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Ventouri IK, Veelders S, Passamonti M, Endres P, Roemling R, Schoenmakers PJ, Somsen GW, Haselberg R, Gargano AFG. Micro-flow size-exclusion chromatography for enhanced native mass spectrometry of proteins and protein complexes. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1266:341324. [PMID: 37244657 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) employing aqueous mobile phases with volatile salts at neutral pH combined with native mass spectrometry (nMS) is a valuable tool to characterize proteins and protein aggregates in their native state. However, the liquid-phase conditions (high salt concentrations) frequently used in SEC-nMS hinder the analysis of labile protein complexes in the gas phase, necessitating higher desolvation-gas flow and source temperature, leading to protein fragmentation/dissociation. To overcome this issue, we investigated narrow SEC columns (1.0 mm internal diameter, I.D.) operated at 15-μL/min flow rates and their coupling to nMS for the characterization of proteins, protein complexes and higher-order structures (HOS). The reduced flow rate resulted in a significant increase in the protein-ionization efficiency, facilitating the detection of low-abundant impurities and HOS up to 230 kDa (i.e., the upper limit of the Orbitrap-MS instrument used). More-efficient solvent evaporation and lower desolvation energies allowed for softer ionization conditions (e.g., lower gas temperatures), ensuring little or no structural alterations of proteins and their HOS during transfer into the gas phase. Furthermore, ionization suppression by eluent salts was decreased, permitting the use of volatile-salt concentrations up to 400 mM. Band broadening and loss of resolution resulting from the introduction of injection volumes exceeding 3% of the column volume could be circumvented by incorporating an online trap-column containing a mixed-bed ion-exchange (IEX) material. The online IEX-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) or "trap-and-elute" set-up provided on-column focusing (sample preconcentration). This allowed the injection of large sample volumes on the 1-mm I.D. SEC column without compromising the separation. The enhanced sensitivity attained by the micro-flow SEC-MS, along with the on-column focusing achieved by the IEX precolumn, provided picogram detection limits for proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iro K Ventouri
- Analytical Chemistry group, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sharene Veelders
- Analytical Chemistry group, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Passamonti
- Analytical Chemistry group, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Endres
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, 64347, Griesheim, Germany
| | - Regina Roemling
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, 64347, Griesheim, Germany
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical Chemistry group, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Analytical Chemistry group, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Analytical Chemistry group, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- Analytical Chemistry group, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, van't Hoff Insititute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Krieg D, Winter G, Svilenov HL. It is never too late for a cocktail - Development and analytical characterization of fixed-dose antibody combinations. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2149-2157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhou M, Yan Z, Li H, Liu X, Sun P. Application of Affinity-Capture Self-Interaction Nanoparticle Spectroscopy in Predicting Protein Stability, Especially for Co-Formulated Antibodies. Pharm Res 2021; 38:721-732. [PMID: 33754257 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE From traditional monoclonal antibodies to more and more complex mAb-based formulations, biopharmaceutical faces one challenge after another. To avoid these issues, identification of therapeutic proteins in the initial discovery process that has high stability and low self-interaction would simplify the development of safe and effective antibody therapeutics. METHOD Affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy (AC-SINS) is a new prediction method capable of identifying mAbs with different self-association propensity. In this study, 10 formulated monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics include different mAb isotypes and co-formulated antibodies were measured by AC-SINS and some biophysical methods to predict protein stability. The prediction results of all 10 mAbs were compared to their stability data (Δ%monomer and Δ%HMWs) at accelerated (25°C and 40°C) and long-term storage conditions (4°C) as measured by size exclusion chromatography. RESULT AC-SINS method has a good predictive correlation with each mAbs and co-formulated antibodies. There were no physicochemical, intermolecular, or biological interactions that occurred between the two components of co-formulated antibodies which confirmed by Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). CONCLUSION Here we discuss the correlation between each method and protein stability, and also use AC-SINS assay to predict the stability of co-formulated antibodies for the first time. This may be an effective way to predict the stability of these complex mAb-based formulations such as co-formulated mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200245, China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200245, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200245, China.
| | - Piaoyang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China. .,Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200245, China.
