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Liang MC, Laskar AH, Barkan E, Newman S, Thiemens MH, Rangarajan R. New constraints of terrestrial and oceanic global gross primary productions from the triple oxygen isotopic composition of atmospheric CO 2 and O 2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2162. [PMID: 36750626 PMCID: PMC9905602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Representations of the changing global carbon cycle under climatic and environmental perturbations require highly detailed accounting of all atmosphere and biosphere exchange. These fluxes remain unsatisfactory, as a consequence of only having data with limited spatiotemporal coverage and precision, which restrict accurate assessments. Through the nature of intimate coupling of global carbon and oxygen cycles via O2 and CO2 and their unique triple oxygen isotope compositions in the biosphere and atmosphere, greater insight is available. We report analysis of their isotopic compositions with the widest geographical and temporal coverage (123 new measurements for CO2) and constrain, on an annual basis, the global CO2 recycling time (1.5 ± 0.2 year) and gross primary productivities of terrestrial (~ 170-200 PgC/year) and oceanic (~ 90-120 PgC/year) biospheres. Observed inter-annual variations in CO2 triple oxygen isotopic compositions were observed at a magnitude close to the largest contrast set by the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres. The seasonal cycles between the east and west Pacific Ocean were found to be drastically different. This intra-annual variability implies that the entire atmospheric CO2 turnover time is not much longer than the tropospheric mixing time (less than ~ 5 months), verifying the derived recycling time. The new measurements, analyses, and incorporation of other global data sets allow development of an independent approach, providing a strong constraint to biogeochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Chang Liang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Amzad H. Laskar
- grid.465082.d0000 0000 8527 8247Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Eugeni Barkan
- grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sally Newman
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA ,grid.511040.10000 0001 2034 9638Present Address: Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, USA
| | - Mark H. Thiemens
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Ravi Rangarajan
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,Present Address: Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar
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Perdue N, Sharp Z, Nelson D, Wehr R, Dyroff C. A rapid high-precision analytical method for triple oxygen isotope analysis of CO 2 gas using tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9391. [PMID: 36056818 PMCID: PMC9541814 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The simultaneous analysis of the three stable isotopes of oxygen-triple oxygen isotope analysis-has become an important analytical technique in natural sciences. Determination of the abundance of the rare 17 O isotope in CO2 gas using magnetic sector isotope ratio mass spectrometry is complicated by the isobaric interference of 17 O by 13 C (13 C16 O16 O and 12 C16 O17 O, both have mass 45 amu). A number of analytical techniques have been used to measure the 17 O/16 O ratio of CO2 gas. They either are time consuming and technically challenging or have limited precision. A rapid and precise alternative to the available analytical methods is desirable. METHODS We present the results of triple oxygen isotope analyses using an Aerodyne tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy (TILDAS) CO2 analyzer configured for 16 O, 17 O, and 18 O combined with a custom gas inlet system. We evaluate the sensitivity of our results to a number of parameters. CO2 samples with a wide range of δ18 O values (from -9.28‰ to 39.56‰) were measured and compared to results using the well-established fluorination-gas source mass spectrometry method. RESULTS The TILDAS system has a precision (standard error, 2σ) of better than ±0.03‰ for δ18 O and ±10 per meg for Δ'17 O values, equivalent to the precision of previous analytical methods. Samples as small as 3 μmol CO2 (equivalent to 300 μg CaCO3 ) can be analyzed with a total analysis time of ~30 min. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully developed an analytical technique for the simultaneous determination of the δ17 O and δ18 O values of CO2 gas. The precision is equal to or better than that of existing techniques, with no additional chemical treatments required. Analysis time is rapid, and the system is easily automated so that large numbers of samples can be analyzed with minimal effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Perdue
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Center for Stable IsotopesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
- PerkinElmer, Inc.WalthamMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zachary Sharp
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Center for Stable IsotopesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | | | - Rick Wehr
- Aerodyne Research Inc.BillericaMassachusettsUSA
