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Wu G, Yu C, Yin S, Du J, Zhang Y, Fu Z, Wang L, Wang J. A native SEC-MS workflow and validation for analyzing drug-to-antibody ratio and drug load distribution in cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1241:124167. [PMID: 38823148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The development and optimization of Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) hinge on enhanced analytical and bioanalytical characterization, particularly in assessing critical quality attributes (CQAs). The ADC's potency is largely determined by the average number of drugs attached to the monoclonal antibody (mAb), known as the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). Furthermore, the drug load distribution (DLD) influences the therapeutic window of the ADC, defining the range of dosages effective in treating diseases without causing toxic effects. Among CQAs, DAR and DLD are vital; their control is essential for ensuring manufacturing consistency and product quality. Typically, hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) or reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with UV detector have been used to quantitate DAR and DLD in quality control (QC) environment. Recently, Native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (nSEC-MS) proves the potential as a platformable quantitative method for characterizing DAR and DLD across various cysteine-linked ADCs in research or early preclinical development. In this work, we established and assessed a streamlined nSEC-MS workflow with a benchtop LC-MS platform, to quantitatively monitor DAR and DLD of different chemotype and drug load level cysteine-linked ADCs. Moreover, to deploy this workflow in QC environment, complete method validation was conducted in three independent laboratories, adhering to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q2(R1) guidelines. The results met the predefined analytical target profile (ATP) and performance criteria, encompassing specificity/selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, quantification/detection limit, and robustness. Finally, the method validation design offers a reference for other nSEC-MS methods that are potentially used to determine the DAR and DLD on cysteine-linker ADCs. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first reported systematic validation of the nSEC-MS method for detecting DAR and DLD. The results indicated that the co-validated nSEC-MS workflow is suitable for DAR and DLD routine analysis in ADC quality control, release, and stability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China
| | - Sicheng Yin
- Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jialiang Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Shanghai Fudan-Zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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Dai Z, Ben-Younis A, Vlachaki A, Raleigh D, Thalassinos K. Understanding the structural dynamics of human islet amyloid polypeptide: Advancements in and applications of ion-mobility mass spectrometry. Biophys Chem 2024; 312:107285. [PMID: 38941872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) forms amyloid deposits that contribute to β-cell death in pancreatic islets and are considered a hallmark of Type II diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Evidence suggests that the early oligomers of hIAPP formed during the aggregation process are the primary pathological agent in islet amyloid induced β-cell death. The self-assembly mechanism of hIAPP, however, remains elusive, largely due to limitations in conventional biophysical techniques for probing the distribution or capturing detailed structures of the early, structurally dynamic oligomers. The advent of Ion-mobility Mass Spectrometry (IM-MS) has enabled the characterisation of hIAPP early oligomers in the gas phase, paving the way towards a deeper understanding of the oligomerisation mechanism and the correlation of structural information with the cytotoxicity of the oligomers. The sensitivity and the rapid structural characterisation provided by IM-MS also show promise in screening hIAPP inhibitors, categorising their modes of inhibition through "spectral fingerprints". This review delves into the application of IM-MS to the dissection of the complex steps of hIAPP oligomerisation, examining the inhibitory influence of metal ions, and exploring the characterisation of hetero-oligomerisation with different hIAPP variants. We highlight the potential of IM-MS as a tool for the high-throughput screening of hIAPP inhibitors, and for providing insights into their modes of action. Finally, we discuss advances afforded by recent advancements in tandem IM-MS and the combination of gas phase spectroscopy with IM-MS, which promise to deliver a more sensitive and higher-resolution structural portrait of hIAPP oligomers. Such information may help facilitate a new era of targeted therapeutic strategies for islet amyloidosis in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Dai
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Bioscience, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Aisha Ben-Younis
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Bioscience, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anna Vlachaki
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Daniel Raleigh
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Bioscience, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Bioscience, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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3
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Benazza R, Koutsopetras I, Vaur V, Chaubet G, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. SEC-MS in denaturing conditions (dSEC-MS) for in-depth analysis of rebridged monoclonal antibody-based formats. Talanta 2024; 272:125727. [PMID: 38364570 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Disulfide rebridging methods are emerging recently as new ways to specifically modify antibody-based entities and produce future conjugates. Briefly, the solvent-accessible disulfide bonds of antibodies or antigen-binding fragments (Fab) thereof are reduced under controlled conditions and further covalently attached with a rebridging agent allowing the incorporation of one payload per disulfide bond. There are many examples of successful rebridging cases providing homogeneous conjugates due to the use of symmetrical reagents, such as dibromomaleimides. However, partial rebridging due to the use of unsymmetrical ones, containing functional groups with different reactivity, usually leads to the development of heterogeneous species that cannot be identified by a simple sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) due to its lack of sensitivity, resolution and low