyonsaba E, Alzarieni KZ, Boulos VM, Yerabolu R, Kenttämaa HI. Determination of the compound class and functional groups in protonated analytes via diagnostic gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021. [PMID: 34435381 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic gas-phase ion-molecule reactions serve as a powerful alternative to collision-activated dissociation for the structural elucidation of analytes when using tandem mass spectrometry. The use of such ion-molecule reactions has been demonstrated to provide a robust tool for the identification of specific functional groups in unknown ionized analytes, differentiation of isomeric ions, and classification of unknown ions into different compound classes. During the past several years, considerable efforts have been dedicated to exploring various reagents and reagent inlet systems for functional-group selective ion-molecule reactions with protonated analytes. This review provides a comprehensive coverage of literature since 2006 on general and predictable functional-group selective ion-molecule reactions of protonated analytes, including simple monofunctional and complex polyfunctional analytes, whose mechanisms have been explored computationally. Detection limits for experiments involving high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry based on ion-molecule reactions and the application of machine learning to predict diagnostic ion-molecule reactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Kuan-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Edouard Niyonsaba
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Victoria M Boulos
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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11
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Lau JKC, Esuon F, Berden G, Oomens J, Hopkinson AC, Ryzhov V, Siu KWM. Generation, Characterization, and Dissociation of Radical Cations Derived from Prolyl-glycyl-glycine. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6121-6129. [PMID: 34097420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Radical cations of an aliphatic tripeptide prolyl-glycyl-glycine (PGG•+) and its sequence ions [a3 + H]•+ and [b2 - H]•+ have been generated by collision-induced dissociation of the [Cu(Phen)(PGG)]•2+ complex, where Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy, ion-molecule reaction experiments, and theoretical calculations have been used to investigate the structures of these ions. The unpaired electron in these three radical cations is located at different α-carbons. The PGG•+ radical cation has a captodative structure with the radical at the α-carbon of the proline residue and the proton on the oxygen of the first amide group. This structure is at the global minimum on the potential energy surface (PES). By contrast, the [a3 + H]•+ and [b2 - H]•+ ions are not the lowest-energy structures on their respective PESs, and their radicals are formally located at the C-terminal and second α-carbons, respectively. Density functional theory calculations on the structures of the ternary copper(II) complex ion suggest that the charge-solvated isomer of the metal complex is the precursor ion that dissociates to give the PGG•+ radical cation. The isomer of the complex in which PGG is bound as a zwitterion dissociates to give the [a3 + H]•+ and [b2 - H]•+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kai-Chi Lau
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Francis Esuon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Giel Berden
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, the Netherlands
| | - Alan C Hopkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Victor Ryzhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - K W Michael Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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12
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Feng E, Ma X, Kenttämaa HI. Characterization of Protonated Substituted Ureas by Using Diagnostic Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions Followed by Collision-Activated Dissociation in Tandem Mass Spectrometry Experiments. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7851-7859. [PMID: 34028247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substituted ureas correspond to a class of organic compounds commonly used in agricultural and chemical fields. However, distinguishing between different ureas and differentiating substituted ureas from other compounds with similar structures, such as amides, N-oxides, and carbamates, are challenging. In this paper, a four-stage tandem mass spectrometry method (MS4) is introduced for this purpose. This method is based on gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of isolated, protonated analytes ([M + H]+) with tris(dimethylamino)borane (TDMAB) (MS2) followed by subjecting a diagnostic product ion to two steps of collision-activated dissociation (CAD) (MS3 and MS4). All the analyte ions reacted with TDMAB to form a product ion [M + H + TDMAB - HN(CH3)2]+. The product ion formed for substituted ureas and amides eliminated another HN(CH3)2 molecule upon CAD to generate a fragment ion [M + H + TDMAB - 2HN(CH3)2]+, which was not observed for many other analytes, such as N-oxides, sulfoxides, and pyridines (studied previously). When the [M + H + TDMAB - 2HN(CH3)2]+ fragment ion was subjected to CAD, different fragment ions were generated for ureas, amides, and carbamates. Fragment ions diagnostic for the ureas were formed via elimination of R-N═C═O (R = hydrogen atom or a substituent), which enabled the differentiation of ureas from amides and carbamates. Furthermore, these fragment ions can be utilized to classify differently substituted ureas. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to explore the mechanisms of the reactions. The limit of detection for the diagnostic ion-molecule reaction product ion in HPLC/MS2 experiments was found to range from 20 to 100 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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13
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Kumar R, Kenttämaa HI. Effects of Analyte Concentration on the Protonation Sites of 4-Aminobenzoic Acid upon Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization As Revealed by Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2210-2217. [PMID: 32852952 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The most basic site of 4-aminobenzoic acid in aqueous solution is the amino nitrogen, while the carbonyl oxygen is calculated to be the most basic site in the gas phase. However, the preferred protonation site of 4-aminobenzoic acid upon electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) depends upon the ionization solvent and ion source parameters. The influence of the concentration of the analyte on the manifested protonation sites upon APCI has not been investigated and is reported here. Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of trimethoxymethylsilane were used to identify the protonation sites of 4-aminobenzoic acid ionized using APCI with methanol or acetonitrile-water as the solvent. The nitrogen-protomer was found to be about twice as abundant as the oxygen-protomer at low analyte concentrations (10-9-10-6 M) in methanol solvent. This finding was rationalized on the basis of a previous finding that when the O-protomer is surrounded by more than eight methanol molecules in the gas phase it starts behaving as if it were in an aqueous solution and converts to the N-protomer. At greater analyte concentrations (≥10-4 M), the amino group was predominantly protonated, which was rationalized based on the formation of a particularly stable proton-bound dimer of 4-aminobenzoic acid that preferentially dissociates to form the N-protomer. The above findings suggest that solution processes are much more important in APCI than commonly assumed, in agreement with recent literature. Indeed, when 1:1 (v/v) acetonitrile-water was used as the solvent system for 4-aminobenzoic acid, the N-protomer was predominantly generated at all analyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumar
