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Cvjetan N, Schuler LD, Ishikawa T, Walde P. Optimization and Enhancement of the Peroxidase-like Activity of Hemin in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Dodecylsulfate. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42878-42899. [PMID: 38024761 PMCID: PMC10652838 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron porphyrins play several important roles in present-day living systems and probably already existed in very early life forms. Hemin (= ferric protoporphyrin IX = ferric heme b), for example, is the prosthetic group at the active site of heme peroxidases, catalyzing the oxidation of a number of different types of reducing substrates after hemin is first oxidized by hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing substrate of the enzyme. The active site of heme peroxidases consists of a hydrophobic pocket in which hemin is embedded noncovalently and kept in place through coordination of the iron atom to a proximal histidine side chain of the protein. It is this partially hydrophobic local environment of the enzyme which determines the efficiency with which the sequential reactions of the oxidizing and reducing substrates proceed at the active site. Free hemin, which has been separated from the protein moiety of heme peroxidases, is known to aggregate in an aqueous solution and exhibits low catalytic activity. Based on previous reports on the use of surfactant micelles to solubilize free hemin in a nonaggregated state, the peroxidase-like activity of hemin in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at concentrations below and above the critical concentration for SDS micelle formation (critical micellization concentration (cmc)) was systematically investigated. In most experiments, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was applied as a reducing substrate at pH = 7.2. The presence of SDS clearly had a positive effect on the reaction in terms of initial reaction rate and reaction yield, even at concentrations below the cmc. The highest activity correlated with the cmc value, as demonstrated for reactions at three different HEPES concentrations. The 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonate salt (HEPES) served as a pH buffer substance and also had an accelerating effect on the reaction. At the cmc, the addition of l-histidine (l-His) resulted in a further concentration-dependent increase in the peroxidase-like activity of hemin until a maximal effect was reached at an optimal l-His concentration, probably corresponding to an ideal mono-l-His ligation to hemin. Some of the results obtained can be understood on the basis of molecular dynamics simulations, which indicated the existence of intermolecular interactions between hemin and HEPES and between hemin and SDS. Preliminary experiments with SDS/dodecanol vesicles at pH = 7.2 showed that in the presence of the vesicles, hemin exhibited similar peroxidase-like activity as in the case of SDS micelles. This supports the hypothesis that micelle- or vesicle-associated ferric or ferrous iron porphyrins may have played a role as primitive catalysts in membranous prebiotic compartment systems before cellular life emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Cvjetan
- Department
of Materials, ETH-Zürich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute and Department of
Biology, ETH-Zürich, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Department
of Materials, ETH-Zürich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Linfield S, Gawinkowski S, Nogala W. Toward the Detection Limit of Electrochemistry: Studying Anodic Processes with a Fluorogenic Reporting Reaction. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11227-11235. [PMID: 37461137 PMCID: PMC10398625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, shot noise has been shown to be an inherent part of all charge-transfer processes, leading to a practical limit of quantification of 2100 electrons (≈0.34 fC) [ Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2020, 22, 170-177]. Attainable limits of quantification are made much larger by greater background currents and insufficient instrumentation, which restricts progress in sensing and single-entity applications. This limitation can be overcome by converting electrochemical charges into photons, which can be detected with much greater sensitivity, even down to a single-photon level. In this work, we demonstrate the use of fluorescence, induced through a closed bipolar setup, to monitor charge-transfer processes below the detection limit of electrochemical workstations. During this process, the oxidation of ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) in one cell is used to concurrently drive the oxidation of Amplex Red (AR), a fluorogenic redox molecule, in another cell. The spectroelectrochemistry of AR is investigated and new insights on the commonplace practice of using deprotonated glucose to limit AR photooxidation are presented. The closed bipolar setup is used to produce fluorescence signals corresponding to the steady-state voltammetry of FcMeOH on a microelectrode. Chronopotentiometry is then used to show a linear relationship between the charge passed through FcMeOH oxidation and the integrated AR fluorescence signal. The sensitivity of the measurements obtained at different timescales varies between 2200 and 500 electrons per detected photon. The electrochemical detection limit is approached using a diluted FcMeOH solution in which no faradaic current signal is observed. Nevertheless, a fluorescence signal corresponding to FcMeOH oxidation is still seen, and the detection of charges down to 300 fC is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Linfield
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwester Gawinkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Leininger WR, Peng Z, Zhang B. Transient Adsorption Behavior of Single Fluorophores on an Electrode-Supported Nanobubble. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:380-386. [PMID: 37528965 PMCID: PMC10389806 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the use of a Langmuir isotherm model to analyze and better understand the dynamic adsorption and desorption behavior of single fluorophore molecules at the surface of a hydrogen nanobubble supported on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Three rhodamine dyes, rhodamine 110 (R110, positively charged), rhodamine 6G (R6G, positively charged), and sulforhodamine G (SRG, negatively charged) were chosen for this study. The use of the Langmuir isotherm model allows us to determine the equilibrium constant and the rate constants for the adsorption and desorption processes. Of the three fluorophores used in this study, SRG was found to have the greatest equilibrium constant. No significant potential dependence was observed on the adsorption characteristics, which suggests the nanobubble size, geometry, and surface properties are relatively constant within the range of potentials used in this study. Our results suggest that the use of the Langmuir isotherm model is a valid and useful means for probing and better understanding the unique adsorption behavior of fluorophores at surface-supported nanobubbles.