mass accuracy. Mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC-MS) approaches have already been demonstrated as highly promising alternatives for the characterization of newly developed antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC) and monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based formats. We report here the in-depth characterization of covalently rebridged antibodies and Fab fragments in-development, using size-exclusion chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry in denaturing conditions (denaturing SEC-MS, dSEC-MS). DSEC-MS was used to monitor closely the rebridging reaction of a conjugated trastuzumab, in addition to conjugated Fab fragments, which allowed an unambiguous identification of the covalently rebridged products along with the unbound species. This all-in-one approach allowed a straightforward analysis of the studied samples with precise mass measurement; critical quality attributes (CQAs) assessment along with rebridging efficiency determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Benazza
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ilias Koutsopetras
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Valentine Vaur
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
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4
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Gu Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. Bispecific antibody drug conjugates: Making 1+1>2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1965-1986. [PMID: 38799638 PMCID: PMC11119582 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibody‒drug conjugates (BsADCs) represent an innovative therapeutic category amalgamating the merits of antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Positioned as the next-generation ADC approach, BsADCs hold promise for ameliorating extant clinical challenges associated with ADCs, particularly pertaining to issues such as poor internalization, off-target toxicity, and drug resistance. Presently, ten BsADCs are undergoing clinical trials, and initial findings underscore the imperative for ongoing refinement. This review initially delves into specific design considerations for BsADCs, encompassing target selection, antibody formats, and the linker-payload complex. Subsequent sections delineate the extant progress and challenges encountered by BsADCs, illustrated through pertinent case studies. The amalgamation of BsAbs with ADCs offers a prospective solution to prevailing clinical limitations of ADCs. Nevertheless, the symbiotic interplay among BsAb, linker, and payload necessitates further optimizations and coordination beyond a simplistic "1 + 1" to effectively surmount the extant challenges facing the BsADC domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Gu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
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Makey DM, Ruotolo BT. Liquid-phase separations coupled with ion mobility-mass spectrometry for next-generation biopharmaceutical analysis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:259-270. [PMID: 38934922 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2373707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pharmaceutical industry continues to expand its search for innovative biotherapeutics. The comprehensive characterization of such therapeutics requires many analytical techniques to fully evaluate critical quality attributes, making analysis a bottleneck in discovery and development timelines. While thorough characterization is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutics, there is a need to further streamline analytical characterization and expedite the overall timeline from discovery to market. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on recent developments in liquid-phase separations coupled with ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) for the development and characterization of biotherapeutics. We cover uses of IM-MS to improve the characterization of monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, host cell proteins, glycans, and nucleic acids. This discussion is based on an extensive literature search using Web of Science, Google Scholar, and SciFinder. EXPERT OPINION IM-MS has the potential to enhance the depth and efficiency of biotherapeutic characterization by providing additional insights into conformational changes, post-translational modifications, and impurity profiles. The rapid timescale of IM-MS positions it well to enhance the information content of existing assays through its facile integration with standard liquid-phase separation techniques that are commonly used for biopharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Makey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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7
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Wang Q, Wang Q, Qi Z, Moeller W, Wysocki VH, Sun L. Native proteomics by capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590970. [PMID: 38712154 PMCID: PMC11071496 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Native proteomics aims to measure endogenous proteoforms and protein complexes under a near physiological condition using native mass spectrometry (nMS) coupled with liquid-phase separation techniques. Native proteomics should provide the most accurate bird's-eye view of proteome dynamics within cells, which is fundamental for understanding almost all biological processes. nMS has been widely employed to characterize well-purified protein complexes. However, there are only very few trials of utilizing nMS to measure proteoforms and protein complexes in a complex sample (i.e., a whole cell lysate), and those studies are either too time and labor-consuming or only able to detect small proteoforms or protein complexes. Here, we pioneer the native proteomics measurement of large proteoforms or protein complexes up to 400 kDa from a complex proteome via online coupling of native capillary zone electrophoresis (nCZE) to an ultra-high mass range Orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHMR). The nCZE-MS technique enabled the measurement of a 115-kDa standard protein complex while consuming only about 100 pg of protein material, indicating the extremely high sensitivity of the technique. nCZE-MS analysis of an E . coli cell lysate detected 76 and 21 proteoforms or protein complexes in a mass range of 30-400 kDa and over 110 kDa, respectively, in a single run while consuming only 50-ng protein material. The mass distribution of detected proteoforms or protein complexes agreed well with that from mass photometry measurement. This work represents a technical breakthrough of native proteomics for measuring complex proteomes, suggesting that nCZE-MS might be developed as a central technique for native proteomics.
