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Marques SM, Kumar L. Factors affecting the preparation of nanocrystals: characterization, surface modifications and toxicity aspects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:871-894. [PMID: 37222381 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2218084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fabrication of well-defined nanocrystals in size and form is the focus of much investigation. In this work, we have critically reviewed several recent instances from the literature that shows how the production procedure affects the physicochemical properties of the nanocrystals. AREAS COVERED Scopus, MedLine, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-review articles published in the past few years using different key words. Authors chose relevant publications from their files for this review. This review focuses on the range of techniques available for producing nanocrystals. We draw attention to several recent instances demonstrating the impact of various process and formulation variables that affect the nanocrystals' physicochemical properties. Moreover, various developments in the characterization techniques explored for nanocrystals concerning their size, morphology, etc. have been discussed. Last but not least, recent applications, the effect of surface modifications, and the toxicological traits of nanocrystals have also been reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The selection of an appropriate production method for the formation of nanocrystals, together with a deep understanding of the relationship between the drug's physicochemical properties, unique features of the various formulation alternatives, and anticipated in-vivo performance, would significantly reduce the risk of failure during human clinical trials that are inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirleen Miriam Marques
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
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2
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Goh CF, Lane ME. Advanced structural characterisation of pharmaceuticals using nano-thermal analysis (nano-TA). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114077. [PMID: 34896130 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of drug delivery systems fabricated at the nano scale comes with the challenges of identifying reliable characterisation tools, especially for solid dosage forms. A full understanding of physicochemical properties of solid-state systems at a high spatial resolution is essential to monitor their manufacturability, processability, performance (dissolution) and stability. Nano-thermal analysis (nano-TA), a hybrid of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermal analysis, has emerged as a solution to address the need for complete characterisation of samples with surface heterogeneity. Nano-TA provides not only physical information using conventional AFM but also the thermal behaviour of these systems as an additional chemical dimension. In this review, the principles and techniques of nano-TA are discussed with emphasis on recent pharmaceutical applications. Building on nano-TA, the combination of this approach with infrared spectroscopic analysis is briefly introduced. The challenges and considerations for future development of nano-TA characterisation are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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3
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Luo H, Xiang Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Pan X. Photocatalytic aging process of Nano-TiO 2 coated polypropylene microplastics: Combining atomic force microscopy and infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) for nanoscale chemical characterization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124159. [PMID: 33080556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are considered to have greater environmental hazards than large plastics. Most MPs undergo different degrees of aging and aged MPs exhibit different physicochemical properties from pristine ones. This study successfully prepared a nano-TiO2 coated polypropylene MPs, and explored the nanoscale infrared, thermal, and mechanical properties of MPs before and after photo-aging using a combined AFM-IR technique. Surface height range of MPs was ± 25 nm. The signal intensity of the absorption peak at 1654 cm-1 in terms of vinylidene end groups gradually increased as the irradiation time prolonged. The softening temperature of MPs decreased from 126.7 °C to 108.5 °C as the irradiation time increased from 0 h to 4 h. The MPs after photo-aging became stiffer, especially for the components surrounding the nano-TiO2 particle, indicating that photocatalytic reaction accelerated the aging process of MPs. The resonance frequency of MPs surrounding the nano-TiO2 particle was stronger after photo-aging and the stiffer components were uniformly distributed, confirming that the thermal and mechanical properties of MPs changed after photo-aging. These novel findings are essential to better understand the changes in the surface microstructures, physical properties, and chemical compositions of MPs during aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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4