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4
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Dong H, Zhao L, Wang T, Chen Y, Hao W, Zhang Z, Hao Y, Zhang C, Wei X, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Xu M. Dual-Mode Ratiometric Electrochemical and Turn-On Fluorescent Detection of Butyrylcholinesterase Utilizing a Single Probe for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8340-8347. [PMID: 37192372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers detection in blood with high accuracy is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. In this study, the proof-of-concept fabrication of a dual-mode sensor based on a single probe (Re-BChE) using a dual-signaling electrochemical ratiometric strategy and a "turn-on" fluorescent method is presented. The probe Re-BChE was synthesized in a single step and demonstrated dual mode response toward butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a promising biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Due to the specific hydrolysis reaction, the probe Re-BChE demonstrated a turn-on current response for BChE at -0.28 V, followed by a turn-off current response at -0.18 V, while the fluorescence spectrum demonstrated a turn-on response with an emission wavelength of 600 nm. The developed ratiometric electrochemical sensor and fluorescence detection demonstrated high sensitivity with BChE concentrations with a low detection limit of 0.08 μg mL-1 and 0.05 μg mL-1, respectively. Importantly, the dual-mode sensor presents the following advantages: (1) dual-mode readout can correct the impact of systematic or background error, thereby achieving more accurate results; (2) the responses of dual-mode readout originate from two distinct mechanisms and relatively independent signal transduction, in which there is no interference between two signaling routes. Additionally, compared with the reported single-signal electrochemical assays for BChE, both redox potential signals were detected in the absence of biological interference within a negative potential window. Furthermore, it was discovered that the outcomes of direct dual-mode electrochemical and fluorescence quantifications of the level of BChE in serum were in agreement with those obtained from the use of commercially available assay kits for BChE sensing. This method has the potential to serve as a useful point-of-care tool for the early detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Wanqing Hao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Yizhao Hao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Cunliang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhua Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Yintang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
| | - Maotian Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, P. R. China
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5
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Lee H, Kim K, Kang CM, Choo A, Han D, Kim J. In Situ Confocal Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Nanopore Electrode Arrays with Redox Active Fluorogenic Amplex Red. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1038-1046. [PMID: 36577440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Direct imaging of electrochemical processes on electrode surfaces is a central part of understanding spatially heterogeneous electrochemical processes on the surfaces. Herein, we report a strategy for the spatially resolved imaging of local faradaic processes on nanoscale electrochemical interfaces. This strategy is based on fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) with the use of Amplex Red as a fluorogenic redox probe. After verifying the capability of Amplex Red for fluorescence lifetime imaging, we demonstrated the turn-on FLIM-based imaging of faradaic processes on the electrochemical interfaces of different dimensions. In particular, we achieved spatially resolved visualization of the local electrochemical processes occurring on even nanopore electrode arrays as well as conventional microelectrodes, including disk-shaped ultramicroelectrodes and interdigitated array microelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon14662, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Mu Kang
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon16229, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Han
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon14662, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul02447, Republic of Korea.,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul02447, Republic of Korea
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6
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Abstract
Ferric heme b (= ferric protoporphyrin IX = hemin) is an important prosthetic group of different types of enzymes, including the intensively investigated and widely applied horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In HRP, hemin is present in monomeric form in a hydrophobic pocket containing among other amino acid side chains the two imidazoyl groups of His170 and His42. Both amino acids are important for the peroxidase activity of HRP as an axial ligand of hemin (proximal His170) and as an acid/base catalyst (distal His42). A key feature of the peroxidase mechanism of HRP is the initial formation of compound I under heterolytic cleavage of added hydrogen peroxide as a terminal oxidant. Investigations of free hemin dispersed in aqueous solution showed that different types of hemin dimers can form, depending on the experimental conditions, possibly resulting in hemin crystallization. Although it has been recognized already in the 1970s that hemin aggregation can be prevented in aqueous solution by using micelle-forming amphiphiles, it remains a challenge to prepare hemin-containing micellar and vesicular systems with peroxidase-like activities. Such systems are of interest as cheap HRP-mimicking catalysts for analytical and synthetic applications. Some of the key concepts on which research in this fascinating and interdisciplinary field is based are summarized, along with major accomplishments and possible directions for further improvement. A systematic analysis of the physico-chemical properties of hemin in aqueous micellar solutions and vesicular dispersions must be combined with a reliable evaluation of its catalytic activity. Future studies should show how well the molecular complexity around hemin in HRP can be mimicked by using micelles or vesicles. Because of the importance of heme b in virtually all biological systems and the fact that porphyrins and hemes can be obtained under potentially prebiotic conditions, ideas exist about the possible role of heme-containing micellar and vesicular systems in prebiotic times.