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Hare VJ, Dyroff C, Nelson DD, Yarian DA. High-Precision Triple Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Carbon Dioxide by Tunable Infrared Laser Absorption Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16023-16032. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J. Hare
- Stable Light Isotope Laboratory, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7701, South Africa
| | - Christoph Dyroff
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts01821, United States
| | - David D. Nelson
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts01821, United States
| | - Drake A. Yarian
- Stable Light Isotope Laboratory, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town7701, South Africa
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Adnew GA, Workman E, Janssen C, Röckmann T. Temperature dependence of isotopic fractionation in the CO 2 -O 2 isotope exchange reaction. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9301. [PMID: 35318757 PMCID: PMC9285609 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxygen isotope exchange between O2 and CO2 in the presence of heated platinum (Pt) is an established technique for determining the δ17 O value of CO2 . However, there is not yet a consensus on the associated fractionation factors at the steady state. METHODS We determined experimentally the steady-state α17 and α18 fractionation factors for Pt-catalyzed CO2 -O2 oxygen isotope exchange at temperatures ranging from 500 to 1200°C. For comparison, the theoretical α18 equilibrium exchange values reported by Richet et al. (1997) have been updated using the direct sum method for CO2 and the corresponding α17 values were determined. Finally, we examined whether the steady-state fractionation factors depend on the isotopic composition of the reactants, by using CO2 and O2 differing in δ18 O value from -66 ‰ to +4 ‰. RESULTS The experimentally determined steady-state fractionation factors α17 and α18 are lower than those obtained from the updated theoretical calculations (of CO2 -O2 isotope exchange under equilibrium conditions) by 0.0024 ± 0.0001 and 0.0048 ± 0.0002, respectively. The offset is not due to scale incompatibilities between isotope measurements of O2 and CO2 nor to the neglect of non-Born-Oppenheimer effects in the calculations. There is a crossover temperature at which enrichment in the minor isotopes switches from CO2 to O2 . The direct sum evaluation yields a θ value of ~0.54, i.e. higher than the canonical range maximum for a mass-dependent fractionation process. CONCLUSIONS Updated theoretical values of α18 for equilibrium isotope exchange are lower than those derived from previous work by Richet et al. (1997). The direct sum evaluation for CO2 yields θ values higher than the canonical range maximum for mass-dependent fractionation processes. This demonstrates the need to include anharmonic effects in the calculation and definition of mass-dependent fractionation processes for poly-atomic molecules. The discrepancy between the theory and the experimental α17 and α18 values may be due to thermal diffusion associated with the temperature gradient in the reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Agmuas Adnew
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Physics DepartmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Evelyn Workman
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Physics DepartmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Christof Janssen
- Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères (LERMA)Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSLParisFrance
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Physics DepartmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Sha L, Mahata S, Duan P, Zong B, Ning Y, Zhang P, Wang J, Cai Y, Cheng H. Preparation of high-precision CO 2 with known triple oxygen isotope for oxygen isotope analysis. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2021; 57:443-456. [PMID: 34383572 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2021.1962321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to propose a more effective way to prepare an in-house CO2 with known triple oxygen isotope compositions. The major experimental steps include: (1) the O2 is combusted to CO2 on a graphite rod at 750 °C with Pt-catalyst for 3-4 min; and (2) converted CO2 is subsequently purified by two cryogenic traps. The results show high reproducibility of δ13C and δ18O values of the converted CO2 within 0.010-0.020 ‰ and 0.006-0.010 ‰ (1σ, SD), and the identical δ18O value within error with that of the original O2. Additionally, we have measured the triple oxygen isotope compositions of converted CO2 using an O2-CO2 Pt-catalyzed oxygen-isotope equilibration method. The measured δ17O values of CO2 show high reproducibility within 0.006 ‰ (1σ, SD), and are identical within error with the original O2 as well. Notably, our experiments also found that the O2 with heavier oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O > 40 ‰, VSMOW) might have a lesser conversion efficiency, and this effect, combined with the lighter isotope preferential fractionations during the reaction processes of O2 to CO and CO to CO2, may explain the observed lower 17O/16O and 18O/16O ratios of the converted CO2 relative to the original O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Sha
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengzhen Duan
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyun Zong