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Verscheure L, Oosterlynck M, Cerdobbel A, Sandra P, Lynen F, Sandra K. Middle-up characterization of monoclonal antibodies by online reduction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461808. [PMID: 33385741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the fully automated middle-up characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and next-generation variants by online reduction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Proteins were trapped on-column and subjected to online desalting, denaturation and reduction prior to reversed phase elution of the created subunits in the MS. The evaluation of more than 20 different therapeutic proteins including full length mAbs (subclasses IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4), bispecific antibodies, antibody fragments, fusion proteins and antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) revealed that the online reduction method is as powerful as the widely applied offline sample preparation with dithiothreitol (DTT) as reducing agent and guanidine hydrochloride (Gnd.HCl) as denaturant and tackles some major disadvantages associated with the latter method, i.e. corrosion of stainless steel components, adduct formation impacting spectral quality and sample stability. The value of the online reduction LC-MS method is also enforced by its ability to reveal unstable antibody variants such as succinimide intermediates of asparagine deamidation and aspartic acid isomerization which are often lost when using the offline sample preparation method. The performance of the online reduction LC-MS set-up was verified and it was revealed that the method is precise with RSD values below 0.25% and 3.0% for retention time and area, respectively. Carry-over is within acceptable limits (< 0.5%) and the reducing buffer is stable up to 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesa Verscheure
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie Oosterlynck
- Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Cerdobbel
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Pat Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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Conformation assessment of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by SEC-MS: Unravelling analytical biases for application to quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ventouri IK, Malheiro DBA, Voeten RLC, Kok S, Honing M, Somsen GW, Haselberg R. Probing Protein Denaturation during Size-Exclusion Chromatography Using Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4292-4300. [PMID: 32107919 PMCID: PMC7081181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Size-exclusion chromatography
employing aqueous mobile phases with
volatile salts at neutral pH combined with electrospray-ionization
mass spectrometry (SEC-ESI-MS) is a useful tool to study proteins
in their native state. However, whether the applied eluent conditions
actually prevent protein–stationary phase interactions, and/or
protein denaturation, often is not assessed. In this study, the effects
of volatile mobile phase additives on SEC retention and ESI of proteins
were thoroughly investigated. Myoglobin was used as the main model
protein, and eluents of varying ionic strength and pH were applied.
The degree of interaction between protein and stationary phase was
evaluated by calculating the SEC distribution coefficient. Protein-ion
charge state distributions obtained during offline and online native
ESI-MS were used to monitor alterations in protein structure. Interestingly,
most of the supposedly mild eluent compositions induced nonideal SEC
behavior and/or protein unfolding. SEC experiments revealed that the
nature, ionic strength, and pH of the eluent affected protein retention.
Protein–stationary phase interactions were effectively avoided
using ammonium acetate at ionic strengths above 0.1 M. Direct-infusion
ESI-MS showed that the tested volatile eluent salts seem to follow
the Hofmeister series: no denaturation was induced using ammonium
acetate (kosmotropic), whereas ammonium formate and bicarbonate (both
chaotropic) caused structural changes. Using a mobile phase of 0.2
M ammonium acetate (pH 6.9), several proteins (i.e., myoglobin, carbonic
anhydrase, and cytochrome c) could be analyzed by SEC-ESI-MS using
different column chemistries without compromising their native state.
Overall, with SEC-ESI-MS, the effect of nonspecific interactions between
protein and stationary phase on the protein structure can be studied,
even revealing gradual structural differences along a peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iro K Ventouri
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel B A Malheiro
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert L C Voeten
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kok
- DSM Materials Science Center, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Honing
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Materials Science Center, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shocking Data on Parcel Shipments of Protein Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:690-695. [PMID: 31689428 PMCID: PMC6941214 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An early-phase development shipping study was designed to interrogate the stability of liquid formulations under normal shipping conditions. Parcel shipments were made between Seattle, WA, and Indianapolis, IN, during 2018-2019. Each parcel contained a data recorder that tracked the shipment by GPS and measured shock and temperature. During the transport process, the parcels received up to 40 shock events with strengths ranging from 8 to 36G. After shipment, the formulations without polysorbate showed considerable increases in submicron and visible particles while little to no change occurred when polysorbate was present. Samples dropped repeatedly from a height of 18 inches to produce a shock of ∼25G caused visible particle formation with little increase in the subvisible particles, suggesting that other factors, such as vibration, in addition to the shock, were necessary to produce particle formation. These results provide a basis for further studies in the relationships between physical stability of mAbs and the challenges introduced by the shipment network, specifically shock and vibration. The findings indicate that the shock events as measured are repeatable and attributable to the layout of the sorting facility.