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Foreman DJ, Bhanot J, Lee KW, McLuckey SA. Valet Parking for Protein Ion Charge State Concentration: Ion/Molecule Reactions in Linear Ion Traps. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5419-5425. [PMID: 32100997 PMCID: PMC7145756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There are several analytical applications in which it is desirable to concentrate analyte ions generated over a range of charge states into a single charge state. This has been demonstrated in the gas phase via ion/ion reactions in conjunction with a technique termed ion parking, which can be implemented in electrodynamic ion traps. Ion parking depends upon the selective inhibition of the reaction of a selected charge state or charge states. In this work, we demonstrate a similar charge state concentration effect using ion/molecule reactions rather than ion/ion reactions. The rates of ion/molecule reactions cannot be affected in the manner used in conventional ion parking. Rather, to inhibit the progression of ion/molecule proton transfer reactions, the product ions must be removed from the reaction cell as they are formed and transferred to an ion trap where no reactions occur. This is accomplished here with mass-selective axial ejection (MSAE) from one linear ion trap to another. The application of MSAE to inhibit ion/molecule reactions is referred to as "valet parking" as it entails the transport of the ions of interest to a remote location for storage. Valet parking is demonstrated using model proteins to concentrate ion signal dispersed over multiple charge states into largely one charge state. Additionally, it has been applied to a simple two-protein mixture of cytochrome c and myoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Foreman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Jay Bhanot
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Kenneth W. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
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15
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Errabelli R, Zheng Z, Attygalle AB. Formation of Protonated ortho-Quinonimide from ortho-Iodoaniline in the Gas Phase by a Molecular-Oxygen-Mediated, ortho-Isomer-Specific Fragmentation Mechanism. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:864-872. [PMID: 32233379 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Upon collisional activation under mass spectrometric conditions, protonated 2-, 3-, and 4-iodoanilines lose an iodine radical to generate primarily dehydroanilinium radical cations (m/z 93), which are the distonic counterparts of the conventional molecular ion of aniline. When briefly accumulated in the Trap region of a Triwave cell in a SYNAPT G2 instrument, before being released for ion-mobility separation, these dehydroanilinium cations react readily with traces of oxygen present in the mobility gas to form peroxyl radical cations. Although all three isomeric dehydroanilinium ions showed avid affinity for O2, their reactivities were distinctly different. For example, the product-ion spectra recorded from mass-selected m/z 93 ion from 3- and 4-iodoanilines showed a peak at m/z 125 for the respective peroxylbenzenaminium ion. In contrast, an analogous peak at m/z 125 was absent in the spectrum of the 2-dehydroanilinium ion generated from 2-iodoaniline. Evidently, the 2-peroxylbenzenaminium ion generated from the 2-dehydroanilinium ion immediately loses a •OH to form protonated ortho-quinonimide (m/z 108).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Errabelli
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Zhaoyu Zheng
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Athula B Attygalle
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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16
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Kong JY, Hilger RT, Jin C, Yerabolu R, Zimmerman JR, Replogle RW, Jarrell TM, Easterling L, Kumar R, Kenttämaa HI. Integration of a Multichannel Pulsed-Valve Inlet System to a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer for the Rapid Consecutive Introduction of Nine Reagents for Diagnostic Ion/Molecule Reactions. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15652-15660. [PMID: 31702133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion/molecule reactions have been used extensively for the structural elucidation of organic compounds in tandem mass spectrometry. Reagents for ion/molecule reactions can be introduced into a mass spectrometer via a continuous flow apparatus or through a pulsed inlet system. However, most of these approaches enable the use of only a single reagent at a time. In this work, a multichannel pulsed-valve inlet system was developed for the rapid consecutive introduction of up to nine different reagents or reagent systems into a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer for diagnostic gas-phase ion/molecule reactions. Automated triggering of the pulsed valves enabled these experiments to be performed on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) time scale. This enables high-throughput screening of several functionalities in analytes as they elute from an HPLC column.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y Kong
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Ryan T Hilger
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Chunfen Jin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - James R Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Randall W Replogle
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Tiffany M Jarrell
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Leah Easterling
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Rashmi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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17
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Shoji A, Schanzenbach D, Merrill R, Zhang J, Yang L, Sun R. Theoretical Study of the Potential Energy Profile of the HBr + + CO 2 → HOCO + + Br· Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:9791-9799. [PMID: 31633930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent guided ion beam experiments have revealed interesting reaction dynamics of the HBr+ + CO2 → HOCO+ + Br· reaction under different conditions. The hypothesis is that the predominant reaction mechanism depends on the collision energy between two reactants, the angular momentum of HBr+, and the spin-orbit coupling state of the system. The potential energy profile of the HBr+ + CO2 → HOCO+ + Br· reaction is studied in this research to lay the groundwork for an ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. First, a benchmark potential energy profile of this reaction is identified using coupled-cluster theory extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. A transition state connecting the previously reported intermediates is found, making the potential energy surface of the HBr+ + CO2 → HOCO+ + Br· reaction double-welled. Second, various single reference ab initio methods are compared with the benchmark potential energy profile to search for the most suitable ab initio method for the dynamics simulation. Two combinations of double-ζ basis sets (with effective core potentials) with MP2 and density functional theory have been identified to accurately represent the potential energy profile of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Shoji