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Watts E, Bashyal A, Dunham SD, Crittenden CM, Brodbelt JS. Enhanced Characterization of Lysine-Linked Antibody Drug Conjugates Enabled by Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry and Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation-Triggered Electron-Transfer/Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation and Ultraviolet Photodissociation. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:30. [PMID: 38651410 PMCID: PMC11036284 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As the development of new biotherapeutics advances, increasingly sophisticated tandem mass spectrometry methods are needed to characterize the most complex molecules, including antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). Lysine-linked ADCs, such as trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1), are among the most heterogeneous biotherapeutics. Here, we implement a workflow that combines limited proteolysis with HCD-triggered EThcD and UVPD mass spectrometry for the characterization of the resulting middle-down large-sized peptides of T-DM1. Fifty-three payload-containing peptides were identified, ranging in mass from 1.8 to 16.9 kDa, and leading to the unambiguous identification of 46 out of 92 possible conjugation sites. In addition, seven peptides were identified containing multiple payloads. The characterization of these types of heterogeneous peptides represents an important step in unraveling the combinatorial nature of lysine-conjugated ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Aarti Bashyal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Sean D. Dunham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
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9
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Schwenzer AK, Kruse L, Jooß K, Neusüß C. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for protein analyses under native conditions: Current progress and perspectives. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300135. [PMID: 37312401 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry is a rapidly emerging technique for fast and sensitive structural analysis of protein constructs, maintaining the protein higher order structure. The coupling with electromigration separation techniques under native conditions enables the characterization of proteoforms and highly complex protein mixtures. In this review, we present an overview of current native CE-MS technology. First, the status of native separation conditions is described for capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), as well as their chip-based formats, including essential parameters such as electrolyte composition and capillary coatings. Further, conditions required for native ESI-MS of (large) protein constructs, including instrumental parameters of QTOF and Orbitrap systems, as well as requirements for native CE-MS interfacing are presented. On this basis, methods and applications of the different modes of native CE-MS are summarized and discussed in the context of biological, medical, and biopharmaceutical questions. Finally, key achievements are highlighted and concluded, while remaining challenges are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Kruse
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Castel J, Delaux S, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. Recent advances in structural mass spectrometry methods in the context of biosimilarity assessment: from sequence heterogeneities to higher order structures. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115696. [PMID: 37713983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics and their biosimilar versions have been flourishing in the biopharmaceutical market for several years. Structural and functional characterization is needed to achieve analytical biosimilarity through the assessment of critical quality attributes as required by regulatory authorities. The role of analytical strategies, particularly mass spectrometry-based methods, is pivotal to gathering valuable information for the in-depth characterization of biotherapeutics and biosimilarity assessment. Structural mass spectrometry methods (native MS, HDX-MS, top-down MS, etc.) provide information ranging from primary sequence assessment to higher order structure evaluation. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in structural mass spectrometry for biotherapeutic and biosimilar characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Castel
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Delaux
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France.
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11
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Daly LA, Clarke CJ, Po A, Oswald SO, Eyers CE. Considerations for defining +80 Da mass shifts in mass spectrometry-based proteomics: phosphorylation and beyond. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11484-11499. [PMID: 37681662 PMCID: PMC10521633 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02909c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are ubiquitous and key to regulating protein function. Understanding the dynamics of individual PTMs and their biological roles requires robust characterisation. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the method of choice for the identification and quantification of protein modifications. This article focusses on the MS-based analysis of those covalent modifications that induce a mass shift of +80 Da, notably phosphorylation and sulfation, given the challenges associated with their discrimination and pinpointing the sites of modification on a polypeptide chain. Phosphorylation in particular is highly abundant, dynamic and can occur on numerous residues to invoke specific functions, hence robust characterisation is crucial to understanding biological relevance. Showcasing our work in the context of other developments in the field, we highlight approaches for enrichment and site localisation of phosphorylated (canonical and non-canonical) and sulfated peptides, as well as modification analysis in the context of intact proteins (top down proteomics) to explore combinatorial roles. Finally, we discuss the application of native ion-mobility MS to explore the effect of these PTMs on protein structure and ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Daly
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Christopher J Clarke
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Allen Po
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Sally O Oswald
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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12