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Youfeng Ning
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Cai
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Cheng
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MLR, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin, People's Republic of China
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Laskar AH, Soesanto MY, Liang MC. Role of Vehicular Catalytic Converter Temperature in Emission of Pollutants: An Assessment Based on Isotopic Analysis of CO 2 and N 2O. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4378-4388. [PMID: 33719411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular catalytic converters are used to regulate, reduce, and convert toxic and environmentally unfriendly compounds in exhaust gases into relatively inert and less harmful chemical species. The efficiency, however, is largely affected by the operating temperature of the converter which is set by the hot exhaust gas released from the combustion chamber. A major gas released during combustion is CO2, and its multiply substituted isotopocule, namely, 13C16O18O, provides a window of opportunity to probe directly the effective temperature of the converter in operation. Here, we report multiple isotopic measurements in exhaust CO2 (δ13C, δ17O, δ18O, and Δ47) of diesel (trucks and buses) and gasoline (sedans, trucks, and two-wheel motorcycles)-powered vehicles. For investigating the efficiency of a converter in reducing toxic compounds, we studied NOx processes through isotopic analysis of the exhaust N2O. We found that the degree of N2O reduction to N2 in gasoline-powered vehicles is high when the temperature is above 200 °C (inferred by Δ47). In contrast, diesel-powered vehicles produce N2O in abundance, probably a consequence of selective catalytic reduction of NOx, and the reduction efficiency depends on the converter temperature. In other words, the catalytic converters act as sinks and sources of N2O to the atmosphere in gasoline- and diesel-operated vehicles, respectively. We also report a new set of field data by measuring the isotopic compositions of CO2 and N2O in the Hsuehshan tunnel, a ∼13 km long highway tunnel in Taiwan. Elevated N2O concentrations inside the tunnel indicate that the emission of N2O by heavy-duty diesel vehicles is much higher compared to the reduction by gasoline-operated passenger cars, making the vehicular exhausts a net source of N2O to the atmosphere. The combined study of clumped isotopes and N2O concentration in exhaust gases suggests that it is useful to probe the operational temperature of catalytic converters and monitor the pollution level in operation, thus providing an opportunity for manufacturers to optimize the catalytic efficiency to reduce the level of toxic pollutants to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amzad H Laskar
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Mei Yu Soesanto
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Laskar AH, Maurya AS, Singh V, Gurjar BR, Liang MC. A new perspective of probing the level of pollution in the megacity Delhi affected by crop residue burning using the triple oxygen isotope technique in atmospheric CO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114542. [PMID: 32311636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in the megacity Delhi is affected not only by local emissions but also by pollutants from crop residue burning in the surrounding areas of the city, particularly the rice straw burning in the post monsoon season. As a major burning product, gaseous CO2, which is rather inert in the polluted atmosphere, provides an alternative solution to characterize the impact of biomass burning from a new perspective that other common tracers such as particulate matters are limited because of their physical and chemical reactiveness. Here, we report conventional ([CO2], δ13C, and δ18O) and unconventional (Δ17O) isotope data for CO2 collected at Connaught Place (CP), a core area in the megacity Delhi, and two surrounding remote regions during a field campaign in October 18-20, 2017. We also measured the isotopic ratios near a rice straw burning site in Taiwan to constrain their end member isotopic compositions. Rice straw burning produces CO2 with δ13C, δ18O, and Δ17O values of -29.02 ± 0.65, 19.63 ± 1.16, and 0.05 ± 0.02‰, respectively. The first two isotopic tracers are less distinguishable from those emitted by fossil fuel combustion but the last one is significantly different. We then utilize these end member isotopic ratios, with emphasis on Δ17O for the reason given above, for partitioning sources that affect the CO2 level in Delhi. Anthropogenic fraction of CO2 at CP ranges from 4 to 40%. Further analysis done by employing a three-component (background, rice straw burning, and fuel combustion) mixing model with constraints from the Δ17O values yields that rice straw burning contributes as much as ∼70% of the total anthropogenic CO2, which is more than double of the fossil fuel contribution (∼30%), during the study days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amzad H Laskar
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhayanand S Maurya
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vishvendra Singh
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhola R Gurjar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan.