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Luo H, Xiang Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Pan X. Nanoscale infrared, thermal and mechanical properties of aged microplastics revealed by an atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) technique. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140944. [PMID: 32702545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) often undergo different degrees of aging, and the aged MPs exhibit different surface properties from pristine MPs. This study explored the nanoscale infrared, thermal and mechanical properties of TiO2-pigmented MPs before and after aging by using an AFM-IR technique. Results showed that the surface of MPs was relatively smooth before aging, and was rough with more granular domains after aging. The stronger band at 1706 cm-1 (assigned to CO) and the weaker band at 1470 cm-1 (assigned to -CH2) were observed in aged MPs due to oxidation of CH bond in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The softening temperature of MPs was about 209.50 ± 11.48 °C before aging, but after aging it dropped to 94.91 ± 4.40 °C. Aging process mainly reduced the glass transition temperature of the continuous phase (LDPE) rather than the discrete phase (TiO2) in MPs. Resonance deviations of the two characteristic peaks (i.e., 299/645 kHz and 311/670 kHz) between unaged and aged MPs were observed, and these characteristic peaks obviously appeared at higher frequencies in aged MPs, suggesting that the MPs after aging became stiffer. A stronger signal at a high frequency and the uniform signal distribution at this frequency confirmed that the mechanical properties of MPs changed after aging. These findings help to better understand the effects of aging process on the physicochemical properties of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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5
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Khanal D, Khatib I, Ruan J, Cipolla D, Dayton F, Blanchard JD, Chan HK, Chrzanowski W. Nanoscale Probing of Liposome Encapsulating Drug Nanocrystal Using Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9922-9931. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Khanal
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Isra Khatib
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Juanfang Ruan
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2062, Australia
| | - David Cipolla
- Insmed Corporation, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Francis Dayton
- Aradigm Corporation, Hayward, California 94545, United States
| | | | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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6
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Wang L, Jakob DS, Wang H, Apostolos A, Pires MM, Xu XG. Generalized Heterodyne Configurations for Photoinduced Force Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13251-13259. [PMID: 31545025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infrared chemical microscopy through mechanical probing of light-matter interactions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) bypasses the diffraction limit. One increasingly popular technique is photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM), which utilizes the mechanical heterodyne signal detection between cantilever mechanical resonant oscillations and the photoinduced force from the light-matter interaction. So far, PiFM has been operated in only one heterodyne configuration. In this Article, we generalize heterodyne configurations of PiFM by introducing two new schemes: harmonic heterodyne detection and sequential heterodyne detection. In harmonic heterodyne detection, the laser repetition rate matches integer fractions of the difference between the two mechanical resonant modes of the AFM cantilever. The high harmonic of the beating from the photothermal expansion mixes with the AFM cantilever oscillation to provide the PiFM signal. In sequential heterodyne detection, the combination of the repetition rate of laser pulses and the polarization modulation frequency matches the difference between two AFM mechanical modes, leading to detectable PiFM signals. These two generalized heterodyne configurations for PiFM deliver new avenues for chemical imaging and broadband spectroscopy at ∼10 nm spatial resolution. They are suitable for a wide range of heterogeneous materials across various disciplines: from structured polymer film, to polaritonic boron nitride materials, to isolated bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls. The generalized heterodyne configurations introduce flexibility for the implementation of PiFM and the related tapping-mode AFM-IR and provide possibilities for an additional modulation channel in PiFM for targeted signal extraction with nanoscale spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Alexis Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
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7
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Khanal D, Chang RYK, Morales S, Chan HK, Chrzanowski W. High Resolution Nanoscale Probing of Bacteriophages in an Inhalable Dry Powder Formulation for Pulmonary Infections. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12760-12767. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Khanal
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sandra Morales
- AmpliPhi Biosciences AU, Brookvale, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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8