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - David Schanzenbach
- Information Technology Services , The University of Hawai'i , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Ron Merrill
- Information Technology Services , The University of Hawai'i , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Jiaxu Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
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18
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Brydon SC, Lim SF, Khairallah GN, Maître P, Loire E, da Silva G, O'Hair RAJ, White JM. Reactions of Thiiranium and Sulfonium Ions with Alkenes in the Gas Phase. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10076-10087. [PMID: 31328517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion-molecule reactions between thiiranium ion 11 (m/z 213) and cyclohexene and cis-cyclooctene resulted in the formation of addition products 17a and 17b (m/z 295 and m/z 323, respectively) via an electrophilic addition pathway. Associative π-ligand exchange involving direct transfer of the PhS+ moiety, which has been observed for analogous seleniranium ions in the gas phase, did not occur despite previous solution experiments suggesting it as a valid pathway. DFT calculations at the M06-2X/def2-TZVP level of theory showed high barriers for the exchange reaction, while the addition pathway was more plausible. Further support for this pathway was provided with Hammett plots showing the rate of reaction to increase as the benzylic position of thiiranium ion derivatives became more electrophilic (ρ = +1.69; R2 = 0.974). The more reactive isomeric sulfonium ion 22 was discounted as being responsible for the observed reactivity with infrared spectroscopy and DFT calculations suggesting little possibility for isomerization. To further explore the differences in reactivity, thiiranium ion 25 and sulfonium ion 27 were formed independently, with the latter ion reacting over 260 times faster toward cis-cyclooctene than the thiiranium ion rationalized by calculations suggesting a barrierless pathway for sulfonium ion 27 to react with the cycloalkene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George N Khairallah
- Accurate Mass Scientific Pty Ltd , P.O. Box 92, Keilor , VIC 3036 , Australia
| | - Philippe Maître
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (UMR8000), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS , Université Paris Saclay , Orsay 91405 , France
| | - Estelle Loire
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (UMR8000), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS , Université Paris Saclay , Orsay 91405 , France
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19
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Snyder DT, Szalwinski LJ, Pilo AL, Jarrah NK, Cooks RG. Selective Gas-Phase Mass Tagging via Ion/Molecule Reactions Combined with Single Analyzer Neutral Loss Scans to Probe Pharmaceutical Mixtures. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1092-1101. [PMID: 30887460 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the use of a simple single ion trap mass spectrometer to identify classes of compounds as well as individual components in complex mixtures. First, a neutral reagent was used to mass tag oxygen-containing analytes using a gas-phase ion/molecule reaction. Then, a neutral loss scan was used to indicate the carboxylic acids. The lack of unit mass selectivity in the neutral loss scan required subsequent product ion scans to confirm the presence and identity of the individual carboxylic acids. The neutral loss scan technique reduced the number of data-dependent MS/MS scans required to confirm identification of signals as protonated carboxylic acids. The method was demonstrated on neat mixtures of standard carboxylic acids as well as on solutions of relevant pharmaceutical tablets and may be generalizable to other ion/molecule reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lucas J Szalwinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Alice L Pilo
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Nina K Jarrah
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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20
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Niyonsaba E, Easton MW, Liu JK, Yu Z, Sheng H, Kong JY, Zhang Z, Easterling LF, Milton J, Kenttämaa HI. Identification of Protonated Primary Carbamates by Using Gas-Phase Ion–Molecule Reactions Followed by Collision-Activated Dissociation in Tandem Mass Spectrometry Experiments. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Niyonsaba
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mckay W. Easton
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Judy K.Y. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zaikuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John Y. Kong
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhoupeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Leah F. Easterling
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jacob Milton
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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21
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Czar MF, Marchand A, Zenobi R. A Modified Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometer as a Versatile Platform for Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6624-6631. [PMID: 31008583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Taken individually, chemical labeling and mass spectrometry are two well-established tools for the structural characterization of biomolecular complexes. A way to combine their respective advantages is to perform gas-phase ion-molecule reactions (IMRs) inside the mass spectrometer. This is, however, not so well developed because of the limited range of usable chemicals and the lack of commercially available IMR devices. Here, we modified a traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometer to enable IMRs in the trapping region of the instrument. Only one minor hardware modification is needed to allow vapors of a variety of liquid reagents to be leaked into the trap traveling wave ion guide of the instrument. A diverse set of IMRs can then readily be performed without any loss in instrument performance. We demonstrate the advantages of implementing IMR capabilities in general, and to this quadrupole-ion mobility-time-of-flight (Q-IM-TOF) mass spectrometer in particular, by exploiting the full functionality of the instrument, including mass selection, ion mobility separation, and post-mobility fragmentation. The potential to carry out gas-phase IMR kinetics experiments is also illustrated. We demonstrate the versatility of the setup using gas-phase IMRs of established utility for biological mass spectrometry, including hydrogen-deuterium exchange, ion-molecule proton transfer reactions, and covalent modification of DNA anions using trimethylsilyl chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Czar