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Riccardi F, Dal Bo M, Macor P, Toffoli G. A comprehensive overview on antibody-drug conjugates: from the conceptualization to cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1274088. [PMID: 37790810 PMCID: PMC10544916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1274088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) represent an innovative class of potent anti-cancer compounds that are widely used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Unlike conventional chemotherapeutic drug-based therapies, that are mainly associated with modest specificity and therapeutic benefit, the three key components that form an ADC (a monoclonal antibody bound to a cytotoxic drug via a chemical linker moiety) achieve remarkable improvement in terms of targeted killing of cancer cells and, while sparing healthy tissues, a reduction in systemic side effects caused by off-tumor toxicity. Based on their beneficial mechanism of action, 15 ADCs have been approved to date by the market approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and/or other international governmental agencies for use in clinical oncology, and hundreds are undergoing evaluation in the preclinical and clinical phases. Here, our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the key features revolving around ADC therapeutic strategy including their structural and targeting properties, mechanism of action, the role of the tumor microenvironment and review the approved ADCs in clinical oncology, providing discussion regarding their toxicity profile, clinical manifestations and use in novel combination therapies. Finally, we briefly review ADCs in other pathological contexts and provide key information regarding ADC manufacturing and analytical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Riccardi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
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13
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Villafuerte-Vega RC, Li HW, Slaney TR, Chennamsetty N, Chen G, Tao L, Ruotolo BT. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry and Collision-Induced Unfolding of Designed Bispecific Antibody Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6962-6970. [PMID: 37067470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) represent a critically important class of emerging therapeutics capable of targeting two different antigens simultaneously. As such, bsAbs have been developed as effective treatment agents for diseases that remain challenging for conventional monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics to access. Despite these advantages, bsAbs are intricate molecules, requiring both the appropriate engineering and pairing of heavy and light chains derived from separate parent mAbs. Current analytical tools for tracking the bsAb construction process have demonstrated a limited ability to robustly probe the higher-order structure (HOS) of bsAbs. Native ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and collision-induced unfolding (CIU) have proven to be useful tools in probing the HOS of mAb therapeutics. In this report, we describe a series of detailed and quantitative IM-MS and CIU data sets that reveal HOS details associated with a knob-into-hole (KiH) bsAb model system and its corresponding parent mAbs. We find that quantitative analysis of CIU data indicates that global KiH bsAb stability occupies an intermediate space between the stabilities recorded for its parent mAbs. Furthermore, our CIU data identify the hole-containing half of the KiH bsAb construct to be the least stable, thus driving much of the overall stability of the KiH bsAb. An analysis of both intact bsAb and enzymatic fragments allows us to associate the first and second CIU transitions observed for the intact KiH bsAb to the unfolding Fab and Fc domains, respectively. This result is likely general for CIU data collected for low charge state mAb ions and is supported by data acquired for deglycosylated KiH bsAb and mAb constructs, each of which indicates greater destabilization of the second CIU transition observed in our data. When integrated, our CIU analysis allows us to link changes in the first CIU transition primarily to the Fab region of the hole-containing halfmer, while the second CIU transition is likely strongly connected to the Fc region of the knob-containing halfmer. Taken together, our results provide an unprecedented road map for evaluating the domain-level stabilities and HOS of both KiH bsAb and mAb constructs using CIU.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry W Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas R Slaney
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Naresh Chennamsetty
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Guodong Chen
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Li Tao
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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14
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Deslignière E, Ollivier S, Beck A, Ropartz D, Rogniaux H, Cianférani S. Benefits and Limitations of High-Resolution Cyclic IM-MS for Conformational Characterization of Native Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4162-4171. [PMID: 36780376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently represent the main class of therapeutic proteins. mAbs approved by regulatory agencies are selected from IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 subclasses, which possess different interchain disulfide connectivities. Ion mobility coupled to native mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has emerged as a valuable approach to tackle the challenging characterization of mAbs' higher order structures. However, due to the limited resolution of first-generation IM-MS instruments, subtle conformational differences on large proteins have long been hard to capture. Recent technological developments have aimed at increasing available IM resolving powers and acquisition mode capabilities, namely, through the release of high-resolution IM-MS (HR-IM-MS) instruments, like cyclic IM-MS (cIM-MS). Here, we outline the advantages and drawbacks of cIM-MS for better conformational characterization of intact mAbs (∼150 kDa) in native conditions compared to first-generation instruments. We first assessed the extent to which multipass cIM-MS experiments could improve the separation of mAbs' conformers. These initial results evidenced some limitations of HR-IM-MS for large native biomolecules which possess rich conformational landscapes that remain challenging to decipher even with higher IM resolving powers. Conversely, for collision-induced unfolding (CIU) approaches, higher resolution proved to be particularly useful (i) to reveal new unfolding states and (ii) to enhance the separation of coexisting activated states, thus allowing one to apprehend gas-phase CIU behaviors of mAbs directly at the intact level. Altogether, this study offers a first panoramic overview of the capabilities of cIM-MS for therapeutic mAbs, paving the way for more widespread HR-IM-MS/CIU characterization of mAb-derived formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Simon Ollivier
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France.,PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois 74160, France
| | - David Ropartz
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France.,PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France.,PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, Strasbourg 67087, France
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15