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Adnew GA, Hofmann ME, Paul D, Laskar A, Surma J, Albrecht N, Pack A, Schwieters J, Koren G, Peters W, Röckmann T. Determination of the triple oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of CO 2 from atomic ion fragments formed in the ion source of the 253 Ultra high-resolution isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1363-1380. [PMID: 31063233 PMCID: PMC6771542 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Determination of δ17 O values directly from CO2 with traditional gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry is not possible due to isobaric interference of 13 C16 O16 O on 12 C17 O16 O. The methods developed so far use either chemical conversion or isotope equilibration to determine the δ17 O value of CO2 . In addition, δ13 C measurements require correction for the interference from 12 C17 O16 O on 13 C16 O16 O since it is not possible to resolve the two isotopologues. METHODS We present a technique to determine the δ17 O, δ18 O and δ13 C values of CO2 from the fragment ions that are formed upon electron ionization in the ion source of the Thermo Scientific 253 Ultra high-resolution isotope ratio mass spectrometer (hereafter 253 Ultra). The new technique is compared with the CO2 -O2 exchange method and the 17 O-correction algorithm for δ17 O and δ13 C values, respectively. RESULTS The scale contractions for δ13 C and δ18 O values are slightly larger for fragment ion measurements than for molecular ion measurements. The δ17 O and Δ17 O values of CO2 can be measured on the 17 O+ fragment with an internal error that is a factor 1-2 above the counting statistics limit. The ultimate precision depends on the signal intensity and on the total time that the 17 O+ beam is monitored; a precision of 14 ppm (parts per million) (standard error of the mean) was achieved in 20 hours at the University of Göttingen. The Δ17 O measurements with the O-fragment method agree with the CO2 -O2 exchange method over a range of Δ17 O values of -0.3 to +0.7‰. CONCLUSIONS Isotope measurements on atom fragment ions of CO2 can be used as an alternative method to determine the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of CO2 without chemical processing or corrections for mass interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew A. Adnew
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Magdalena E.G. Hofmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Dipayan Paul
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
- Centre for Isotope ResearchUniversity of GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Amzad Laskar
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Jakub Surma
- Geoscience Center GöttingenGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGermany
| | - Nina Albrecht
- Geoscience Center GöttingenGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGermany
| | - Andreas Pack
- Geoscience Center GöttingenGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGermany
| | | | - Gerbrand Koren
- Department of Meteorology and Air QualityWageningen UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Peters
- Centre for Isotope ResearchUniversity of GroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Meteorology and Air QualityWageningen UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
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Koren G, Schneider L, van der Velde IR, van Schaik E, Gromov SS, Adnew GA, Mrozek Martino DJ, Hofmann MEG, Liang M, Mahata S, Bergamaschi P, van der Laan‐Luijkx IT, Krol MC, Röckmann T, Peters W. Global 3-D Simulations of the Triple Oxygen Isotope Signature Δ 17O in Atmospheric CO 2. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:8808-8836. [PMID: 31598450 PMCID: PMC6774299 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The triple oxygen isotope signature Δ17O in atmospheric CO2, also known as its "17O excess," has been proposed as a tracer for gross primary production (the gross uptake of CO2 by vegetation through photosynthesis). We present the first global 3-D model simulations for Δ17O in atmospheric CO2 together with a detailed model description and sensitivity analyses. In our 3-D model framework we include the stratospheric source of Δ17O in CO2 and the surface sinks from vegetation, soils, ocean, biomass burning, and fossil fuel combustion. The effect of oxidation of atmospheric CO on Δ17O in CO2 is also included in our model. We estimate that the global mean Δ17O (defined as Δ 17 O = ln ( δ 17 O + 1 ) - λ RL · ln ( δ 18 O + 1 ) with λ RL = 0.5229) of CO2 in the lowest 500 m of the atmosphere is 39.6 per meg, which is ∼20 per meg lower than estimates from existing box models. We compare our model results with a measured stratospheric Δ17O in CO2 profile from Sodankylä (Finland), which shows good agreement. In addition, we compare our model results with tropospheric measurements of Δ17O in CO2 from Göttingen (Germany) and Taipei (Taiwan), which shows some agreement but we also find substantial discrepancies that are subsequently discussed. Finally, we show model results for Zotino (Russia), Mauna Loa (United States), Manaus (Brazil), and South Pole, which we propose as possible locations for future measurements of Δ17O in tropospheric CO2 that can help to further increase our understanding of the global budget of Δ17O in atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerbrand Koren