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7
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Electrochemistry and Electrochemiluminescence of Resorufin Dye: Synergetic Reductive-Oxidation Boosted by Hydrogen Peroxide. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Effects of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol on insulin secretion both in in vitro and ex vivo pancreatic preparations. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 149:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Mohamed-Raseek N, Miller AF. Contrasting roles for two conserved arginines: stabilizing flavin semiquinone or quaternary structure, in bifurcating electron transfer flavoproteins. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101733. [PMID: 35176283 PMCID: PMC8958531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifurcating electron transfer flavoproteins (Bf ETFs) are important redox enzymes that contain two flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactors, with contrasting reactivities and complementary roles in electron bifurcation. However, for both the “electron transfer” (ET) and the “bifurcating” (Bf) FADs, the only charged amino acid within 5 Å of the flavin is a conserved arginine (Arg) residue. To understand how the two sites produce different reactivities utilizing the same residue, we investigated the consequences of replacing each of the Arg residues with lysine, glutamine, histidine, or alanine. We show that absence of a positive charge in the ET site diminishes accumulation of the anionic semiquinone (ASQ) that enables the ET flavin to act as a single electron carrier, due to depression of the oxidized versus. ASQ reduction midpoint potential, E°OX/ASQ. Perturbation of the ET site also affected the remote Bf site, whereas abrogation of Bf FAD binding accelerated chemical modification of the ET flavin. In the Bf site, removal of the positive charge impaired binding of FAD or AMP, resulting in unstable protein. Based on pH dependence, we propose that the Bf site Arg interacts with the phosphate(s) of Bf FAD or AMP, bridging the domain interface via a conserved peptide loop (“zipper”) and favoring nucleotide binding. We further propose a model that rationalizes conservation of the Bf site Arg even in non-Bf ETFs, as well as AMP's stabilizing role in the latter, and provides a mechanism for coupling Bf flavin redox changes to domain-scale motion.
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10
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Iwama T, Komatsu M, Inoue KY, Shiku H. Detection and 2D Imaging of Dopamine Distribution Using a Closed Bipolar Electrode System by Applying a Cathodic Luminophore. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Iwama
- Department: Graduate School of Environmental Studies Institution: Tohoku University 6-6-11, Aramaki Aoba Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0811 Japan
| | - Mayo Komatsu
- Department: Graduate School of Environmental Studies Institution: Tohoku University 6-6-11, Aramaki Aoba Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0811 Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Department: Graduate School of Environmental Studies Institution: Tohoku University 6-6-11, Aramaki Aoba Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0811 Japan
- Department: Center for Basic Education Faculty of Engineering Institution: University of Yamanashi 4-3-11, Takeda Kofu 400-8511 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Department: Graduate School of Environmental Studies Institution: Tohoku University 6-6-11, Aramaki Aoba Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0811 Japan
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11
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Djoumer R, Chovin A, Demaille C, Dejous C, Hallil H. Real‐time Conversion of Electrochemical Currents into Fluorescence Signals Using 8‐Hydroxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic Acid (HPTS) and Amplex Red as Fluorogenic Reporters. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Djoumer
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire Université de Paris CNRS UMR 7591 75006 Paris France
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire Université de Paris CNRS UMR 7591 75006 Paris France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire Université de Paris CNRS UMR 7591 75006 Paris France
| | - Corinne Dejous
- Laboratoire IMS Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux INP CNRS UMR5218 33405 Talence France
| | - Hamida Hallil
- Laboratoire IMS Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux INP CNRS UMR5218 33405 Talence France
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12
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Tian Z, Wu Y, Shao F, Tang D, Qin X, Wang C, Liu S. Electrofluorochromic Imaging Analysis of Glycan Expression on Living Single Cell with Bipolar Electrode Arrays. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5114-5122. [PMID: 33749243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The in situ glycan profiling of a single tumor cell plays an important role in personalized cancer treatment. Herein, an integrated microfluidic system was designed for living single-cell trapping and real-time monitoring of galactosyl expression on the surface, combining closed bipolar electrode (BPE) arrays and electrofluorochromic (EFC) imaging. Galactosyl groups on human liver cancer HepG2 cells were used as the model analysts, galactose oxidase (GAO) could selectively oxidize hydroxyl sites of galactosyl groups on the cell surface to aldehydes, and then biotin hydrazide (BH) was used to label the aldehydes by aniline-catalyzed hydrazone ligation. With the biotin-avidin system, nanoprobes were finally introduced to the galactosyl groups on the cell surface with avidin as a bridge, which was prepared by simultaneously assembling ferrocene-DNA (Fc-DNA) and biotin-DNA (Bio-DNA) on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) due to their large surface area and excellent electrical conductivity. After a labeled single cell was captured in the anodic microchannel, the Fc groups attached on the cell surface were oxidized under suitable potential, and the nonfluorescent resazurin on the cathode was correspondingly reduced to produce highly fluorescent resorufin, collected by fluorescence confocal microscope. The combination of EFC imaging and BPE realized monitoring galactosyl group expression of 5.0 × 108 molecules per cell. Furthermore, the proposed platform had the ability to distinguish a single cancer cell from a normal cell according to the expression level of galactosyl groups and to dynamically monitor the galactosyl group variation on the cell surface, providing a simple and accessible method for the single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Tian
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yafeng Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Fengying Shao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Dezhi Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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13