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Li C, DeVor A, Wang J, Valentine SJ, Li P. Rapid and flexible online desalting using Nafion-coated melamine sponge for mass spectrometry analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9341. [PMID: 35729084 PMCID: PMC9357145 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The performance of mass spectrometry (MS) analysis is often affected by the presence of salt ions. To achieve optimal MS detection results, desalting is necessary for samples with high salt concentrations. We report a rapid, low-cost and flexible online desalting method using Nafion-coated sponge. This method is easy to perform and can be implemented to a wide range of customized fluidic systems. METHODS Nafion-coated melamine sponge was fabricated by soaking a glass tube containing a melamine sponge in Nafion solution and then drying overnight. The online desalting workflow is comprised of three major parts: (1) Syringe pump, which provides a continuous flow for the online fluid system; (2) Nafion sponge in a glass tube, where the online desalting of sample solution happens; (3) Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization (cVSSI), which is an ionization technique to ionize the desalted analytes. RESULTS Effective online desalting of a 10 mM NaCl solution was demonstrated for a wide range of molecules including small molecules, peptides, DNAs, and proteins using a flow rate of 10 μL/min. By incorporating multiple pieces of the Nafion-coated sponge, effective desalting for ubiquitin and cytochrome c (Cyt-c) from physiological buffers, including phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and tris-buffered saline (TBS), were also achieved. For molecules that are sensitive to low pH conditions after desalting, a R-SO3 NH4 -type Nafion-coated sponge was fabricated. Desalting of ubiquitin, oligosaccharide, and DNA oligomers from 10 mM NaCl or 10 mM KCl solutions was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Flexible, low-cost, and efficient online desalting was achieved by the Nafion-coated sponge. A variety of molecules ranging from small molecules, peptides, proteins to oligosaccharides and DNAs can be desalted for MS analysis. The desalting by Nafion sponge has great potential for desalting applications that require customized fluidic design and rapid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Amanda DeVor
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
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16
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Källsten M, Visanu D, Pijnappel M, Lehmann F, Bergquist J, Lind SB, Kovac L. Potential Use of Supercharging Agents for Improved Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1161-1167. [PMID: 35704800 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The addition of supercharging (SC) reagents in electrospray ionization coupled mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has demonstrated several advantages for protein analysis such as reduced required mass range of the instrument, narrowed charge-state distribution, increased sensitivity, and adduct suppression. The potential use of SC reagents to improve analyses of larger and complex protein molecules such as monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has not been previously reported. In this study, the effect of seven SC reagents (meta-nitrobenzyl alcohol (m-NBA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ortho-nitroanisole (o-NA), propane sultone (PS), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and sulfolane) on ESI-MS acquired spectra of deglycosylated, intact, and reduced trastuzumab and a vcMMAE-trastuzumab ADC was investigated under denaturing conditions. The addition of any of the SC reagents resulted in a higher average charge state observed for all tested reagents for both trastuzumab and the ADC and a narrower charge-state envelope for o-NA and 1% sulfolane for trastuzumab. However, improved peak shapes or increased sensitivity was observed for several reagents, overall increasing the spectra quality. Finally, it was shown that SC reagents can be safely used for ADC analysis without impacting the obtained drug-to-antibody (DAR) values, as all DAR values were within 0.1 from the control sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Källsten
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, S75237 Uppsala, Sweden
- Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, S75450 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Visanu
- Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, S75450 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, S75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, S75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucia Kovac
- Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, S75450 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Deslignière E, Ollivier S, Ehkirch A, Martelet A, Ropartz D, Lechat N, Hernandez-Alba O, Menet JM, Clavier S, Rogniaux H, Genet B, Cianférani S. Combination of IM-Based Approaches to Unravel the Coexistence of Two Conformers on a Therapeutic Multispecific mAb. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7981-7989. [PMID: 35604400 PMCID: PMC9178554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Multispecific antibodies,
which target multiple antigens at once,
are emerging as promising therapeutic entities to offer more effective
treatment than conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However,
these highly complex mAb formats pose significant analytical challenges.
We report here on the characterization of a trispecific antibody (tsAb),
which presents two isomeric forms clearly separated and identified
with size exclusion chromatography coupled to native mass spectrometry
(SEC-nMS). Previous studies showed that these isomers might originate
from a proline cis/trans isomerization
in one Fab subunit of the tsAb. We combined several innovative ion
mobility (IM)-based approaches to confirm the isomeric nature of the
two species and to gain new insights into the conformational landscape
of both isomers. Preliminary SEC-nIM-MS measurements performed on
a low IM resolution instrument provided the first hints of the coexistence
of different conformers, while complementary collision-induced unfolding
(CIU) experiments evidenced distinct gas-phase unfolding behaviors
upon activation for the two isomers. As subtle conformational differences
remained poorly resolved on our early generation IM platform, we performed
high-resolution cyclic IM (cIM-MS) to unambiguously conclude on the
coexistence of two conformers. The cis/trans equilibrium was further tackled by exploiting the IMn slicing capabilities of the cIM-MS instrument. Altogether, our results
clearly illustrate the benefits of combining state-of-the-art nMS
and IM-MS approaches to address challenging issues encountered in
biopharma. As engineered antibody constructs become increasingly sophisticated,
CIU and cIM-MS methodologies undoubtedly have the potential to integrate
the drug development analytical toolbox to achieve in-depth conformational
characterization of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Simon Ollivier
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Armelle Martelet