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8
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Bults P, Spanov B, Olaleye O, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Intact protein bioanalysis by liquid chromatography – High-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Cao M, De Mel N, Shannon A, Prophet M, Wang C, Xu W, Niu B, Kim J, Albarghouthi M, Liu D, Meinke E, Lin S, Wang X, Wang J. Charge variants characterization and release assay development for co-formulated antibodies as a combination therapy. MAbs 2019; 11:489-499. [PMID: 30786796 PMCID: PMC6512943 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1578137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy is a fast-growing strategy to maximize therapeutic benefits to patients. Co-formulation of two or more therapeutic proteins has advantages over the administration of multiple medications, including reduced medication errors and convenience for patients. Characterization of co-formulated biologics can be challenging due to the high degree of similarity in the physicochemical properties of co-formulated proteins, especially at different concentrations of individual components. We present the results of a deamidation study of one monoclonal antibody component (mAb-B) in co-formulated combination antibodies (referred to as COMBO) that contain various ratios of mAb-A and mAb-B. A single deamidation site in the complementarity-determining region of mAb-B was identified as a critical quality attribute (CQA) due to its impact on biological activity. A conventional charge-based method of monitoring mAb-B deamidation presented specificity and robustness challenges, especially when mAb-B was a minor component in the COMBO, making it unsuitable for lot release and stability testing. We developed and qualified a new, quality-control-friendly, single quadrupole Dalton mass detector (QDa)-based method to monitor site-specific deamidation. Our approach can be also used as a multi-attribute method for monitoring other quality attributes in COMBO. This analytical paradigm is applicable to the identification of CQAs in combination therapeutic molecules, and to the subsequent development of a highly specific, highly sensitive, and sufficiently robust method for routine monitoring CQAs for lot release test and during stability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Cao
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Niluka De Mel
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Anthony Shannon
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Meagan Prophet
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Chunlei Wang
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Weichen Xu
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ben Niu
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Jun Kim
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Dengfeng Liu
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Eric Meinke
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Shihua Lin
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- b Technical Operations , Viela Bio , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Jihong Wang
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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Patel A, Gupta V, Hickey J, Nightlinger NS, Rogers RS, Siska C, Joshi SB, Seaman MS, Volkin DB, Kerwin BA. Coformulation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 3BNC117 and PGT121: Analytical Challenges During Preformulation Characterization and Storage Stability Studies. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3032-3046. [PMID: 30176252 PMCID: PMC6269598 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated analytical challenges associated with the formulation of 2 anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), 3BNC117 and PGT121, both separately at 100 mg/mL and together at 50 mg/mL each. The bnAb formulations were characterized for relative solubility and conformational stability followed by accelerated and real-time stability studies. Although the bnAbs were stable during 4°C storage, incubation at 40°C differentiated their stability profiles. Specific concentration-dependent aggregation rates at 30°C and 40°C were measured by size exclusion chromatography for the individual bnAbs with the mixture showing intermediate behavior. Interestingly, although the relative ratio of the 2 bnAbs remained constant at 4°C, the ratio of 3BNC117 to PGT121 increased in the dimer that formed during storage at 40°C. A mass spectrometry-based multiattribute method, identified and quantified differences in modifications of the Fab regions for each bnAb within the mixture including clipping, oxidation, deamidation, and isomerization sites. Each bnAb showed slight differences in the levels and sites of lysine residue glycations. Together, these data demonstrate the ability to differentiate degradation products from individual antibodies within the bnAb mixture, and that degradation rates are influenced not only by the individual bnAb concentrations but also by the mixture concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaben Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nancy S Nightlinger
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Richard S Rogers
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Christine Siska
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109.
