1
|
Meng H, Wei Y, Feng L. A microchip gas chromatography column assembly with a 3D metal printing micro column oven and a flexible stainless-steel column. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1729:465036. [PMID: 38843573 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a microchip gas chromatography (GC) column assembly utilizing a three-dimensional (3D) printed micro oven and a flexible stainless steel capillary column was developed. The assembly's performance and separation capabilities were characterized. The key components include a 3D printed aluminum plate (7.50 × 7.50 × 0.16 cm) with a 3-meter-long circular spiral channel, serving as the oven, and the column coiled on the channel with an inner diameter of 320 μm and a stationary phase of OV-1. A heating ceramic plate was affixed on the opposite side of the plate. The assembly weighed 40.3 g. The design allows for easy disassembly, or stacking of heating devices and columns, enabling flexibility in adjusting column length. When using n-C13 as the test analyte at 140 °C, a retention factor (k) was 8.5, and 7797 plates (2599 plates/m) were obtained. The assembly, employing resistance heating, demonstrated effective separation performance for samples containing alkanes, aromatics, alcohols and ketones, with good reproducibility. The reduction in theoretical plates compared to oven heating was only 2.95 %. In the boiling point range of C6 to C18, rapid temperature programming (120 °C/min) was achieved with a power consumption of 119.512 W. The assembly was successfully employed to separate benzene series compounds, gasoline and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), demonstrating excellent separation performance. This innovative design addresses the challenges of the complexity and low repeatability of the fabrication process and the high cost associated with microchip columns. Furthermore, its versatility makes it suitable for outdoor analysis applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Meng
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yuyu Wei
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, PR China; Technology Innovation Center of Food Safety Technique of Inspection for State Market Regulation (Rapid Screening and Traceability for Edible Agricultural Product Safety), PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun X, Shi J, Men X, Li Y, Qu H, Chang Y, Hu J, Yan X, Guo W, Sun C, Duan X. Microchip gas chromatography column using magnetic beads coated with polydimethylsiloxane and metal organic frameworks. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464188. [PMID: 37423078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Micro gas chromatography (μGC) using microfabricated silicon columns has been developed in response to the requirement for portable on-site gas analysis. Although different stationary phases have been developed, repeatable and reliable surface coatings in these rather small microcolumns remains a challenge. Herein, a new stationary phase coating strategy using magnetic beads (MBs) as carriers for micro column is presented. MBs modified with organopolysiloxane (MBs@OV-1) and a metal organic framework (MBs@HKUST-1) are deposited in on-chip microcolumns assisted with a magnetic field with an optimized modification process. MBs@OV-1 column showed a minimum HETP of 0.074 cm (1351 plates/m) of 62 cm/s. Mixtures of volatile organic compounds are successfully separated using MBs carried stationary phase which demonstrates that this technique has good chromatographic column efficiency. This method not only provides a novel coating process, washing and characterization of the stationary phases but also establishes a straightforward strategy for testing new absorbent materials for μGC systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyou Sun
- A State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jingwen Shi
- A State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiangdong Men
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yanna Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hemi Qu
- A State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ye Chang
- A State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jizhou Hu
- A State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xu Yan
- A State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenlan Guo
- A State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chen Sun
- A State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- A State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crucello J, de Oliveira AM, Sampaio NMFM, Hantao LW. Miniaturized systems for gas chromatography: Developments in sample preparation and instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
4
|
Sulfolane as a novel stationary phase for analytical separations by gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1189:339254. [PMID: 34815033 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfolane is explored as a novel stationary phase for use in analytical separations by capillary column gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Stainless steel capillaries were found to provide a good substrate for coating and retaining a sulfolane phase, whereas fused silica tubing did not perform well for this. In general, the phase was found to be stable for several hours of use when using elevated carrier gas pressures (90 psi) and a small restriction (25 μm I.D. tubing) at the outlet. This normally provided good performance at temperatures up to about 200 °C with very little background interference in the FID. Given its separation properties, a short 2 m × 100 μm I.D. column was found to be preferable for most separations in this study. Measurements indicated the coating procedure yielded a sulfolane film near 4 μm thick on this column, which produced 4400 plates for benzene with a sample capacity near 30 μg. The sulfolane phase yielded good retention and peak shape for many analytes including alkanes, aromatics, alcohols, bases, sulfides, phosphites, thiols, and others. Compared to longer conventional GC columns, the relatively short sulfolane column was found to offer improved selectivity in the separation of unsaturated, aromatic, and alkane test analytes. As such the method was successfully applied to the analysis of aromatics in gasoline headspace. Results suggest that sulfolane could be a potentially useful stationary phase to further explore in GC separations.