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - David Ropartz
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Nelly Lechat
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Michel Menet
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Séverine Clavier
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Genet
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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18
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Liu T, Tao Y, Xia X, Zhang Y, Deng R, Wang Y. Analytical tools for antibody–drug conjugates: from in vitro to in vivo. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Vallejo DD, Rojas Ramírez C, Parson KF, Han Y, Gadkari VV, Ruotolo BT. Mass Spectrometry Methods for Measuring Protein Stability. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7690-7719. [PMID: 35316030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a central technology in the life sciences, providing our most comprehensive account of the molecular inventory of the cell. In parallel with developments in mass spectrometry technologies targeting such assessments of cellular composition, mass spectrometry tools have emerged as versatile probes of biomolecular stability. In this review, we cover recent advancements in this branch of mass spectrometry that target proteins, a centrally important class of macromolecules that accounts for most biochemical functions and drug targets. Our efforts cover tools such as hydrogen-deuterium exchange, chemical cross-linking, ion mobility, collision induced unfolding, and other techniques capable of stability assessments on a proteomic scale. In addition, we focus on a range of application areas where mass spectrometry-driven protein stability measurements have made notable impacts, including studies of membrane proteins, heat shock proteins, amyloidogenic proteins, and biotherapeutics. We conclude by briefly discussing the future of this vibrant and fast-moving area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Vallejo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carolina Rojas Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kristine F Parson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yilin Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Varun V Gadkari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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20
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Selective and predicable amine conjugation sites by kinetic characterization under excess reagents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21222. [PMID: 34707190 PMCID: PMC8551328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The site selectivity for lysine conjugation on a native protein is difficult to control and characterize. Here, we applied mass spectrometry to examine the conjugation kinetics of Trastuzumab-IgG (Her-IgG) and α-lactalbumin under excess linker concentration ([L]0) based on the modified Michaelis–Menten equation, in which the initial rate constant per amine (kNH2 = Vmax/NH2/KM) was determined by the maximum reaction rate (Vmax/NH2) under saturated accessible sites and initial amine–linker affinity (1/KM). Reductive amination (RA) displayed 3–4 times greater Vmax/NH2 and a different panel of conjugation sites than that observed for N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS) chemistry using the same length of polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers. Moreover, faster conversion power rendered RA site selectivity among accessible amine groups and a greater tunable range of linker/protein ratio for aldehyde-linkers compared to those of the same length of NHS-linkers. Single conjugation with high yield or poly-conjugations with site homogeneity was demonstrated by controlling [L]0 or gradual addition to minimize the [L]0/KM ratio. Formaldehyde, the shortest aldehyde-linker with the greatest 1/KM, exhibited the highest selectivity and was shown to be a suitable probe to predict conjugation profile of aldehyde-linkers. Four linkers on the few probe-predicted hot spots were elucidated by kinetically controlled RA with conserved drug efficacy when conjugated with the payload. This study provides insights into controlling factors for homogenous and predictable amine bioconjugation.
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21
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Nagornov KO, Gasilova N, Kozhinov AN, Virta P, Holm P, Menin L, Nesatyy VJ, Tsybin YO. Drug-to-Antibody Ratio Estimation via Proteoform Peak Integration in the Analysis of Antibody-Oligonucleotide Conjugates with Orbitrap Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12930-12937. [PMID: 34519496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in general, and antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs) in particular, depend on the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) distribution and average value. The DAR is considered a critical quality attribute, and information pertaining to it needs to be gathered during ADC/AOC development, production, and storage. However, because of the high structural complexity of ADC/AOC samples, particularly in the initial drug-development stages, the application of the current state-of-the-art mass spectrometric approaches can be limited for DAR analysis. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach for the analysis of complex ADC/AOC samples, following native size-exclusion chromatography Orbitrap Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS). The approach is based on the integration of the proteoform-level mass spectral peaks in order to provide an estimate of the DAR distribution and its average value with less than 10% error. The peak integration is performed via a truncation of the Orbitrap's unreduced time-domain ion signals (transients) before mass spectra generation via FT processing. Transient recording and processing are undertaken using an external data acquisition system, FTMS Booster X2, coupled to a Q Exactive HF Orbitrap FTMS instrument. This approach has been applied to the analysis of whole and subunit-level trastuzumab conjugates with oligonucleotides. The obtained results indicate that ADC/AOC sample purification or simplification procedures, for example, deglycosylation, could be omitted or minimized prior to the DAR analysis, streamlining the drug-development process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Gasilova
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Patrik Holm
- Protein and Antibody Engineering Unit, Orion Pharma, 20380 Turku, Finland
| | - Laure Menin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor J Nesatyy
- Protein and Antibody Engineering Unit, Orion Pharma, 20380 Turku, Finland
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22
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Abstract
![]()
Native mass spectrometry
(MS) involves the analysis and characterization
of macromolecules, predominantly intact proteins and protein complexes,
whereby as much as possible the native structural features of the
analytes are retained. As such, native MS enables the study of secondary,
tertiary, and even quaternary structure of proteins and other biomolecules.