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Guille-Collignon M, Delacotte J, Lemaître F, Labbé E, Buriez O. Electrochemical Fluorescence Switch of Organic Fluorescent or Fluorogenic Molecules. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2193-2202. [PMID: 33656794 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This short review is aimed at emphasizing the most prominent recent works devoted to the fluorescence modulation of organic fluorescent or fluorogenic molecules by electrochemistry. This still expanding research field not only addresses the smart uses of known molecules or the design of new ones, but also investigates the development of instrumentation providing time- and space-resolved information at the molecular level. Important considerations including fluorescent/fluorogenic probes, reversible/irreversible fluorescence switch, direct/indirect fluorescence modulation, or environment properties are especially scrutinized in recent works dealing with bioanalysis perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Guille-Collignon
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Delacotte
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eric Labbé
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
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14
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Qin X, Li ZQ, Zhou Y, Pan JB, Li J, Wang K, Xu JJ, Xia XH. Fabrication of High-Density and Superuniform Gold Nanoelectrode Arrays for Electrochemical Fluorescence Imaging. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13493-13499. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian-Bin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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15
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Stefano JS, Conzuelo F, Masa J, Munoz RA, Schuhmann W. Coupling electrochemistry with a fluorescence reporting reaction enabled by bipolar electrochemistry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Smith ME, Stastny AL, Lynch JA, Yu Z, Zhang P, Heineman WR. Indicator Dyes and Catalytic Nanoparticles for Irreversible Visual Hydrogen Sensing. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10651-10658. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Angela L. Stastny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - John A. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Zhao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - William R. Heineman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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17
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Tassy B, Dauphin AL, Man HM, Le Guenno H, Lojou E, Bouffier L, de Poulpiquet A. In Situ Fluorescence Tomography Enables a 3D Mapping of Enzymatic O 2 Reduction at the Electrochemical Interface. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7249-7256. [PMID: 32298094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Getting information about the fate of immobilized enzymes and the evolution of their environment during turnover is a mandatory step toward bioelectrode optimization for effective use in biodevices. We demonstrate here the proof-of-principle visual characterization of the reactivity at an enzymatic electrode thanks to fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (FCLSM) implemented in situ during the electrochemical experiment. The enzymatic O2 reduction involves proton-coupled electron transfers. Therefore, fluorescence variation of a pH-dependent fluorescent dye in the electrode vicinity enables reaction visualization. Simultaneous collection of electrochemical and fluorescence signals gives valuable space- and time-resolved information. Once the technical challenges of such a coupling are overcome, in situ FCLSM affords a unique way to explore reactivity at the electrode surface and in the electrolyte volume. Unexpected features are observed, especially the pH evolution of the enzyme environment, which is also indicated by a characteristic concentration profile within the diffusion layer. This coupled approach also gives access to a cartography of the electrode surface response (i.e., heterogeneity), which cannot be obtained solely by an electrochemical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Tassy
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7281, Bioenergetics and Protein Engineering, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Alice L Dauphin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5255, Institute of Molecular Sciences, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Hiu Mun Man
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7281, Bioenergetics and Protein Engineering, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Hugo Le Guenno
- Microscopy Facility, CNRS, FR 3479, Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Lojou
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7281, Bioenergetics and Protein Engineering, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5255, Institute of Molecular Sciences, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Anne de Poulpiquet
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7281, Bioenergetics and Protein Engineering, 13402 Marseille, France
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18
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Anderson TJ, Defnet PA, Zhang B. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-Based Electrochemical Imaging Using a Massive Array of Bipolar Ultramicroelectrodes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6748-6755. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd J. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Peter A. Defnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
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19
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Hao R, Peng Z, Zhang B. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy for Probing the Electrochemical Interface. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:89-97. [PMID: 31956755 PMCID: PMC6963970 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical interface is an ultrathin interfacial region between the electrode and solution where electrochemical reactions occur. The study of the electrochemical interface continues to be one of the most exciting directions in modern electrochemistry research. Much of our existing knowledge about the electrochemical interface comes from ensemble measurements and ex situ imaging of the electrode surface. Due to its enormous complexity and highly dynamic nature, however, new imaging tools that can probe the interface in situ with ultrahigh spatial and temporal resolution and single-molecule sensitivity are apparently needed. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM) has emerged as a powerful tool that is uniquely suited for studying the electrochemical interface. In this mini-review, we first give a brief overview of various existing SMFM methods for studying electrochemical problems. We then discuss several exciting research topics involving the use of SMFM methods for studying surface-immobilized molecules, single freely diffusing molecules, single molecules as catalytic reaction indicators, and single-molecule labeling and imaging of interfacial nanobubbles. We anticipate that we will continue to see a rapid increase in publications on stochastic electrochemistry of single molecules and nanoparticles. The increased use of SMFM will likely bring new information to our study of the electrochemical interface.