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Ricarte RG, Van Zee NJ, Li Z, Johnson LM, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Recent Advances in Understanding the Micro- and Nanoscale Phenomena of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4089-4103. [PMID: 31487183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical drugs in the marketplace and discovery pipeline suffer from poor aqueous solubility, thereby limiting their effectiveness for oral delivery. The use of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), a mixture of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a polymer excipient, greatly enhances the aqueous dissolution performance of a drug without the need for chemical modification. Although this method is versatile and scalable, deficient understanding of the interactions between drugs and polymers inhibits ASD rational design. This current Review details recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that control ASD performance. In the solid-state, the use of high-resolution theoretical, computational, and experimental tools resolved the influence of drug/polymer phase behavior and dynamics on stability during storage. During dissolution in aqueous media, novel characterization methods revealed that ASDs can form complex nanostructures, which maintain and improve supersaturation of the drug. The studies discussed here illustrate that nanoscale phenomena, which have been directly observed and quantified, strongly affect the stability and bioavailability of ASD systems, and provide a promising direction for optimizing drug/polymer formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G Ricarte
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials Laboratory, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris , PSL Research University , 10 Rue Vauquelin , 75005 Paris , France
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9
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Tang F, Bao P, Roy A, Wang Y, Su Z. In-situ spectroscopic and thermal analyses of phase domains in high-impact polypropylene. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Wrobel TP, Bhargava R. Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging Advances as an Analytical Technology for Biomedical Sciences. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1444-1463. [PMID: 29281255 PMCID: PMC6421863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P. Wrobel
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Li Z, Aleshire K, Kuno M, Hartland GV. Super-Resolution Far-Field Infrared Imaging by Photothermal Heterodyne Imaging. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8838-8846. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Li
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kyle Aleshire
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Masaru Kuno
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Gregory V. Hartland
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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12
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An imaging dataset of cervical cells using scanning near-field optical microscopy coupled to an infrared free electron laser. Sci Data 2017; 4:170084. [PMID: 28696426 PMCID: PMC5505104 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a scanning near-field optical microscope coupled to an infrared free electron laser (SNOM-IR-FEL) in low-resolution transmission mode, we collected chemical data from whole cervical cells obtained from 5 pre-menopausal, non-pregnant women of reproductive age, and cytologically classified as normal or with different grades of cervical cell dyskaryosis. Imaging data are complemented by demography. All samples were collected before any treatment. Spectra were also collected using attenuated total reflection, Fourier-transform (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, to investigate the differences between the two techniques. Results of this pilot study suggests SNOM-IR-FEL may be able to distinguish cervical abnormalities based upon changes in the chemical profiles for each grade of dyskaryosis at designated wavelengths associated with DNA, Amide I/II, and lipids. The novel data sets are the first collected using SNOM-IR-FEL in transmission mode at the ALICE facility (UK), and obtained using whole cells as opposed to tissue sections, thus providing an ‘intact’ chemical profile. These data sets are suited to complementing future work on image analysis, and/or applying the newly developed algorithm to other datasets collected using the SNOM-IR-FEL approach.
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13
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Saboo S, Taylor LS. Water-induced phase separation of miconazole-poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) amorphous solid dispersions: Insights with confocal fluorescence microscopy. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:654-666. [PMID: 28705623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) to study the water-induced phase separation of miconazole-poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (mico-PVPVA) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), induced during preparation, upon storage at high relative humidity (RH) and during dissolution. Different fluorescent dyes were added to drug-polymer films and the location of the dyes was evaluated using CFM. Orthogonal techniques, in particular atomic force microscopy (AFM) coupled with nanoscale infrared spectroscopy (AFM-nanoIR), were used to provide additional analysis of the drug-polymer blends. The initial miscibility of mico-PVPVA ASDs prepared under low humidity conditions was confirmed by AFM-nanoIR. CFM enabled rapid identification of drug-rich and polymer-rich phases in phase separated films prepared under high humidity conditions. The identity of drug- and polymer-rich domains was confirmed using AFM-nanoIR imaging and localized IR spectroscopy, together with Lorentz contact resonance (LCR) measurements. The CFM technique was then utilized successfully to further investigate phase separation in mico-PVPVA films exposed to high RH storage and to visualize phase separation dynamics following film immersion in buffer. CFM is thus a promising new approach to study the phase behavior of ASDs, utilizing drug and polymer specific dyes to visualize the evolution of heterogeneity in films exposed to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Saboo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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14