Native MS represents a relatively recent addition to the analytical
toolbox of mass spectrometry and has over the past decade experienced
immense growth, especially in enhancing sensitivity and resolving
power but also in ease of use. With the advent of dedicated mass analyzers,
sample preparation and separation approaches, targeted fragmentation
techniques, and software solutions, the number of practitioners and
novel applications has risen in both academia and industry. This review
focuses on recent developments, particularly in high-resolution native
MS, describing applications in the structural analysis of protein
assemblies, proteoform profiling of—among others—biopharmaceuticals
and plasma proteins, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of
protein–ligand interactions, with the latter covering lipid,
drug, and carbohydrate molecules, to name a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Tamara
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Matsuda Y, Leung M, Tawfiq Z, Fujii T, Mendelsohn BA. In-situ Reverse Phased HPLC Analysis of Intact Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1171-1176. [PMID: 33518587 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The field of oncology has recently seen an exponential growth in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as a biopharmaceutical class with seven ADCs being launched onto the market in the last ten years. Despite the increase in the industrial research and development of these compounds, their structural complexity and heterogeneity continue to present various challenges regarding their analysis including reaction monitoring. Robust and simple reaction monitoring analysis are in demand in the view of at-line in-process monitoring, and can instill control, confidence and reliability in the ADC manufacturing process. Aiming at providing chromatographic methods for conjugation monitoring, we evaluated herein the potential of utilizing reverse phase HPLC analysis, without sample pretreatment, for characterization of traditional cysteine-based ADCs. This analysis can be used for estimation of drug antibody ratio (DAR), which has shown the same trends and results as other well-established HPLC techniques. This methodology was also applied to three ADCs derived from three different antibodies. Additionally, we analyzed unpurified ADC samples existing in a complex reaction matrix and separated ADC species and payload compounds. This investigation was conducted using three different ADCs based on different payloads. The results described herein indicate the potential application of this RP-HPLC methodology in reaction monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Monica Leung
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Zhala Tawfiq
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Tomohiro Fujii
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Brian A Mendelsohn
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States.
- Exelixis Inc, 1851 Harbor Bay Pkwy, Alameda, CA, 94502, United States.
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24
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Füssl F, Barry CS, Pugh KM, Chooi KP, Vijayakrishnan B, Kang GD, von Bulow C, Howard PW, Bones J. Simultaneous monitoring of multiple attributes of pyrrolobenzodiazepine antibody-drug conjugates by size exclusion chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114287. [PMID: 34385015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of oncology treatments combining the unique specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the highly cytotoxic properties of small molecule compounds. Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are highly potent agents capable of inhibiting cellular DNA replication which leads to apoptosis. To ensure efficacy and patient safety upon administration of such toxic and heterogeneous molecules, their structure and quality attributes must be closely monitored. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a powerful, fast and robust tool for the separation of compounds varying in molecular weight. When using volatile components in the chromatographic mobile phase, SEC has also been shown to be amenable for interfacing to mass spectrometry, providing potential for reliable identification of protein isoforms across the size variants present. Here, we present a SEC-MS method developed for the characterisation of PBD-based ADCs on the intact molecular level. We demonstrate that information on ADC monomers such as the glycoform distribution and the average drug-antibody ratio (DAR) can be obtained in 15 minutes of analysis time. Qualitative and quantitative information on low and high molecular weight impurities such as aggregates and fragments, fundamental for critical quality attribute analysis of biopharmaceuticals, can be generated simultaneously. SEC-MS enables the characterisation of multiple product quality attributes of complex biotherapeutics at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Conor S Barry
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn M Pugh
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - K Phin Chooi
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Balakumar Vijayakrishnan
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Gyoung-Dong Kang
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Christina von Bulow
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen, a Member of the AstraZeneca Group, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London, E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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25
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Larson EJ, Roberts DS, Melby JA, Buck KM, Zhu Y, Zhou S, Han L, Zhang Q, Ge Y. High-Throughput Multi-attribute Analysis of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Enabled by Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10013-10021. [PMID: 34258999 PMCID: PMC8319120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are one of the fastest growing classes of anticancer therapies. Combining the high targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with cytotoxic small molecule drugs, ADCs are complex molecular entities that are intrinsically heterogeneous. Primary sequence variants, varied drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) species, and conformational changes in the starting mAb structure upon drug conjugation must be monitored to ensure the safety and efficacy of ADCs. Herein, we have developed a high-throughput method for the analysis of cysteine-linked ADCs using trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) combined with top-down mass spectrometry (MS) on a Bruker timsTOF Pro. This method can analyze ADCs (∼150 kDa) by TIMS followed by a three-tiered top-down MS characterization strategy for multi-attribute analysis. First, the charge state distribution and DAR value of the ADC are monitored (MS1). Second, the intact mass of subunits dissociated from the ADC by low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) is determined (MS2). Third, the primary sequence for the dissociated subunits is characterized by CID fragmentation using elevated collisional energies (MS3). We further automate this workflow by directly injecting the ADC and using MS segmentation to obtain all three tiers of MS information in a single 3-min run. Overall, this work highlights a multi-attribute top-down MS characterization method that possesses unparalleled speed for high-throughput characterization of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David S Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jake A Melby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kevin M Buck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yanlong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Linjie Han
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Qunying Zhang
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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26
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Skeene K, Khatri K, Soloviev Z, Lapthorn C. Current status and future prospects for ion-mobility mass spectrometry in the biopharmaceutical industry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140697. [PMID: 34246790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detailed characterization of protein reagents and biopharmaceuticals is key in defining successful drug discovery campaigns, aimed at bringing molecules through different discovery stages up to development and commercialization. There are many challenges in this process, with complex and detailed analyses playing paramount roles in modern industry. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential tool for characterization of proteins ever since the onset of soft ionization techniques and has taken the lead in quality assessment of biopharmaceutical molecules, and protein reagents, used in the drug discovery pipeline. MS use spans from identification of correct sequences, to intact molecule analyses, protein complexes and more recently epitope and paratope identification. MS toolkits could be incredibly diverse and with ever evolving instrumentation, increasingly novel MS-based techniques are becoming indispensable tools in the biopharmaceutical industry. Here we discuss application of Ion Mobility MS (IMMS) in an industrial setting, and what the current applications and outlook are for making IMMS more mainstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Skeene
- Biopharm Process Research, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Kshitij Khatri
- Structure and Function Characterization, CMC-Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19406, USA.