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Zurich 8093 , Switzerland
| | - Adrien Marchand
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Zurich 8093 , Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Zurich 8093 , Switzerland
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22
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Zheng Z, Pavlov J, Attygalle AB. Fortuitous Ion-Molecule Reaction Enables Enumeration of Metal-Hydrogen Bonds Present in Gaseous Ions. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3965-3972. [PMID: 31459605 PMCID: PMC6648366 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Upon mass selection and ion activation under mass spectrometric conditions, gaseous formate adducts of many metal formates undergo decarboxylation and form product ions that bear metal-hydrogen bonds. Fortuitously, we noted that negative-ion spectra of several such formate adducts showed many peaks that could not be rationalized by the conventional fragmentation pathways attributed to the precursor ion. Subsequent experimentation proved that these enigmatic peaks are due to an ion-molecule reaction that takes place between traces of adventitious water vapor in the collision gas and the in situ formed product anions bearing metal-hydrogen bonds, generated by the fragmentation of the formate adducts. Results show that metal-hydrogen bonds of the group 2 elements are particularly susceptible to this reaction. For example, in the product-ion spectrum of [Sr(η2-O2CH)3]-, the peak at m/z 91 for SrH3 - was accompanied by three peaks at higher m/z ratios. These peaks, at m/z 107, 123, and 139, represented SrH2(OH)1 -, SrH1(OH)2 -, and Sr(OH)3 -, respectively. These satellite peaks, which were separated by 16 m/z units, were attributed to adducts formed due to the high affinity of gas-phase anions bearing metal-hydrogen bonds to water. Although undesired, these peaks are diagnostically useful to determine the number of metal-hydrogen bonds present in a precursor ion. Even though the peaks were less pronounced, analogous reactions were noted from the adducts of the group 1 elements as well. Moreover, Gibbs free energy values computed for the interaction of [H-Mg(η2-O2CH)2]- with water to form [HO-Mg(η2-OCOH)2]- and H2 indicated that this is an exergonic reaction.
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23
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Jacobs MI, Davis RD, Rapf RJ, Wilson KR. Studying Chemistry in Micro-compartments by Separating Droplet Generation from Ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:339-343. [PMID: 30374662 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that reactions inside micron-sized compartments (e.g., droplets, emulsions) can proceed at significantly accelerated rates and with different mechanisms compared to the same reactions in a macroscopic container. Many of these studies use electrospray ionization (ESI) to both generate droplets and to quantify, via mass spectrometry (MS), droplet reaction kinetics. The highly charged and rapidly evaporating droplets produced in ESI make it difficult to examine precisely the underlying cause for droplet-induced rate enhancements. Additionally, interpretation of the spectra from ESI-MS can be complicated by gas-phase ion-molecule and clustering reactions. Here, we use an approach where droplet generation is separated from ionization, in order to decouple the multiple possible sources of acceleration and to examine more closely the potential role of gas-phase chemistry. The production of sugar phosphates from the reaction of phosphoric acid with simple sugars (a reaction that does not occur in bulk solution but has recently been reported to occur in droplets) is measured using this approach to compare reactivity in droplets (i.e., with compartments) with that in the gas phase (i.e., without compartments). The same product ions that have been previously assigned to in droplet reactions are observed with and without compartmentalization. These results suggest that in some cases, gas-phase processes in the ionization region can potentially complicate the quantification and interpretation of accelerated reactions in droplets using ESI-MS (or one of its variants). In such cases, contributions from in-droplet chemistry cannot be ruled out, but we demonstrate that gas-phase processes can be a significant (and possibly dominant) reaction pathway. We suggest that future studies of rate acceleration in droplets be modified to better assess the potential for non-droplet-related processes. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ryan D Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, 78212, USA
| | - Rebecca J Rapf
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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24
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Perez E, Corcovilos TA, Gibson JK, Martens J, Berden G, Oomens J, Van Stipdonk MJ. Isotope labeling and infrared multiple-photon photodissociation investigation of product ions generated by dissociation of [ZnNO 3(CH 3OH) 2] +: Conversion of methanol to formaldehyde. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:58-72. [PMID: 30773924 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718809881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization was used to generate species such as [ZnNO3(CH3OH)2]+ from Zn(NO3)2•XH2O dissolved in a mixture of CH3OH and H2O. Collision-induced dissociation of [ZnNO3(CH3OH)2]+ causes elimination of CH3OH to form [ZnNO3(CH3OH)]+. Subsequent collision-induced dissociation of [ZnNO3(CH3OH)]+ causes elimination of 47 mass units (u), consistent with ejection of HNO2. The neutral loss shifts to 48 u for collision-induced dissociation of [ZnNO3(CD3OH)]+, demonstrating the ejection of HNO2 involves intra-complex transfer of H from the methyl group methanol ligand. Subsequent collision-induced dissociation causes the elimination of 30 u (32 u for the complex with CD3OH), suggesting the elimination of formaldehyde (CH2 = O). The product ion is [ZnOH]+. Collision-induced dissociation of a precursor complex created using CH3-18OH shows the isotope label is retained in CH2 = O. Density functional theory calculations suggested that the "rearranged" product, ZnOH with bound HNO2 and formaldehyde is significantly lower in energy than ZnNO3 with bound methanol. We therefore used infrared multiple-photon photodissociation spectroscopy to determine the structures of both [ZnNO3(CH3OH)2]+ and [ZnNO3(CH3OH)]+. The infrared spectra clearly show that both ions contain intact nitrate and methanol ligands, which suggests that rearrangement occurs during collision-induced dissociation of [ZnNO3(CH3OH)]+. Based on the density functional theory calculations, we propose that transfer of H, from the methyl group of the CH3OH ligand to nitrate, occurs in concert with the formation of a Zn-C bond. After dissociation to release HNO2, the product rearranges with the insertion of the remaining O atom into the Zn-C bond. Subsequent C-O bond cleavage, with H transfer, produces an ion-molecule complex composed of [ZnOH]+ and O = CH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Perez
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - John K Gibson
- 3 Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Martens