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Li N, Gilpin CJ, Taylor LS. Understanding the Impact of Water on the Miscibility and Microstructure of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: An AFM-LCR and TEM-EDX Study. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1691-1705. [PMID: 28394617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Miscibility is critical for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Phase-separated ASDs are more prone to crystallization, and thus can lose their solubility advantage leading to product failure. Additionally, dissolution performance can be diminished as a result of phase separation in the ASD matrix. Water is known to induce phase separation during storage for some ASDs. However, the impact of water introduced during preparation has not been as thoroughly investigated to date. The purpose of this study was to develop a mechanistic understanding of the effect of water on the phase behavior and microstructure of ASDs. Evacetrapib and two polymers were selected as the model system. Atomic force microscopy coupled with Lorentz contact resonance, and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the microstructure and composition of phase-separated ASDs. It was found that phase separation could be induced via two routes: solution-state phase separation during ASD formation caused by water absorption during film formation by a hydrophilic solvent, or solid-phase separation following exposure to high RH during storage. Water contents of as low as 2% in the organic solvent system used to dissolve the drug and polymer were found to result in phase separation in the resultant ASD film. These findings have profound implications on lab-scale ASD preparation and potentially also for industrial production. Additionally, these high-resolution imaging techniques combined with orthogonal analyses are powerful tools to visualize structural changes in ASDs, which in turn will enable better links to be made between ASD structure and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher J Gilpin
- Life Science Microscopy Facility, Purdue University , 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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15
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Zhou X. Recent advances in hybrid measurement methods based on atomic force microscopy and surface sensitive measurement techniques. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08515j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summaries the recent progress of the combination of optical and non-optical surface sensitive techniques with the atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
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16
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Dazzi A, Prater CB. AFM-IR: Technology and Applications in Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging. Chem Rev 2016; 117:5146-5173. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dazzi
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Craig B. Prater
- Anasys Instruments, 325 Chapala
St., Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
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17
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Halliwell DE, Morais CLM, Lima KMG, Trevisan J, Siggel-King MRF, Craig T, Ingham J, Martin DS, Heys KA, Kyrgiou M, Mitra A, Paraskevaidis E, Theophilou G, Martin-Hirsch PL, Cricenti A, Luce M, Weightman P, Martin FL. Imaging cervical cytology with scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) coupled with an IR-FEL. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29494. [PMID: 27406404 PMCID: PMC4942606 DOI: 10.1038/srep29494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women, especially in the developing world. Increased synthesis of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids is a pre-condition for the rapid proliferation of cancer cells. We show that scanning near-field optical microscopy, in combination with an infrared free electron laser (SNOM-IR-FEL), is able to distinguish between normal and squamous low-grade and high-grade dyskaryosis, and between normal and mixed squamous/glandular pre-invasive and adenocarcinoma cervical lesions, at designated wavelengths associated with DNA, Amide I/II and lipids. These findings evidence the promise of the SNOM-IR-FEL technique in obtaining chemical information relevant to the detection of cervical cell abnormalities and cancer diagnosis at spatial resolutions below the diffraction limit (≥0.2 μm). We compare these results with analyses following attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy; although this latter approach has been demonstrated to detect underlying cervical atypia missed by conventional cytology, it is limited by a spatial resolution of ~3 μm to 30 μm due to the optical diffraction limit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilo L M Morais
- Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Kássio M G Lima
- Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Julio Trevisan
- Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele R F Siggel-King
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Oliver Lodge Building, Liverpool, UK.,Accelerator Science and Technology Centre (ASTEC), STFC Daresbury Laboratory, UK
| | - Tim Craig
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Oliver Lodge Building, Liverpool, UK
| | - James Ingham
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Oliver Lodge Building, Liverpool, UK
| | - David S Martin
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Oliver Lodge Building, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kelly A Heys
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Maria Kyrgiou
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery &Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,West London Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Imperial College NHS Healthcare, London, UK
| | - Anita Mitra
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery &Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,West London Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Imperial College NHS Healthcare, London, UK
| | | | | | - Pierre L Martin-Hirsch
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Foundation, Preston, UK
| | - Antonio Cricenti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Luce
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Oliver Lodge Building, Liverpool, UK
| | - Francis L Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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18
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Li N, Taylor LS. Nanoscale Infrared, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of Telaprevir-Polymer Miscibility in Amorphous Solid Dispersions Prepared by Solvent Evaporation. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1123-36. [PMID: 26859046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Miscibility is of great interest for pharmaceutical systems, in particular, for amorphous solid dispersions, as phase separation can lead to a higher tendency to crystallize, resulting in a loss in solubility, decreased dissolution rate, and compromised bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the miscibility behavior of a model poorly water-soluble drug, telaprevir (TPV), with three different polymers using atomic force microscopy-based infrared, thermal, and mechanical analysis. Standard atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging together with nanoscale infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), nanoscale thermal analysis (nanoTA), and Lorentz contact resonance (LCR) measurements were used to evaluate the miscibility behavior of TPV with three polymers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), HPMC acetate succinate (HPMCAS), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA), at different drug to polymer ratios. Phase separation was observed with HPMC and PVPVA at drug loadings above 10%. For HPMCAS, a smaller miscibility gap was observed, with phase separation being observed at drug loadings higher than ∼30-40%. The domain size of phase-separated regions varied from below 50 nm to a few hundred nanometers. Localized infrared spectra, nano-TA measurements, images from AFM-based IR, and LCR measurements showed clear contrast between the continuous and discrete domains for these phase-separated systems, whereby the discrete domains were drug-rich. Fluorescence microscopy provided additional evidence for phase separation. These methods appear to be promising to evaluate miscibility in drug-polymer systems with similar Tgs and submicron domain sizes. Furthermore, such findings are of obvious importance in the context of contributing to a mechanistic understanding of amorphous solid dispersion phase behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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19
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Chae J, Lahiri B, Kohoutek J, Holland G, Lezec H, Centrone A. Metal-dielectric-metal resonators with deep subwavelength dielectric layers increase the near-field SEIRA enhancement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:25912-25922. [PMID: 26480106 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.025912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures presenting either structural asymmetry or metal-dielectric-metal (M-D-M) architecture are commonly used structures to increase the quality factor and the near-field confinement in plasmonic materials. This characteristic can be leveraged for example to increase the sensitivity of IR spectroscopy, via the surface enhanced IR absorption (SEIRA) effect. In this work, we combine structural asymmetry with the M-D-M architecture to realize Ag-Ag(2)O-Ag asymmetric ring resonators where two Ag layers sandwich a native silver oxide (Ag(2)O) layer. Their IR response is compared with the one of fully metallic (Ag) resonators of the same size and shape. The photothermal induced resonance technique (PTIR) is used to obtain near-field SEIRA absorption maps and spectra with nanoscale resolution. Although the native Ag(2)O layer is only 1 nm to 2 nm thick, it increases the quality factor of the resonators' dark-mode by ≈27% and the SEIRA enhancement by ≈44% with respect to entirely Ag structures.