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20
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Defnet PA, Zhang B. Detection of Transient Nanoparticle Collision Events Using Electrochemiluminescence on a Closed Bipolar Microelectrode. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Defnet
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
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21
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Akkilic N, Geschwindner S, Höök F. Single-molecule biosensors: Recent advances and applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 151:111944. [PMID: 31999573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule biosensors serve the unmet need for real time detection of individual biological molecules in the molecular crowd with high specificity and accuracy, uncovering unique properties of individual molecules which are hidden when measured using ensemble averaging methods. Measuring a signal generated by an individual molecule or its interaction with biological partners is not only crucial for early diagnosis of various diseases such as cancer and to follow medical treatments but also offers a great potential for future point-of-care devices and personalized medicine. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in nanosensors for both in vitro and in vivo detection of biological molecules offering single-molecule sensitivity. In the first part, we focus on label-free platforms, including electrochemical, plasmonic, SERS-based and spectroelectrochemical biosensors. We review fluorescent single-molecule biosensors in the second part, highlighting nanoparticle-amplified assays, digital platforms and the utilization of CRISPR technology. We finally discuss recent advances in the emerging nanosensor technology of important biological species as well as future perspectives of these sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namik Akkilic
- Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Geschwindner
- Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department of Applied Physics, Division of Biological Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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22
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Liu Y, Yue J, Xu C, Zhao S, Yao C, Chen G. Hydrodynamics and local mass transfer characterization under gas–liquid–liquid slug flow in a rectangular microchannel. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jun Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Chao Xu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian China
| | - Shuainan Zhao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian China
| | - Guangwen Chen
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian China
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23
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Optical methods for studying local electrochemical reactions with spatial resolution: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1074:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Tian Z, Mi L, Wu Y, Shao F, Zou M, Zhou Z, Liu S. Visual Electrofluorochromic Detection of Cancer Cell Surface Glycoprotein on a Closed Bipolar Electrode Chip. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7902-7910. [PMID: 31135138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This work reports an electrofluorochromic strategy on the basis of electric field control of fluorescent signal generation on bipolar electrodes (BPEs) for visualizing cancer cell surface glycoprotein (mucin 1). The device included two separate cells: anodic sensing cell and cathodic reporting cell, which were connected by a screen-printing electrode patterned on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) membrane. In the sensing cell, anti-MUC1 antibody immobilized on a chitosan-multiwalled carbon nanotube (CS-MWCNT)-modified anodic BPE channel was used for capturing mucin-1 (MUC1) or MCF-7 cancer cells. Then ferrocene (Fc)-labeled mucin 1 aptamers were introduced through hybridization. Under an applied voltage, the ferrocene was oxidized and the electroactive molecules of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) in the cathodic reporting cell were reduced according to electroneutrality. This produced a strongly basic 1,4-benzoquinone anion radical (BQ•-), which turned on the fluorescence of pH-responsive fluorescent molecules of (2-(2-(4-hydroxystyryl)-6-methyl-4 H-pyran-4-ylidene)malononitrile) (SPM) coexisting in the cathode reporting cell for both spectrophotometric detection and imaging. This strategy allowed sensitive detection of MUC1 at a concentration down to 10 fM and was capable of detecting a minimum of three MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the amount of MUC1 on MCF-7 cells was calculated to be 6.02 × 104 molecules/cell. Our strategy also had the advantages of high temporal and spatial resolution, short response time, and high luminous contrast and is of great significance for human health and the promotion of life science development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , 211189 , China
| | - Li Mi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , 211189 , China
| | - Yafeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , 211189 , China
| | - Fengying Shao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , 211189 , China
| | - Mingqiang Zou
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine (CAIQ) , No. A3, Gaobeidian Road, Chaoyang District , Beijing 100123 , China
| | - Zhenxian Zhou
- Nanjing Second Hospital , No. 121, Jiangjiayuan, Gulou District , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , 211189 , China
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25
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Han C, Hao R, Fan Y, Edwards MA, Gao H, Zhang B. Observing Transient Bipolar Electrochemical Coupling on Single Nanoparticles Translocating through a Nanopore. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7180-7190. [PMID: 31074628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of transient bipolar electrochemical coupling on freely moving 40 nm silver nanoparticles. The use of an asymmetric nanoelectrochemical environment at the nanopore orifice, for example, an acid inside the pipette and halide ions in the bulk, enabled us to observe unusually large current blockages of single Ag nanoparticles. We attribute these current blockages to the formation of H2 nanobubbles on the surface of Ag nanoparticles due to the coupled faradaic reactions, in which the reduction of protons and water is coupled to the oxidation of Ag and water under potentials higher than 1 V. The appearance of large current blockages was strongly dependent on the applied voltage and the choice of anions in the bulk solution. The correlation between large current blockages with the oxidation of Ag nanoparticles and their nanopore translocation was further supported by simultaneous fluorescence and electric recordings. This study demonstrates that transient bipolar electrochemistry can take place on small metal nanoparticles below 50 nm when they pass through nanopores where the electric field is highly localized. The use of a nanopore and the resistive-pulse sensing method to study transient bipolar electrochemistry of nanoparticles may be extended to future studies in ultrafast electrochemistry, nanocatalyst screening, and gas nucleation on nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Han