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Linda Schneider
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK‐TRO)Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
- Now at Zentrum für Sonnenenergie‐ und Wasserstoff‐Forschung Baden‐Württemberg (ZSW)StuttgartGermany
| | - Ivar R. van der Velde
- Earth System Research LaboratoryNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulderCOUSA
- Now at Faculty of ScienceVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erik van Schaik
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sergey S. Gromov
- Atmospheric Chemistry DepartmentMax‐Planck Institute for ChemistryMainzGermany
- Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of Roshydromet and RASMoscowRussia
| | - Getachew A. Adnew
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Magdalena E. G. Hofmann
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Now at Picarro B.V. 's‐HertogenboschThe Netherlands
| | | | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Institute of Global Environmental ChangeXian Jiaotong UniversityXianChina
| | | | | | - Maarten C. Krol
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Peters
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Isotope ResearchUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Barkan E, Affek HP, Luz B, Bergel SJ, Voarintsoa NRG, Musan I. Calibration of δ 17 O and 17 O excess values of three international standards: IAEA-603, NBS19 and NBS18. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:737-740. [PMID: 30677179 PMCID: PMC6593454 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugeni Barkan
- Institute of Earth SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra Campus Givat RamJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Hagit P. Affek
- Institute of Earth SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra Campus Givat RamJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Boaz Luz
- Institute of Earth SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra Campus Givat RamJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Shelly J. Bergel
- Institute of Earth SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra Campus Givat RamJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Ny Riavo G. Voarintsoa
- Institute of Earth SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra Campus Givat RamJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Israela Musan
- Institute of Earth SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra Campus Givat RamJerusalem9190401Israel
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11
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Liang MC, Mahata S, Laskar AH, Thiemens MH, Newman S. Oxygen isotope anomaly in tropospheric CO 2 and implications for CO 2 residence time in the atmosphere and gross primary productivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13180. [PMID: 29030617 PMCID: PMC5640618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance variations of near surface atmospheric CO2 isotopologues (primarily 16O12C16O, 16O13C16O, 17O12C16O, and 18O12C16O) represent an integrated signal from anthropogenic/biogeochemical processes, including fossil fuel burning, biospheric photosynthesis and respiration, hydrospheric isotope exchange with water, and stratospheric photochemistry. Oxygen isotopes, in particular, are affected by the carbon and water cycles. Being a useful tracer that directly probes governing processes in CO2 biogeochemical cycles, Δ17O (=ln(1 + δ17O) - 0.516 × ln(1 + δ18O)) provides an alternative constraint on the strengths of the associated cycles involving CO2. Here, we analyze Δ17O data from four places (Taipei, Taiwan; South China Sea; La Jolla, United States; Jerusalem, Israel) in the northern hemisphere (with a total of 455 measurements) and find a rather narrow range (0.326 ± 0.005‰). A conservative estimate places a lower limit of 345 ± 70 PgC year-1 on the cycling flux between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere and infers a residence time of CO2 of 1.9 ± 0.3 years (upper limit) in the atmosphere. A Monte Carlo simulation that takes various plant uptake scenarios into account yields a terrestrial gross primary productivity of 120 ± 30 PgC year-1 and soil invasion of 110 ± 30 PgC year-1, providing a quantitative assessment utilizing the oxygen isotope anomaly for quantifying CO2 cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Amzad H Laskar