- 4 Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Facility, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- 4 Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Facility, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- 4 Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Facility, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- 5 van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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de Ruette N, Wolf M, Giacomozzi L, Alexander JD, Gatchell M, Stockett MH, Haag N, Zettergren H, Schmidt HT, Cederquist H. DESIREE electrospray ion source test bench and setup for collision induced dissociation experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:075102. [PMID: 30068131 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we give a detailed description of an electrospray ion source test bench and a single-pass setup for ion fragmentation studies at the Double ElectroStatic Ion Ring ExpEriment infrastructure at Stockholm University. This arrangement allows for collision-induced dissociation experiments at the center-of-mass energies between 10 eV and 1 keV. Charged fragments are analyzed with respect to their kinetic energies (masses) by means of an electrostatic energy analyzer with a wide angular acceptance and adjustable energy resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- N de Ruette
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - L Giacomozzi
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - J D Alexander
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - M Gatchell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - M H Stockett
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - N Haag
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - H Zettergren
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - H T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - H Cederquist
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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26
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Dang A, Shaffer CJ, Bím D, Lawler J, Lesslie M, Ryzhov V, Tureček F. Near-UV Water Splitting by Cu, Ni, and Co Complexes in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2069-2078. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Dang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Christopher J. Shaffer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Daniel Bím
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 117
20 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - John Lawler
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2828, United States
| | - Michael Lesslie
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2828, United States
| | - Victor Ryzhov
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2828, United States
| | - František Tureček
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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27
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Begala M. Conversion of benzoic acid into phenol in an ITMS under CI-MS n conditions. Recognition of ortho-chlorobenzoyl derivatives. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:30-38. [PMID: 28929601 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isomeric chlorobenzoyl cations (m/z 139), under collision-induced experiments, fragment identically. Chlorobenzoyl cations can be efficiently converted into cholorophenol radical cations by the reaction with methanol in the ion trap analyzer under CI-MSn conditions. The substitution of the carbonyl group with a hydroxyl moiety is able to induce an ortho effect, which is absent in the startingortho-chlorobenzoyl cation. This transformation could be useful to recognize ortho-chlorinated benzoyl derivatives without the need of MS spectrum comparison of the whole set of isomers. The method reported in this study could be applicable to biologically active molecules that dissociate to form the chlorobenzoyl cations under CI or CI collision-induced dissociation conditions, such as indomethacin, the degradation products from the insect growth regulator 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl) urea, and lorazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Begala
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Drug Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
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28
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Cheng SC, Bhat SM, Shiea J. Flame Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Coupled with Negative Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Ion Molecule Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1473-1481. [PMID: 28508285 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (FAPCI) combined with negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry was developed to detect the ion/molecule reactions (IMRs) products between nitric acid (HNO3) and negatively charged amino acid, angiotensin I (AI) and angiotensin II (AII), and insulin ions. Nitrate and HNO3-nitrate ions were detected in the oxyacetylene flame, suggesting that a large quantity of nitric acid (HNO3) was produced in the flame. The HNO3 and negatively charged analyte ions produced by a negative ESI source were delivered into each arm of a Y-shaped stainless steel tube where they merged and reacted. The products were subsequently characterized with an ion trap mass analyzer attached to the exit of the Y-tube. HNO3 showed the strongest affinity to histidine and formed (Mhistidine-H+HNO3)- complex ions, whereas some amino acids did not react with HNO3 at all. Reactions between HNO3 and histidine residues in AI and AII resulted in the formation of dominant [MAI-H+(HNO3)]- and [MAII-H+(HNO3)]- ions. Results from analyses of AAs and insulin indicated that HNO3 could not only react with basic amino acid residues, but also with disulfide bonds to form [M-3H+(HNO3)n]3- complex ions. This approach is useful for obtaining information about the number of basic amino acid residues and disulfide bonds in peptides and proteins. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy-Chyi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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29
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Garimella SVB, Webb IK, Prabhakaran A, Attah IK, Ibrahim YM, Smith RD. Design of a TW-SLIM Module for Dual Polarity Confinement, Transport, and Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1442-1449. [PMID: 28560562 PMCID: PMC5551421 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe instrumental approaches for performing dual polarity ion confinement, transport, ion mobility separations, and reactions in structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM). Previous means of ion confinement in SLIM, based upon rf-generated pseudopotentials and DC fields for lateral confinement, cannot trap ions of opposite polarity simultaneously. Here we explore alternative approaches to provide simultaneous lateral confinement of both ion polarities. Traveling wave ion mobility (IM) separations experienced in such SLIM cause ions of both polarities to migrate in the same directions and exhibit similar separations. The ion motion (and relative motion of the two polarities) under both surfing and IM separation conditions are discussed. In surfing conditions the two polarities are transported losslessly and non-reactively in their respective potential minima (higher absolute voltage regions confine negative polarities, and lower absolute potential regions are populated by positive polarities). In separation mode, where ions roll over an overtaking traveling wave, the two polarities can interact during the rollovers. Strategies to minimize overlap of the two ion populations to prevent reactive losses during separations are presented. A theoretical treatment of the time scales over which two populations (injected into a DC field-free region of the dual polarity SLIM device) interact is considered, and SLIM designs for allowing ion/ion interactions and other manipulations with dual polarities at 4 Torr are presented. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandilya V B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ian K Webb