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11
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Top-down LC–MS quantitation of intact denatured and native monoclonal antibodies in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1039-1054. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The requirements for developing antibody biotherapeutics benefit from understanding the nature and relevant aspects of the entire molecule. The method presented herein employs on-line multidimensional LC–quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF)-MS for the quantitative determination of an antibody isolated from biological samples while maintaining the intact native biologically active conformation of the antibody. Results: Following method optimization for a model antibody, an incurred biotherapeutic in cynomologus monkey was quantified in its intact top-down native conformation. A partial method validation demonstrated acceptable precision and accuracy although improved sensitivity requires further studies. Conclusion: An on-line multidimensional LC–MS approach presents a proof-of-principle example for quantifying an intact, native antibody isolated from an incurred biological sample via immunoaffinity techniques coupled with top-down QTOF LC–MS bioanalysis.
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12
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Li M, Lee D, Obi CR, Freeberg JK, Farr-Jones S, Tomic MT. An ambient temperature-stable antitoxin of nine co-formulated antibodies for botulism caused by serotypes A, B and E. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197011. [PMID: 29746518 PMCID: PMC5944936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective antitoxins to treat and prevent botulism are needed for biodefense. We have developed recombinant antibody-based therapeutics for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes A, B, and E. The mechanism of action of this antitoxin requires that three mAbs bind one toxin molecule to achieve clearance. Here we present a co-formulation of an antitoxin to the three most important serotypes. Combining these antibodies obviates the need to identify the serotype causing intoxication prior to drug administration, which would facilitate administration. The lyophilized powder formulation contains nine mAbs, three mAbs for each of the three serotypes (A, B, E). The formulation was stored as a liquid and lyophilized powder for up to one year, and characterized by binding affinity and multiple physicochemical methods. No significant increase in soluble higher order aggregates, cleavage products, or change in charge isoforms was measured after storage as a lyophilized powder at 50°C for one year. Furthermore, toxin-domain binding ELISA data indicated that each of the individual antibodies in the lyophilized drug product showed essentially full binding capability to their respective toxin domains after being stored at 50°C for one year. Physicochemical characterization of the formulation demonstrated the nine individual mAbs were remarkably stable. This work demonstrates feasibility of lyophilized, oligoclonal antibody therapies for biodefense with ambient temperature stability, that would facilitate stockpiling, distribution, and administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Li
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Dennis Lee
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Chidi R. Obi
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Shauna Farr-Jones
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Milan T. Tomic
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jooß K, Hühner J, Kiessig S, Moritz B, Neusüß C. Two-dimensional capillary zone electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for the characterization of intact monoclonal antibody charge variants, including deamidation products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6057-6067. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li W, Yu J, Kane MA. Quantitation of the Noncovalent Cellular Retinol-Binding Protein, Type 1 Complex Through Native Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:29-37. [PMID: 27709511 PMCID: PMC5728378 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) has become a valuable tool in probing noncovalent protein-ligand interactions in a sample-efficient way, yet the quantitative application potential of native MS has not been fully explored. Cellular retinol binding protein, type I (CrbpI) chaperones retinol and retinal in the cell, protecting them from nonspecific oxidation and delivering them to biosynthesis enzymes where the bound (holo-) and unbound (apo-) forms of CrbpI exert distinct biological functions. Using nanoelectrospray, we developed a native MS assay for probing apo- and holo-CrbpI abundance to facilitate exploring their biological functions in retinoid metabolism and signaling. The methods were developed on two platforms, an Orbitrap-based Thermo Exactive and a Q-IMS-TOF-based Waters Synapt G2S, where similar ion behaviors under optimized conditions were observed. Overall, our results suggested that within the working range (~1-10 μM), gas-phase ions in the native state linearly correspond to solution concentration and relative ion intensities of the apo- and holo-protein ions can linearly respond to the solution ratios, suggesting native MS is a viable tool for relative quantitation in this system. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 N. Pine Street, Room 723, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 N. Pine Street, Room 723, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 N. Pine Street, Room 723, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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15