Collapse
|
5
|
McKelvie KH, Thurbide KB. Micro-Flame Photometric Detection in Miniature Gas Chromatography on a Titanium Tile. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
6
|
Ghosh A, Foster AR, Johnson JC, Vilorio CR, Tolley LT, Iverson BD, Hawkins AR, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Stainless-Steel Column for Robust, High-Temperature Microchip Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 91:792-796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Austin R. Foster
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jacob C. Johnson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Carlos R. Vilorio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Luke T. Tolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Brian D. Iverson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Aaron R. Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - H. Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Milton L. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Regmi BP, Agah M. Micro Gas Chromatography: An Overview of Critical Components and Their Integration. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13133-13150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Regmi
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghosh A, Vilorio CR, Hawkins AR, Lee ML. Microchip gas chromatography columns, interfacing and performance. Talanta 2018; 188:463-492. [PMID: 30029402 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Almost four decades of investigations have opened up many avenues to explore the production and utilization of planar (i.e., microchip) gas chromatographic columns. However, there remain many practical constraints that limit their widespread commercialization and use. The main challenges arise from non-ideal column geometries, dead volume issues and inadequate interfacing technologies, which all affect both column performance and range of applications. This review reflects back over the years on the extensive developments in the field, with the goal to stimulate future creative approaches and increased efforts to accelerate microchip gas chromatography development toward reaching its full potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Carlos R Vilorio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu H, Fang R, Miao M, Zhang Y, Yan Y, Tang X, Lu H, Jin Y. Design, Fabrication, and Performance Characterization of LTCC-Based Capacitive Accelerometers. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E120. [PMID: 30424054 PMCID: PMC6187678 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, two versions of capacitive accelerometers based on low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology are developed, different with respect to the detection technique, as well as the mechanical structure. Fabrication of the key structure, a heavy proof mass with thin beams embedded in a large cavity, which is extremely difficult for the conventional LTCC process, is successfully completed by the optimized process. The LC resonant accelerometer, using coupling resonance frequency sensing which is first applied to LTCC accelerometer and may facilitate application in harsh environments, demonstrates a sensitivity of 375 KHz/g over the full scale range 1 g, with nonlinearity less than 6%, and the telemetry distance is 5 mm. The differential capacitive accelerometer adopting differential capacitive sensing presents a larger full scale range 10 g and lower nonlinearity less than 1%, and the sensitivity is 30.27 mV/g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Runiu Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Min Miao
- Institute of Information Microsystem, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yichuan Zhang
- Institute of Information Microsystem, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yingzhan Yan
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 54 Research Institute, Hebei 050081, China.
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 54 Research Institute, Hebei 050081, China.
| | - Huixiang Lu
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation No. 54 Research Institute, Hebei 050081, China.
| | - Yufeng Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Extending the upper temperature range of gas chromatography with all-silicon microchip columns using a heater/clamp assembly. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1517:134-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Characterization of Titanium Tiles as Novel Platforms for Micro-Flame Ionization Detection in Miniature Gas Chromatography. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Wang A, Hynynen S, Hawkins AR, Tolley SE, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Axial thermal gradients in microchip gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:216-223. [PMID: 25476685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication technologies for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) allow miniaturization of conventional benchtop gas chromatography (GC) to portable, palm-sized microfabricated GC (μGC) devices, which are suitable for on-site chemical analysis and remote sensing. The separation performance of μGC systems, however, has not been on par with conventional GC. Column efficiency, peak symmetry and resolution are often compromised by column defects and non-ideal injections. The relatively low performance of μGC devices has impeded their further commercialization and broader application. In this work, the separation performance of μGC columns was improved by incorporating thermal gradient gas chromatography (TGGC). The analysis time was ∼20% shorter for TGGC separations compared to conventional temperature-programmed GC (TPGC) when a wide sample band was introduced into the column. Up to 50% reduction in peak tailing was observed for polar analytes, which improved their resolution. The signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of late-eluting peaks were increased by 3-4 fold. The unique focusing effect of TGGC overcomes many of the previous shortcomings inherent in μGC analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anzi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Sampo Hynynen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Samuel E Tolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - H Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chin ST, Marriott PJ. Multidimensional gas chromatography beyond simple volatiles separation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8819-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|