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Rui Hao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Martin A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Hongfang Gao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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26
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Djoumer R, Anne A, Chovin A, Demaille C, Dejous C, Hallil H, Lachaud JL. Converting Any Faradaic Current Generated at an Electrode under Potentiostatic Control into a Remote Fluorescence Signal. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6775-6782. [PMID: 31034205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of an original faradaic current-to-fluorescence conversion scheme. The proposed instrumental strategy consists of coupling the electrochemical reaction of any species at an electrode under potentiostatic control with the fluorescence emission of a species produced at the counter electrode. In order to experimentally validate this scheme, the fluorogenic species resazurin is chosen as a fluorescent reporter molecule, and its complex reduction mechanism is first studied in unprecedented detail. This kinetic study is carried out by recording simultaneous cyclic voltammograms and voltfluorograms at the same electrode. Numerical simulations are used to account for the experimental current and fluorescence signals, to analyze their degree of correlation, and to decipher their relation to resazurin reduction kinetics. It is then shown that, provided that the reduction of resazurin takes place at a micrometer-sized electrode, the fluorescence emission perfectly tracks the faradaic current. By implementing this ideal configuration at the counter electrode of a potentiostatic setup, it is finally demonstrated that the oxidation reaction of a nonfluorescent species at the working electrode can be quantitatively transduced into simultaneous emission of fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Djoumer
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf , Paris F-75205 Cedex 13 , France
| | - Agnès Anne
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf , Paris F-75205 Cedex 13 , France
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf , Paris F-75205 Cedex 13 , France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591 CNRS , Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf , Paris F-75205 Cedex 13 , France
| | - Corinne Dejous
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218 CNRS , Talence F-33405 , France
| | - Hamida Hallil
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218 CNRS , Talence F-33405 , France
| | - Jean-Luc Lachaud
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218 CNRS , Talence F-33405 , France
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27
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Guerret-Legras L, Audibert J, Ojeda IG, Dubacheva G, Miomandre F. Combined SECM-fluorescence microscopy using a water-soluble electrofluorochromic dye as the redox mediator. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Hao R, Fan Y, Han C, Zhang B. Bipolar Electrochemistry on a Nanopore-Supported Platinum Nanoparticle Electrode. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12652-12658. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Chu Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
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29
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Zhang X, Zhai Q, Xing H, Li J, Wang E. Bipolar Electrodes with 100% Current Efficiency for Sensors. ACS Sens 2017; 2:320-326. [PMID: 28723210 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A bipolar electrode (BPE) is an electron conductor that is embedded in the electrolyte solution without the direct connection with the external power source (driving electrode). When the sufficient voltage was provided, the two poles of BPE promote different oxidation and reduction reactions. During the past few years, BPEs with wireless feature and easy integration showed great promise in the various fields including asymmetric modification/synthesis, motion control, targets enrichment/separation, and chemical sensing/biosensing combined with the quantitative relationship between two poles of BPE. In this perspective paper, we first describe the concept and history of the BPE for analytical chemistry and then review the recent developments in the application of BPEs for sensing with ultrahigh current efficiency (ηc = iBPE/ichannel) including the open and closed bipolar system. Finally, we offer the guide for possible challenge faced and solution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Zhai
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Xing
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
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30
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Perez Jimenez AI, Challier L, Aït-Yahiatène E, Delacotte J, Labbé E, Buriez O. Selective Electrochemical Bleaching of the Outer Leaflet of Fluorescently Labeled Giant Liposomes. Chemistry 2017; 23:6781-6787. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Perez Jimenez
- Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Département de Chimie, PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Lylian Challier
- Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Département de Chimie, PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Eric Aït-Yahiatène
- Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Département de Chimie, PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Jérôme Delacotte
- Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Département de Chimie, PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Eric Labbé
- Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Département de Chimie, PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS; Département de Chimie, PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
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31