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Zhang Z, Perrault R, Zhao Y, Ding J. SpeB proteolysis with imaged capillary isoelectric focusing for the characterization of domain-specific charge heterogeneities of reference and biosimilar Rituximab. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:148-57. [PMID: 27038651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The charge variations of therapeutic monoclonal antibody reveal important information of the post-translational modifications that may potentially impact the potency and safety of pharmaceutical products, especially during the evaluation of biosimilarity of therapeutic proteins. In this work, a novel SpeB-based proteolysis strategy coupling with imaged capillary isoelectric focusing was developed for the determination of domain-specific charge heterogeneities of innovator and generic Rituximab drug products from United States, European and Indian markets. It was observed that innovator Rituximab from the United States and Europe share highly similar peak distributions and charge heterogeneities with 26.2-26.6% Fc/2, 28.9-29.3% LC and 44.4-44.5% Fd peak areas detected, respectively, while multiple basic variations of Fc/2 and less acidic LC and Fd species were found from generic Rituximab from India with 20.9% Fc/2, 32.3% LC and 46.9% Fd peak areas detected. It was also demonstrated that structural changes caused by Carboxypeptidase B treatment and deamidation study at pH extremes could be sensitively captured with the established method, with the results further indicating that the generic product's basic variations of Fc/2 were un-cleaved Lysine residues, while the lack of certain acidic peaks on LC and Fd probably was due to the lower level of deamidation. This new strategy could become a useful tool to reveal domain-specific charge heterogeneities profiles of a variety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in regulated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Zhang
- PPD Laboratories, Biopharmaceutical Services, 8551 Research Way Suite 90, Middleton, WI 53562, USA.
| | - Ronel Perrault
- PPD Laboratories, Biopharmaceutical Services, 8551 Research Way Suite 90, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Yun Zhao
- PPD Laboratories, Biopharmaceutical Services, 8551 Research Way Suite 90, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Julia Ding
- PPD Laboratories, Biopharmaceutical Services, 8551 Research Way Suite 90, Middleton, WI 53562, USA.
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16
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Sjögren J, Olsson F, Beck A. Rapid and improved characterization of therapeutic antibodies and antibody related products using IdeS digestion and subunit analysis. Analyst 2016; 141:3114-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody subunits LC, Fd and Fc/2, generated by IdeS digestion has been applied in analytical methodologies to characterize antibody quality attributes such as glycosylation, oxidation, deamidation, and identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre
- St Julien-en-Genevois
- France
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17
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Fekete S, Guillarme D, Sandra P, Sandra K. Chromatographic, Electrophoretic, and Mass Spectrometric Methods for the Analytical Characterization of Protein Biopharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2015; 88:480-507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pat Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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18
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Clark RH, Latypov RF, De Imus C, Carter J, Wilson Z, Manchulenko K, Brown ME, Ketchem RR. Remediating agitation-induced antibody aggregation by eradicating exposed hydrophobic motifs. MAbs 2015; 6:1540-50. [PMID: 25484048 PMCID: PMC4622659 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies must encompass drug product suitable attributes to be commercially marketed. An undesirable antibody characteristic is the propensity to aggregate. Although there are computational algorithms that predict the propensity of a protein to aggregate from sequence information alone, few consider the relevance of the native structure. The Spatial Aggregation Propensity (SAP) algorithm developed by Chennamsetty et. al. incorporates structural and sequence information to identify motifs that contribute to protein aggregation. We have utilized the algorithm to design variants of a highly aggregation prone IgG2. All variants were tested in a variety of high-throughput, small-scale assays to assess the utility of the method described herein. Many variants exhibited improved aggregation stability whether induced by agitation or thermal stress while still retaining bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutilio H Clark
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery; Amgen Inc. ; Thousand Oaks , CA USA
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19