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20
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Aksyuk V, Lahiri B, Holland G, Centrone A. Near-field asymmetries in plasmonic resonators. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3634-3644. [PMID: 25636125 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06755j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy exploits the locally enhanced field surrounding plasmonic metamaterials to increase the sensitivity of infrared spectroscopy. The light polarization and incidence angle are important factors for exciting plasmonic nanostructures; however, such angle dependence is often ignored in SEIRA experiments, typically carried out with Cassegrain objectives. Here, the photothermal induced resonance technique and numerical simulations are used to map the distribution and intensity of SEIRA hot-spots surrounding gold asymmetric split ring resonators (ASRRs) as a function of light polarization and incidence angle. The results show asymmetric near-field SEIRA enhancements as a function of the incident illumination direction which, in analogy with the symmetry-breaking occurring in asymmetric transmission, we refer to as symmetry-breaking absorption. Numerical calculations reveal that the symmetry-breaking absorption in ASRRs originates in the angle-dependent interference between the electric and magnetic excitation channels of the resonators' dark-mode. Consequently, to maximize the SEIRA intensity, ASRRs should be illuminated from the dielectric side at an angle that maximizes the constructive interference of the two excitation channels, (35° for the structures studied here), in place of the Cassegrain objectives. These results can be generalized to all structures characterized by plasmonic excitations that give rise to a surface-normal magnetic moment and that possess an electric dipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Aksyuk
- NIST, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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21
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Katzenmeyer AM, Holland G, Kjoller K, Centrone A. Absorption Spectroscopy and Imaging from the Visible through Mid-Infrared with 20 nm Resolution. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3154-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504672t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Katzenmeyer
- Center
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Glenn Holland
- Center
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kevin Kjoller
- Anasys Instruments,
Inc., 325 Chapala Street, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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22
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Ricarte RG, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Detection of Pharmaceutical Drug Crystallites in Solid Dispersions by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:983-90. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500682x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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23
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Centrone A. Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy Beyond the Diffraction Limit. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:101-26. [PMID: 26001952 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Progress in nanotechnology is enabled by and dependent on the availability of measurement methods with spatial resolution commensurate with nanomaterials' length scales. Chemical imaging techniques, such as scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR), have provided scientists with means of extracting rich chemical and structural information with nanoscale resolution. This review presents some basics of infrared spectroscopy and microscopy, followed by detailed descriptions of s-SNOM and PTIR working principles. Nanoscale spectra are compared with far-field macroscale spectra, which are widely used for chemical identification. Selected examples illustrate either technical aspects of the measurements or applications in materials science. Central to this review is the ability to record nanoscale infrared spectra because, although chemical maps enable immediate visualization, the spectra provide information to interpret the images and characterize the sample. The growing breadth of nanomaterials and biological applications suggest rapid growth for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899;
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24
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Schram C, Beaudoin SP, Taylor LS. Impact of polymer conformation on the crystal growth inhibition of a poorly water-soluble drug in aqueous solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 31:171-179. [PMID: 25486041 PMCID: PMC4295812 DOI: 10.1021/la503644m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Poor aqueous solubility is a major hindrance to oral delivery of many emerging drugs. Supersaturated drug solutions can improve passive absorption across the gastrointestinal tract membrane as long as crystallization can be inhibited, enhancing the delivery of such poorly soluble therapeutics. Polymers can inhibit crystallization and prolong supersaturation; therefore, it is desirable to understand the attributes which render a polymer effective. In this study, the conformation of a polymer adsorbed to a crystal surface and its impact on crystal growth inhibition were investigated. The crystal growth rate of a poorly soluble pharmaceutical compound, felodipine, was measured in the presence of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) at two different pH conditions: pH 3 and pH 6.8. HPMCAS was found to be a less effective growth rate inhibitor at pH 3, below its pKa. It was expected that the ionization state of HPMCAS would most likely influence its conformation at the solid-liquid interface. Further investigation with atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed significant differences in the conformation of HPMCAS adsorbed to felodipine at the two pH conditions. At pH 3, HPMCAS formed coiled globules on the surface, whereas at pH 6.8, HPMCAS adsorbed more uniformly. Thus, it appeared that the reduced effectiveness of HPMCAS at pH 3 was directly related to its conformation. The globule formation leaves many felodipine growth sites open and available for growth units to attach, rendering the polymer less effective as a growth rate inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin
J. Schram
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering, and Department of
Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Stephen P. Beaudoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering, and Department of
Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering, and Department of
Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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