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Aneesh Prabhakaran
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Isaac K Attah
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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30
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Mu X, Song T, Siu CK, Chu IK. Tautomerization and Dissociation of Molecular Peptide Radical Cations. CHEM REC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Mu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Ivan K. Chu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
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31
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Furuhashi T, Okuda K. Application of GC/MS Soft Ionization for Isomeric Biological Compound Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:438-453. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1320215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Furuhashi
- Department of Natural and Environmental Science, Teikyo University of Science, Adachi, Tokyo, Japan
- Anicom Specialty Medical Institute Inc., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Okuda
- JEOL USA, Inc., Peabody, Massachusetts, USA
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32
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Tang W, Sheng H, Kong JY, Yerabolu R, Zhu H, Max J, Zhang M, Kenttämaa HI. Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions for the identification of the sulfone functionality in protonated analytes in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1435-1441. [PMID: 27197036 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The oxidation of sulfur atoms is an important biotransformation pathway for many sulfur-containing drugs. In order to rapidly identify the sulfone functionality in drug metabolites, a tandem mass spectrometric method based on ion-molecule reactions was developed. METHODS A phosphorus-containing reagent, trimethyl phosphite (TMP), was allowed to react with protonated analytes with various functionalities in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The reaction products and reaction efficiencies were measured. RESULTS Only protonated sulfone model compounds were found to react with TMP to form a characteristic [TMP adduct-MeOH] product ion. All other protonated compounds investigated, with functionalities such as sulfoxide, N-oxide, hydroxylamino, keto, carboxylic acid, and aliphatic and aromatic amino, only react with TMP via proton transfer and/or addition. The specificity of the reaction was further demonstrated by using a sulfoxide-containing anti-inflammatory drug, sulindac, as well as its metabolite sulindac sulfone. CONCLUSIONS A method based on functional group-selective ion-molecule reactions in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer has been demonstrated for the identification of the sulfone functionality in protonated analytes. A characteristic [TMP adduct-MeOH] product ion was only formed for the protonated sulfone analytes. The applicability of the TMP reagent in identifying sulfone functionalities in drug metabolites was also demonstrated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- DuPont, 200 Powder Mill Rd., Wilmington, DE, 19843, USA
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Merck, 125 E Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - John Y Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Joann Max
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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33
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Corinti D, Coletti C, Re N, Chiavarino B, Crestoni ME, Fornarini S. Cisplatin Binding to Biological Ligands Revealed at the Encounter Complex Level by IR Action Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2016; 22:3794-803. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Corinti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza; P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy), Fax
| | - Cecilia Coletti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università G. D'Annunzio; Via dei Vestini 31 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Nazzareno Re
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università G. D'Annunzio; Via dei Vestini 31 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Barbara Chiavarino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza; P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy), Fax
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza; P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy), Fax
| | - Simonetta Fornarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza; P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy), Fax
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34
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Zhao YX, Liu QY, Zhang MQ, He SG. Reactions of metal cluster anions with inorganic and organic molecules in the gas phase. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11471-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Progress on the activation and transformation of important inorganic and organic molecules by negatively charged bare metal clusters as well as ligated systems with oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Mei-Qi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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35
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Sheng H, Tang W, Yerabolu R, Max J, Kotha RR, Riedeman JS, Nash JJ, Zhang M, Kenttämaa HI. Identification of N-Oxide and Sulfoxide Functionalities in Protonated Drug Metabolites by Using Ion–Molecule Reactions Followed by Collisionally Activated Dissociation in a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. J Org Chem 2015; 81:575-86. [PMID: 26651970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Sheng
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Weijuan Tang
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Joann Max
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Raghavendhar R. Kotha
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James S. Riedeman
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John J. Nash
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Minli Zhang
- AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, United States
| | - Hilkka. I. Kenttämaa
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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36