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Lu J, Fan Y, Howard MD, Vaughan JC, Zhang B. Single-Molecule Electrochemistry on a Porous Silica-Coated Electrode. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2964-2971. [PMID: 28132499 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the direct observation and quantitative analysis of single redox events on a modified indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The key in the observation of single redox events are the use of a fluorogenic redox species and the nanoconfinement and hindered redox diffusion inside 3-nm-diameter silica nanochannels. A simple electrochemical process was used to grow an ultrathin silica film (∼100 nm) consisting of highly ordered parallel nanochannels exposing the electrode surface from the bottom. The electrode-supported 3-nm-diameter nanochannels temporally trap fluorescent resorufin molecules resulting in hindered molecular diffusion in the vicinity of the electrode surface. Adsorption, desorption, and heterogeneous redox events of individual resorufin molecules can be studied using total-internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF). The rate constants of adsorption and desorption processes of resorufin were characterized from single-molecule analysis to be (1.73 ± 0.08) × 10-4 cm·s-1 and 15.71 ± 0.76 s-1, respectively. The redox events of resorufin to the non-fluorescent dihydroresorufin were investigated by analyzing the change in surface population of single resorufin molecules with applied potential. The scan-rate-dependent molecular counting results (single-molecule fluorescence voltammetry) indicated a surface-controlled electrochemical kinetics of the resorufin reduction on the modified ITO electrode. This study demonstrates the great potential of mesoporous silica as a useful modification scheme for studying single redox events on a variety of transparent substrates such as ITO electrodes and gold or carbon film coated glass electrodes. The ability to electrochemically grow and transfer mesoporous silica films onto other substrates makes them an attractive material for future studies in spatial heterogeneity of electrocatalytic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Marco D Howard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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32
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Woodcock JW, Beams R, Davis CS, Chen N, Stranick SJ, Shah DU, Vollrath F, Gilman JW. Observation of interfacial damage in a silk-epoxy composite, using a simple mechanoresponsive fluorescent probe. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2017; 4:10.1002/admi.201601018. [PMID: 34194923 PMCID: PMC8240949 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201601018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymer composite materials are found throughout the world both natural and artificial in origin. In the vast majority of applications in these arenas, composites serve as structural support or reinforcement. Demand for lightweight tough composites is growing in multiple application spaces such as aerospace, biomaterials, and infrastructure with physical properties as diverse as the applications. The unifying component in all composites is the presence of the interphase. Many measurement techniques and measurement tools have been developed for the study of this crucial region in composite materials. Many of these methods are great for the measurement and study of bulk properties or model systems. However, development of tools that permit the direct observation of interactions at the interphase during applied stress are needed. Here we employ fluorescence lifetime imaging and hyperspectral imaging to observe activation of a fluorogenic dye at the composite interface as a result of applied stress. The advantages of this system include commercial availability of the dye precursor, and simple one-pot functionalization. The attachment of the dye at the interface is easily monitored through emission wavelength shifts or fluorescence lifetime. Interfacial mechano-responsive dyes have potential for both fundamental studies as well as industrial use as a structural health monitoring tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah W. Woodcock
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan Beams
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Chelsea S. Davis
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ning Chen
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephan J. Stranick
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Darshil U. Shah
- Oxford Silk Group, Zoology Department, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fritz Vollrath
- Oxford Silk Group, Zoology Department, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W. Gilman
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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33
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Sundaresan V, Marchuk K, Yu Y, Titus EJ, Wilson AJ, Armstrong CM, Zhang B, Willets KA. Visualizing and Calculating Tip–Substrate Distance in Nanoscale Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Using 3-Dimensional Super-Resolution Optical Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 89:922-928. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Eric J. Titus
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Chadd M. Armstrong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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34
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Doneux T, Bouffier L, Goudeau B, Arbault S. Coupling Electrochemistry with Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy To Investigate Electrochemical Reactivity: A Case Study with the Resazurin-Resorufin Fluorogenic Couple. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6292-300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doneux
- Chimie
Analytique et Chimie des Interfaces, Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM,
UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM,
UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM,
UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
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35
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Oja SM, Zhang B. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Reporting on Closed Bipolar Microelectrodes and the Influence of Electrode Size. ChemElectroChem 2016; 3:457-464. [PMID: 27500079 PMCID: PMC4972099 DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a fundamental study of the use of Ru(bpy)32+-based electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) as an optical reporting system for the detection of redox-active analyte on closed bipolar microelectrodes, focused on gaining an in-depth understanding of the correlation between ECL emission intensity and electrochemical current. We demonstrate the significant effect that the size of the anodic and cathodic poles has on the resulting ECL signal and show how this influences the quantitative detection of analyte on a closed bipolar electrode. By carefully designing the geometry of the bipolar electrode, the detection performance of the system can be tuned to different analyte concentration ranges. We show that through a simple voltammetric study of the individual reactions, one can understand the coupled bipolar behavior and accurately predict the ECL signal response to a range of analyte concentrations, enabling the accurate prediction of calibration curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Oja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1700, United States
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36