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mark H Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Sally Newman
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
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Laskar AH, Mahata S, Liang MC. Identification of Anthropogenic CO 2 Using Triple Oxygen and Clumped Isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11806-11814. [PMID: 27690222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of contributions from various sources of CO2 is important for understanding the atmospheric CO2 budget. Considering the number and diversity of sources and sinks, the widely used proxies such as concentration and conventional isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) are not always sufficient to fully constrain the CO2 budget. Additional constraints may help in understanding the mechanisms of CO2 production and consumption. The anomaly in triple oxygen isotopes or 17O excess (denoted by Δ17O) and molecules containing two rare isotopes, called clumped isotopes, are two recently developed tracers with potentials to independently constrain some important processes that regulate CO2 in the atmosphere. The clumped isotope for CO2, denoted by Δ47, is the excess of 13C16O18O over a random distribution of isotopes in a CO2 molecule. We measured the concentrations of δ13C, δ18O, Δ17O, and Δ47 in air CO2 samples collected from the Hsuehshan tunnel (length: 12.9 km), and applied linear and polynomial regressions to obtain the fossil fuel end-members for all these isotope proxies. The other end-members, the values of all these proxies for background air CO2, are either assumed or taken as the values obtained over the tunnel and ocean. The fossil fuel (anthropogenic) CO2 end-member values for δ13C, δ18O, Δ17O, and Δ47 are estimated using the two component mixing approach: the derived values are -26.76 ± 0.25‰, 24.57 ± 0.33‰, -0.219 ± 0.021‰, and 0.267 ± 0.036‰, respectively. These four major CO2 isotope tracers along with the concentration were used to estimate the anthropogenic contribution in the atmospheric CO2 in urban and suburban locations. We demonstrate that Δ17O and Δ47 have the potential to independently estimate anthropogenic contribution, and the advantages of these two over the conventional isotope proxies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amzad H Laskar
- Research Center for Environmental Changes , Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Research Center for Environmental Changes , Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes , Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Mahata S, Bhattacharya SK, Liang MC. An improved method of high-precision determination of Δ(17)O of CO2 by catalyzed exchange with O2 using hot platinum. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:119-131. [PMID: 26661978 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE CO2 and O2 can exchange their oxygen isotopes rapidly in the presence of hot (~670 °C) platinum and this has led to a method for determining the δ(17)O value of a CO2 sample. We have improved the method to achieve a precision of 0.008 ‰ (1-σ standard deviation) in the determination of δ(17)O values. Such high precision is essential to identify the stratospheric component in tropospheric CO2 and use it for global carbon flux studies. The crucial issue in the accurate determination of the δ(17)O value is estimation of a correction factor, which depends on the amount ratio CO2/O2. An attempt was also made to investigate the mechanism of exchange with their controlling parameters. METHODS The oxygen isotopes of a CO2 sample gas are exchanged with those of an appropriate amount of tank O2 in the presence of hot platinum. The pre-exchange CO2 and O2 gas samples as well as the post-exchange O2 sample are analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. A mixing model was developed involving the δ(18)O value of the CO2 and δ(17)O and δ(18)O values of pre- and post-exchange O2 to obtain the δ(17)O value of the CO2 sample. A correction to the measured value was determined to obtain the actual value with high accuracy and precision. RESULTS To obtain a precision better than 0.01 ‰ requires the amount ratio CO2/O2 to be controlled to better than ~15 %. We also find that the oxygen isotopes are nearly homogeneously distributed between the O2 and the CO2 molecules. In addition, determination of the (16) O(13)C(18)O/(16)O(12)C(16)O isotopologue ratio in the CO2 shows that the abundance of (16)O(13)C(18)O is close to that expected for random partitioning of the isotopes among the CO2 isotopologues. CONCLUSIONS The isotopic scrambling between O2 and CO2 that occurs on hot platinum allows one to accurately determine the δ(17)O values of CO2 through isotopic analysis of O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasadhar Mahata