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Sheng H, Williams PE, Tang W, Zhang M, Kenttämaa HI. Identification of the sulfoxide functionality in protonated analytes via ion/molecule reactions in linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry. Analyst 2015; 139:4296-302. [PMID: 24968187 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mass spectrometric method utilizing gas-phase ion/molecule reactions of 2-methoxypropene (MOP) has been developed for the identification of the sulfoxide functionality in protonated analytes in a LQIT mass spectrometer. Protonated sulfoxide analytes react with MOP to yield an abundant addition product (corresponding to 37-99% of the product ions), which is accompanied by a much slower proton transfer. The total efficiency (percent of gas-phase collisions leading to products) of the reaction is moderate (3-14%). A variety of compounds with different functional groups, including sulfone, hydroxylamino, N-oxide, aniline, phenol, keto, ester, amino and hydroxy, were examined to probe the selectivity of this reaction. Most of the protonated compounds with proton affinities lower than that of MOP react mainly via proton transfer to MOP. The formation of adduct-MeOH ions was found to be characteristic for secondary N-hydroxylamines. N-Oxides formed abundant MOP adducts just like sulfoxides, but sulfoxides can be differentiated from N-oxides based on their high reaction efficiencies. The reaction was tested by using the anti-inflammatory drug sulindac (a sulfoxide) and its metabolite sulindac sulfone. The presence of a sulfoxide functionality in the drug but a sulfone functionality in the metabolite was readily demonstrated. The presence of other functionalities in addition to sulfoxide in the analytes was found not to influence the diagnostic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Sheng
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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37
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Sheng H, Tang W, Yerabolu R, Kong JY, Williams PE, Zhang M, Kenttämaa HI. Mass spectrometric identification of the N-monosubstituted N-hydroxylamino functionality in protonated analytes via ion/molecule reactions in tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:730-734. [PMID: 26406487 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE N-Monosubstituted hydroxylamines correspond to an important class of metabolites for many bioactive molecules. In this study, a tandem mass spectrometric method based on ion/molecule reactions was developed for the identification of compounds with the N-monosubstituted hydroxylamino functionality. METHODS The diagnostic ion/molecule reaction occurs between protonated analytes with 2-methoxypropene (MOP) inside a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. RESULTS Most protonated compounds with N-monosubstituted and disubstituted hydroxylamino and oxime functional groups react with MOP via proton transfer and formation of a stable adduct in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. However, only protonated compounds with N-monosubstituted hydroxylamino groups form the characteristic MOP adduct-MeOH product. Possible mechanisms of this reaction are discussed. CONCLUSIONS A method based on functional group-selective ion/molecule reactions in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer has been demonstrated to allow the identification of protonated compounds with the N-monosubstituted hydroxylamino functionality. Only N-monosubstituted hydroxylamines react with MOP via formation of an adduct that has eliminated methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Sheng
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Weijuan Tang
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - John Y Kong
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Peggy E Williams
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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38
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McMahon TB, Ohanessian G. Probing the mechanisms and dynamics of gas phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange reactions of sodiated polyglycines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4237-49. [PMID: 25573245 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03960b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rate constants for H-D exchange reactions of sodiated polyglycines (GnNa(+), n = 2-8) and polyalanines (AnNa(+), n = 2, 3 and 5) with ND3 have been measured in the cell of an FT-ICR mass spectrometer. All peptides except G2Na(+) are found to undergo three exchange reactions, all of which are consecutive with no sign of multiple exchanges within a single collision event. This information has been used to construct full mechanistic scenarios with the help of detailed quantum chemical calculations of the possible reaction paths for H-D exchange. The first exchange is always located at the C terminus however with different mechanisms depending upon whether the peptide termini can (larger peptides) or cannot (smaller peptides) interact directly without strong energy penalty. The most favourable mechanisms for the second and third exchanges of the N terminus protons, are found to be different from those for the first for all peptide sizes. The peptide distortions that are necessary in order for some of these reactions to occur are made possible by the energy reservoir provided by the favorable interaction of the peptide ion with ND3. Their occurrence and variety preclude any general relationship between H-D exchange kinetics and the most stable ion structures. There is however a break at G7Na(+) in the kinetics trend, with a first exchange rate which is much smaller than for all other peptide sizes. This break can be directly related to a different structural type in which the C terminus is neither free nor close to the N terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B McMahon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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39
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Baird Z, Wei P, Cooks RG. Ion creation, ion focusing, ion/molecule reactions, ion separation, and ion detection in the open air in a small plastic device. Analyst 2015; 140:696-700. [PMID: 25475256 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01929f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ion manipulation in air is demonstrated with 3D printed plastic electrode assemblies. The ability to focus, react, separate, and detect ions under ambient conditions is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Baird
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Pu Wei
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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40
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Zhang M, Eismin R, Kenttämaa H, Xiong H, Wu Y, Burdette D, Urbanek R. Identification of 2-Aminothiazolobenzazepine Metabolites in Human, Rat, Dog, and Monkey Microsomes by Ion-Molecule Reactions in Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:358-66. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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41