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Hasegawa H, Woods CE, Kinderman F, He F, Lim AC. Russell body phenotype is preferentially induced by IgG mAb clones with high intrinsic condensation propensity: relations between the biosynthetic events in the ER and solution behaviors in vitro. MAbs 2015; 6:1518-32. [PMID: 25484054 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying reasons for why some mAb (monoclonal antibody) clones are much more inclined to induce a Russell body (RB) phenotype during immunoglobulin biosynthesis remain elusive. Although RBs are morphologically understood as enlarged globular aggregates of immunoglobulins deposited in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), little is known about the properties of the RB-inducing mAb clones as secretory cargo and their physical behaviors in the extracellular space. To elucidate how RB-inducing propensities, secretion outputs, and the intrinsic physicochemical properties of individual mAb clones are interrelated, we used HEK293 cells to study the biosynthesis of 5 human IgG mAbs for which prominent solution behavior problems were known a priori. All 5 model mAbs with inherently high condensation propensities induced RB phenotypes both at steady state and under ER-to-Golgi transport block, and resulted in low secretion titer. By contrast, one reference mAb that readily crystallized at neutral pH in vitro produced rod-shaped crystalline bodies in the ER without inducing RBs. Another reference mAb without notable solution behavior issues did not induce RBs and was secreted abundantly. Intrinsic physicochemical properties of individual IgG clones thus directly affected the biosynthetic steps in the ER, and thereby produced distinctive cellular phenotypes and influenced IgG secretion output. The findings implicated that RB formation represents a phase separation event or a loss of colloidal stability in the secretory pathway organelles. The process of RB induction allows the cell to preemptively reduce the extracellular concentration of potentially pathogenic, highly aggregation-prone IgG clones by selectively storing them in the ER.
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Key Words
- BFA, Brefeldin A
- CB, crystalline body
- DIC, differential interference contrast
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum;
- Fab, fragment antigen binding
- HC, heavy chain
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- LC, light chain;
- RB, Russell body
- Russell body
- VH, heavy chain variable domain
- VL, light chain variable domain
- crystalline body
- endoplasmic reticulum
- gelation
- immunoglobulin
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- phase separation
- protein aggregation
- protein condensation
- protein crystallization
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Hasegawa
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery; Amgen ; Seattle , WA USA
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20
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An Y, Zhang Y, Mueller HM, Shameem M, Chen X. A new tool for monoclonal antibody analysis: application of IdeS proteolysis in IgG domain-specific characterization. MAbs 2015; 6:879-93. [PMID: 24927271 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) products are extraordinarily heterogeneous due to the presence of a variety of enzymatic and chemical modifications, such as deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, glycosylation, glycation, and terminal cyclization. The modifications in different domains of the antibody molecule can result in different biological consequences. Therefore, characterization and routine monitoring of domain-specific modifications are essential to ensure the quality of the therapeutic antibody products. For this purpose, a rapid and informative methodology was developed to examine the heterogeneity of individual domains in mAb products. A recently discovered endopeptidase, IdeS, cleaves heavy chains below the hinge region, producing F(ab') 2 and Fc fragments. Following reduction of disulfide bonds, three antibody domains (LC, Fd, and Fc/2) can be released for further characterization. Subsequent analyses by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, capillary isoelectric focusing, and glycan mapping enable domain-specific profiling of oxidation, charge heterogeneity, and glycoform distribution. When coupled with reversed phase chromatography, the unique chromatographic profile of each molecule offers a simple strategy for an identity test, which is an important formal test for biopharmaceutical quality control purposes. This methodology is demonstrated for a number of IgGs of different subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG4), as well as an Fc fusion protein. The presented technique provides a convenient platform approach for scientific and formal therapeutic mAb product characterization. It can also be applied in regulated drug substance batch release and stability testing of antibody and Fc fusion protein products, in particular for identity and routine monitoring of domain-specific modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan An
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Hans-Martin Mueller
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth, NJ USA
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21
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Fekete S, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Theory and practice of size exclusion chromatography for the analysis of protein aggregates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:161-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Bouvier ES, Koza SM. Advances in size-exclusion separations of proteins and polymers by UHPLC. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Sandra K, Vandenheede I, Sandra P. Modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques for protein biopharmaceutical characterization. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:81-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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