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Xu W, Fu K, Ma C, Bohn PW. Closed bipolar electrode-enabled dual-cell electrochromic detectors for chemical sensing. Analyst 2016; 141:6018-6024. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Battery operation of a closed-BPE dual cell with colorimetric readout by smartphone camera yields a simple, inexpensive, field-deployable electrochemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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37
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Xu W, Ma C, Bohn PW. Coupling of Independent Electrochemical Reactions and Fluorescence at Closed Bipolar Interdigitated Electrode Arrays. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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38
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Zaino LP, Grismer DA, Han D, Crouch GM, Bohn PW. Single occupancy spectroelectrochemistry of freely diffusing flavin mononucleotide in zero-dimensional nanophotonic structures. Faraday Discuss 2015; 184:101-15. [PMID: 26406924 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00072f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Zero-mode waveguides (ZMW) have the potential to be powerful confinement tools for studying electron transfer dynamics at single molecule occupancy conditions. Flavin mononucleotide contains an isoalloxazine chromophore, which is fluorescent in the oxidized state (FMN) while the reduced state (FMNH2) exhibits dramatically lower light emission, i.e. a dark-state. This allows fluorescence emission to report the redox state of single FMN molecules, an observation that has been used previously to study single electron transfer events in surface-immobilized flavins and flavoenzymes, e.g. sarcosine oxidase, by direct wide-field imaging of ZMW arrays. Single molecule electron transfer dynamics have now been extended to the study of freely diffusing molecules using fluorescence measurements of Au ZMWs under single occupancy conditions. The Au in the ZMW serves both as an optical cladding layer and as the working electrode for potential control, thereby accessing single molecule electron transfer dynamics at μM concentrations. Consistent with expectations, the probability of observing single reduced molecules increases as the potential is scanned negative, E(appl) < E(eq), and the probability of observing emitting oxidized molecules increases at E(appl) > E(eq). Different single molecules exhibit different electron transfer properties as reflected in the position of E(eq) and the distribution of E(eq) among a population of FMN molecules. Two types of actively-controlled electroluminescence experiments were used: chronofluorometry experiments, in which the potential is alternately stepped between oxidizing and reducing potentials, and cyclic potential sweep fluorescence experiments, analogous to cyclic voltammetry, these latter experiments exhibiting a dramatic scan rate dependence with the slowest scan rates showing distinct intermediate states that are stable over a range of potentials. These states are assigned to flavosemiquinone species that are stabilized in the special environment of the ZMW nanopore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Zaino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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39
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Shayan M, Kiani A. Digital versatile disc bipolar electrode: A fast and low-cost approach for visual sensing of analytes and electrocatalysts screening. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 888:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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40
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Renault C, Marchuk K, Ahn HS, Titus EJ, Kim J, Willets KA, Bard AJ. Observation of Nanometer-Sized Electro-Active Defects in Insulating Layers by Fluorescence Microscopy and Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5730-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Renault
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyun S. Ahn
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eric J. Titus
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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41
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Ma C, Zaino Iii LP, Bohn PW. Self-induced redox cycling coupled luminescence on nanopore recessed disk-multiscale bipolar electrodes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3173-3179. [PMID: 28706689 PMCID: PMC5490416 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new configuration for coupling fluorescence microscopy and voltammetry using self-induced redox cycling for ultrasensitive electrochemical measurements. An array of nanopores, each supporting a recessed disk electrode separated by 100 nm in depth from a planar multiscale bipolar top electrode, was fabricated using multilayer deposition, nanosphere lithography, and reactive-ion etching. Self-induced redox cycling was induced on the disk electrode producing ∼30× current amplification, which was independently confirmed by measuring induced electrogenerated chemiluminescence from Ru(bpy)32/3+/tri-n-propylamine on the floating bipolar electrode. In this design, redox cycling occurs between the recessed disk and the top planar portion of a macroscopic thin film bipolar electrode in each nanopore. Electron transfer also occurs on a remote (mm-distance) portion of the planar bipolar electrode to maintain electroneutrality. This couples the electrochemical reactions of the target redox pair in the nanopore array with a reporter, such as a potential-switchable fluorescent indicator, in the cell at the distal end of the bipolar electrode. Oxidation or reduction of reversible analytes on the disk electrodes were accompanied by reduction or oxidation, respectively, on the nanopore portion of the bipolar electrode and then monitored by the accompanying oxidation of dihydroresorufin or reduction of resorufin at the remote end of the bipolar electrode, respectively. In both cases, changes in fluorescence intensity were triggered by the reaction of the target couple on the disk electrode, while recovery was largely governed by diffusion of the fluorescent indicator. Reduction of 1 nM of Ru(NH3)63+ on the nanoelectrode array was detected by monitoring the fluorescence intensity of resorufin, demonstrating high sensitivity fluorescence-mediated electrochemical sensing coupled to self-induced redox cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Lawrence P Zaino Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA
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42
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Oja SM, Zhang B. Imaging Transient Formation of Diffusion Layers with Fluorescence-Enabled Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12299-307. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5035715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Oja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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