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S K Bhattacharya
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Prasanna K, Bhattacharya SK, Ghosh P, Mahata S, Liang MC. Isotopic homogenization and scrambling associated with oxygen isotopic exchange on hot platinum: studies on gas pairs (O2, CO2) and (CO, CO2). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic exchange between O2 and CO2 on hot platinum leads to isotope scrambling in CO2 and homogenization of the oxygen isotopes in the two phases even though they could be different in isotope ratios from each other before the exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Prasanna
- Centre for Earth Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - S. K. Bhattacharya
- Centre for Earth Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
- Research Center for Environmental Changes
| | - Prosenjit Ghosh
- Centre for Earth Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
- Divecha Centre for Climate Change
| | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Research Center for Environmental Changes
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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Barkan E, Musan I, Luz B. High-precision measurements of δ(17)O and (17) Oexcess of NBS19 and NBS18. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2219-2224. [PMID: 26522313 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Measurements of oxygen-17 excess ((17)Oexcess) in carbonates have become of great importance. However, to compare results obtained by different laboratories, it is necessary to normalize them to international standards. With this purpose in mind, we measured accurate and high precision δ(17)O and (17)Oexcess values for NBS19 and NBS18, two international standards, for which δ(18)O values are already widely used as the references for carbonates. METHODS The measurements are based on isotopic exchange at steady state between O2 and CO2 over hot platinum sponge at 750°C. Dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) measurements of the δ(17)O and δ(18)O values of this O2 allow δ(17)O values of CO2 to be obtained with very high precision (0.01 to 0.03‰) and, correspondingly, accurate (17)Oexcess values with a precision of 5 per meg. RESULTS We measured, for the first time, the δ(17)O values and (17)Oexcess of CO2 liberated from NBS19 at 25°C (39.196 ± 0.026; 20.276 ± 0.015‰ and -227 ± 4 per meg, respectively) and NBS18 (17.591 ± 0.041‰; 9.253 ± 0.018‰ and 3 ± 5 per meg, respectively). The values are given versus VSMOW. CONCLUSIONS Accurate values of δ(17)O and (17)Oexcess of the international standards NBS19-CO2 and NBS18-CO2 are now available. The new values should be used for normalization of measured oxygen isotope ratios of carbonates to allow meaningful comparison of results among different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeni Barkan
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Israela Musan
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Boaz Luz
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Oxygen anomaly in near surface carbon dioxide reveals deep stratospheric intrusion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11352. [PMID: 26081178 PMCID: PMC4469951 DOI: 10.1038/srep11352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stratosphere-troposphere exchange could be enhanced by tropopause folding, linked to variability in the subtropical jet stream. Relevant to tropospheric biogeochemistry is irreversible transport from the stratosphere, associated with deep intrusions. Here, oxygen anomalies in near surface air CO2 are used to study the irreversible transport from the stratosphere, where the triple oxygen isotopes of CO2 are distinct from those originating from the Earth’s surface. We show that the oxygen anomaly in CO2 is observable at sea level and the magnitude of the signal increases during the course of our sampling period (September 2013-February 2014), concordant with the strengthening of the subtropical jet system and the East Asia winter monsoon. The trend of the anomaly is found to be 0.1‰/month (R2 = 0.6) during the jet development period in October. Implications for utilizing the oxygen anomaly in CO2 for CO2 biogeochemical cycle study and stratospheric intrusion flux at the surface are discussed.
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