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Jarrell T, Riedeman J, Carlsen M, Replogle R, Selby T, Kenttämaa H. Multiported pulsed valve interface for a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer to enable rapid screening of multiple functional-group selective ion-molecule reactions. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6533-9. [PMID: 24897424 DOI: 10.1021/ac501034v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion-molecule reactions provide a powerful tool for structural elucidation of ionized pharmaceutical analytes in tandem mass spectrometry. However, all previous interfaces for the introduction of reagents for ion-molecule reactions have utilized a single reagent approach. In this study, a multiported pulsed valve system was designed and characterized for rapid introduction of three neutral reagents into a linear quadrupole ion trap. Additionally, automatic triggering was used to allow for the introduction of the reagents on a chromatographic time scale. This system enables automatic, high throughput screening of complex mixtures by using at least three different ion-molecule reactions. Further, rapid testing of new neutral reagents is also possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Jarrell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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42
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Espy RD, Wleklinski M, Yan X, Cooks RG. Beyond the flask: Reactions on the fly in ambient mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Sheng H, Williams PE, Tang W, Riedeman JS, Zhang M, Kenttämaa HI. Identification of the Sulfone Functionality in Protonated Analytes via Ion/Molecule Reactions in a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2883-9. [PMID: 24571420 DOI: 10.1021/jo402645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Sheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Peggy E. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Weijuan Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James S. Riedeman
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Minli Zhang
- AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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44
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Lin Z, Tan L, Garimella S, Li L, Chen TC, Xu W, Xia Y, Ouyang Z. Characterization of a DAPI-RIT-DAPI system for gas-phase ion/molecule and ion/ion reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:48-56. [PMID: 24150848 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface (DAPI) has been developed as a facile means for efficiently introducing ions generated at atmospheric pressure to an ion trap in vacuum [e.g., a rectilinear ion trap (RIT)] for mass analysis. Introduction of multiple beams of ions or neutral species through two DAPIs into a single RIT has been previously demonstrated. In this study, a home-built instrument with a DAPI-RIT-DAPI configuration has been characterized for the study of gas-phase ion/molecule and ion/ion reactions. The reaction species, including ions or neutrals, can be introduced from both ends of the RIT through the two DAPIs without complicated ion optics or differential pumping stages. The primary reactant ions were isolated prior to reaction and the product ions were mass analyzed after controlled reaction time period. Ion/molecule reactions involving peptide radical ions and proton-transfer ion/ion reactions have been carried out using this instrument. The gas dynamic effect due to the DAPI operation on internal energy deposition and the reactivity of peptide radical ions has been characterized. The DAPI-RIT-DAPI system also has a unique feature for allowing the ion reactions to be carried out at significantly elevated pressures (in 10(-1) Torr range), which has been found to be helpful to speed up the reactions. The viability and flexibility of the DAPI-RIT-DAPI system for the study of gas-phase ion reactions have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Lin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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45
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Piatkivskyi A, Pyatkivskyy Y, Hurt M, Ryzhov V. Utilisation of gas-phase ion-molecule reactions for differentiation between phospho- and sulfocarbohydrates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:177-183. [PMID: 24895778 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of four boron-containing neutrals were explored as a means for differentiation between isobaric phospho- and sulfocarbohydrates. Phosphorylation and sulfation impose an addition of 80 Da to the molecular mass, so for low-resolution mass spectrometers compounds that have such modifications will appear at the same nominal mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio. However, the ions of these isobaric species behave differently in ion-molecule reactions. All four evaluated neutral molecules [trimethyl borate (TMB), triethyl borate (TEB), diethylmethoxyborane (DEMB) and diisopropoxymethylborane (DIPMB)] proved to be reactive towards phosphorylated sugars and unreactive towards sulfated carbohydrates. In addition, TMB and TEB were found suitable for distinguishing positional isomers of phosphorylated carbohydrates, while reactions with DEMB and DIPMB were successful in differentiating phosphorylated, sulfated and unmodified deprotonated sugars. Similar reactions in the positive ion mode (alkali cationised) were found to be less conclusive.
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46
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Durand KL, Ma X, Xia Y. Intra-molecular reactions as a new approach to investigate bio-radical reactivity: a case study of cysteine sulfinyl radicals. Analyst 2014; 139:1327-30. [PMID: 24511586 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing gas-phase intra-molecular reactions facilitated by energetic collisions, a new reaction channel, sulfinyl radical exchange with thiol within a polypeptide, was observed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirt L. Durand
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette, USA
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47
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Owen BC, Jarrell TM, Schwartz JC, Oglesbee R, Carlsen M, Archibold EF, Kenttämaa HI. A Differentially Pumped Dual Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap (DLQIT) Mass Spectrometer: A Mass Spectrometer Capable of MSn Experiments Free From Interfering Reactions. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11284-90. [PMID: 24171553 DOI: 10.1021/ac401956f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Owen
- Center for Direct
Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, 1203
W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Jarrell
- Center for Direct
Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, 1203
W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jae C. Schwartz
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oak Parkway, San
Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Rob Oglesbee
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mark Carlsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Enada F. Archibold
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Center for Direct
Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, 1203
W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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48
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Williams PE, Jankiewicz BJ, Yang L, Kenttämaa HI. Properties and reactivity of gaseous distonic radical ions with aryl radical sites. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6949-85. [PMID: 23987564 PMCID: PMC3889672 DOI: 10.1021/cr400121w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy E. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | | | - Linan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
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