1
|
Santermans S, Hellings G, Heyns M, Van Roy W, Martens K. Unraveling the impact of nano-scaling on silicon field-effect transistors for the detection of single-molecules. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2354-2368. [PMID: 36644797 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05267a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated silicon field-effect transistors (FETs) capable of detecting single molecules could enable high-throughput molecular sensing chips to advance, for example, genomics or proteomics. For solid-gated silicon FETs it is well-known that nano-scaled devices become sensitive to single elementary charges near the silicon-oxide interface. However, in electrolyte-gated FETs, electrolyte screening strongly reduces sensitivity to charges near the gate oxide. The question arises whether nano-scaling electrolyte-gated FETs can entail a sufficiently large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the detection of single molecules. We enhanced a technology computer-aided design tool with electrolyte screening models to calculate the impact of the FET geometry on the single-molecule signal and FET noise. Our continuum FET model shows that a sufficiently large single-molecule SNR is only obtained when nano-scaling all FET channel dimensions. Moreover, we show that the expected scaling trend of the single-molecule SNR breaks down and no longer results in improvements for geometries approaching the decananometer size. This is the characteristic size of the FET channel region modulated by a typical molecule. For gate lengths below 50 nm, the overlap of the modulated region with the highly conductive junctions leads to saturation of the SNR. For cross-sections below 10-30 nm, SNR degrades due to the overlap of the modulated region with the convex FET corners where a larger local gate capacitance reduces charge sensitivity. In our study, assuming a commercial solid-state FET noise amplitude, we find that a suspended nanowire FET architecture with 35 nm length and 5 × 10 nm2 cross-section results in the highest SNR of about 10 for a 15-base DNA oligo in a 15 mM electrolyte. In contrast with typical silicon nanowire FET sensors which possess micron-scale gate lengths, we find it to be key that all channel dimensions are scaled down to the decananometer range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sybren Santermans
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Heyns
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hwang MT, Park I, Heiranian M, Taqieddin A, You S, Faramarzi V, Pak AA, van der Zande AM, Aluru NR, Bashir R. Ultrasensitive Detection of Dopamine, IL-6 and SARS-CoV-2 Proteins on Crumpled Graphene FET Biosensor. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 6:2100712. [PMID: 34901384 PMCID: PMC8646936 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Universal platforms for biomolecular analysis using label-free sensing modalities can address important diagnostic challenges. Electrical field effect-sensors are an important class of devices that can enable point-of-care sensing by probing the charge in the biological entities. Use of crumpled graphene for this application is especially promising. It is previously reported that the limit of detection (LoD) on electrical field effect-based sensors using DNA molecules on the crumpled graphene FET (field-effect transistor) platform. Here, the crumpled graphene FET-based biosensing of important biomarkers including small molecules and proteins is reported. The performance of devices is systematically evaluated and optimized by studying the effect of the crumpling ratio on electrical double layer (EDL) formation and bandgap opening on the graphene. It is also shown that a small and electroneutral molecule dopamine can be captured by an aptamer and its conformation change induced electrical signal changes. Three kinds of proteins were captured with specific antibodies including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and two viral proteins. All tested biomarkers are detectable with the highest sensitivity reported on the electrical platform. Significantly, two COVID-19 related proteins, nucleocapsid (N-) and spike (S-) proteins antigens are successfully detected with extremely low LoDs. This electrical antigen tests can contribute to the challenge of rapid, point-of-care diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taeyoung Hwang
- Department of BioNano TechnologyGachon University1342 Seongnam‐Daero, Sujeong‐GuSeongnamGyeonggi13120Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Park
- Micro and Nanotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Mohammad Heiranian
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Amir Taqieddin
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Seungyong You
- Micro and Nanotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Vahid Faramarzi
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Angela A. Pak
- Materials Research LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Arend M. van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Materials Research LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Narayana R. Aluru
- Materials Research LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Walker Department of Mechanical EngineeringOden Institute for Computational Engineering and SciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Micro and Nanotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Materials Research LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Bioelectronics explores the use of electronic devices for applications in signal transduction at their interfaces with biological systems. The miniaturization of the bioelectronic systems has enabled seamless integration at these interfaces and is providing new scientific and technological opportunities. In particular, nanowire-based devices can yield smaller sized and unique geometry detectors that are difficult to access with standard techniques, and thereby can provide advantages in sensitivity with reduced invasiveness. In this review, we focus on nanowire-enabled bioelectronics. First, we provide an overview of synthetic studies for designed growth of semiconductor nanowires of which structure and composition are controlled to enable key elements for bioelectronic devices. Second, we review nanowire field-effect transistor sensors for highly sensitive detection of biomolecules, their applications in diagnosis and drug discovery, and methods for sensitivity enhancement. We then turn to recent progress in nanowire-enabled studies of electrogenic cells, including cardiomyocytes and neurons. Representative advances in electrical recording using nanowire electronic devices for single cell measurements, cell network mapping, and three-dimensional recordings of synthetic and natural tissues, and in vivo brain mapping are highlighted. Finally, we overview the key challenges and opportunities of nanowires for fundamental research and translational applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Charles M Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yao Y, Pan H, Luo Y, Zhu D, Chao J, Su S, Wang L. A label-free electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive microRNA-21 analysis based on the poly(l-cysteine)/MoS 2 sensing interface. Analyst 2021; 146:1663-1667. [PMID: 33480363 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02314k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The label-free detection of nucleic acids has attracted interest of scientists due to the fact that it is simple, fast and efficient. Herein, l-cysteine was electropolymerized on the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) surface to form a stable and electroactive poly(l-cysteine)-functionalized molybdenum disulfide (Pl-Cys/MoS2) sensing interface. Taking microRNA-21 (miRNA-21) as an analytical model, a label-free electrochemical sensor was designed according to the properties of the Pl-Cys/MoS2 sensing interface. Experimental data exhibited that the designed electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity, selectivity and stability towards miRNA-21 detection in buffer and real samples. This study offers a methodology to construct a label-free sensing interface by combining MoS2 nanosheets and electroactive molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Çetin K, Denizli A. Immunoaffinity microcryogels for purification of transferrin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1114-1115:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Sun L, Chen Y, Gong F, Dang Q, Xiang G, Cheng L, Liao F, Shao M. Silicon nanowires decorated with gold nanoparticles via in situ reduction for photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00147f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) in the first near-infrared (NIR-I) window has made great progress in the treatment of solid tumors, while only a few PTT agents in the second NIR (NIR-II) region have been studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Fei Gong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Qian Dang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Guangzhen Xiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Fan Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Mingwang Shao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tran DP, Pham TTT, Wolfrum B, Offenhäusser A, Thierry B. CMOS-Compatible Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor: Technology Development toward Commercialization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E785. [PMID: 29751688 PMCID: PMC5978162 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their two-dimensional confinements, silicon nanowires display remarkable optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Of special interest has been the development of advanced biosensing approaches based on the field effect associated with silicon nanowires (SiNWs). Recent advancements in top-down fabrication technologies have paved the way to large scale production of high density and quality arrays of SiNW field effect transistor (FETs), a critical step towards their integration in real-life biosensing applications. A key requirement toward the fulfilment of SiNW FETs' promises in the bioanalytical field is their efficient integration within functional devices. Aiming to provide a comprehensive roadmap for the development of SiNW FET based sensing platforms, we critically review and discuss the key design and fabrication aspects relevant to their development and integration within complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duy Phu Tran
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Thuy Thi Thanh Pham
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jayant K, Auluck K, Rodriguez S, Cao Y, Kan EC. Programmable ion-sensitive transistor interfaces. III. Design considerations, signal generation, and sensitivity enhancement. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:052817. [PMID: 25353854 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.052817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on factors that affect DNA hybridization detection using ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs). Signal generation at the interface between the transistor and immobilized biomolecules is widely ascribed to unscreened molecular charges causing a shift in surface potential and hence the transistor output current. Traditionally, the interaction between DNA and the dielectric or metal sensing interface is modeled by treating the molecular layer as a sheet charge and the ionic profile with a Poisson-Boltzmann distribution. The surface potential under this scenario is described by the Graham equation. This approximation, however, often fails to explain large hybridization signals on the order of tens of mV. More realistic descriptions of the DNA-transistor interface which include factors such as ion permeation, exclusion, and packing constraints have been proposed with little or no corroboration against experimental findings. In this study, we examine such physical models by their assumptions, range of validity, and limitations. We compare simulations against experiments performed on electrolyte-oxide-semiconductor capacitors and foundry-ready floating-gate ISFETs. We find that with weakly charged interfaces (i.e., low intrinsic interface charge), pertinent to the surfaces used in this study, the best agreement between theory and experiment exists when ions are completely excluded from the DNA layer. The influence of various factors such as bulk pH, background salinity, chemical reactivity of surface groups, target molecule concentration, and surface coatings on signal generation is studied. Furthermore, in order to overcome Debye screening limited detection, we suggest two signal enhancement strategies. We first describe frequency domain biosensing, highlighting the ability to sort short DNA strands based on molecular length, and then describe DNA biosensing in multielectrolytes comprising trace amounts of higher-valency salt in a background of monovalent saline. Our study provides guidelines for optimized interface design, signal enhancement, and the interpretation of FET-based biosensor signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Jayant
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Kshitij Auluck
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sergio Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, Randolph College, Lynchburg, Virginia 24503, USA
| | - Yingqiu Cao
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Edwin C Kan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Silicon nanowires as field-effect transducers for biosensor development: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 825:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|