| | - Zoja Soloviev
- Protein, Cellular and Structural Sciences, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Cris Lapthorn
- Structure and Function Characterization, CMC-Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
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27
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Deslignière E, Ehkirch A, Duivelshof BL, Toftevall H, Sjögren J, Guillarme D, D’Atri V, Beck A, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. State-of-the-Art Native Mass Spectrometry and Ion Mobility Methods to Monitor Homogeneous Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates Synthesis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060498. [PMID: 34073805 PMCID: PMC8225019 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biotherapeutics consisting of a tumor-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb) linked covalently to a cytotoxic drug. Early generation ADCs were predominantly obtained through non-selective conjugation methods based on lysine and cysteine residues, resulting in heterogeneous populations with varying drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR). Site-specific conjugation is one of the current challenges in ADC development, allowing for controlled conjugation and production of homogeneous ADCs. We report here the characterization of a site-specific DAR2 ADC generated with the GlyCLICK three-step process, which involves glycan-based enzymatic remodeling and click chemistry, using state-of-the-art native mass spectrometry (nMS) methods. The conjugation process was monitored with size exclusion chromatography coupled to nMS (SEC-nMS), which offered a straightforward identification and quantification of all reaction products, providing a direct snapshot of the ADC homogeneity. Benefits of SEC-nMS were further demonstrated for forced degradation studies, for which fragments generated upon thermal stress were clearly identified, with no deconjugation of the drug linker observed for the T-GlyGLICK-DM1 ADC. Lastly, innovative ion mobility-based collision-induced unfolding (CIU) approaches were used to assess the gas-phase behavior of compounds along the conjugation process, highlighting an increased resistance of the mAb against gas-phase unfolding upon drug conjugation. Altogether, these state-of-the-art nMS methods represent innovative approaches to investigate drug loading and distribution of last generation ADCs, their evolution during the bioconjugation process and their impact on gas-phase stabilities. We envision nMS and CIU methods to improve the conformational characterization of next generation-empowered mAb-derived products such as engineered nanobodies, bispecific ADCs or immunocytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (E.D.); (A.E.); (O.H.-A.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (E.D.); (A.E.); (O.H.-A.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bastiaan L. Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.L.D.); (D.G.); (V.D.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.L.D.); (D.G.); (V.D.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.L.D.); (D.G.); (V.D.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France;
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (E.D.); (A.E.); (O.H.-A.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (E.D.); (A.E.); (O.H.-A.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence:
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28
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Jooß K, McGee JP, Melani RD, Kelleher NL. Standard procedures for native CZE-MS of proteins and protein complexes up to 800 kDa. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1050-1059. [PMID: 33502026 PMCID: PMC8122066 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (nMS) is a rapidly growing method for the characterization of large proteins and protein complexes, preserving "native" non-covalent inter- and intramolecular interactions. Direct infusion of purified analytes into a mass spectrometer represents the standard approach for conducting nMS experiments. Alternatively, CZE can be performed under native conditions, providing high separation performance while consuming trace amounts of sample material. Here, we provide standard operating procedures for acquiring high-quality data using CZE in native mode coupled online to various Orbitrap mass spectrometers via a commercial sheathless interface, covering a wide range of analytes from 30-800 kDa. Using a standard protein mix, the influence of various CZE method parameters were evaluated, such as BGE/conductive liquid composition and separation voltage. Additionally, a universal approach for the optimization of fragmentation settings in the context of protein subunit and metalloenzyme characterization is discussed in detail for model analytes. A short section is dedicated to troubleshooting of the nCZE-MS setup. This study is aimed to help normalize nCZE-MS practices to enhance the CE community and provide a resource for the production of reproducible and high-quality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jooß
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - John P McGee
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Rafael D Melani
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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29
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Jooß K, Schachner LF, Watson R, Gillespie ZB, Howard SA, Cheek MA, Meiners MJ, Sobh A, Licht JD, Keogh MC, Kelleher NL. Separation and Characterization of Endogenous Nucleosomes by Native Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5151-5160. [PMID: 33749242 PMCID: PMC8040852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel platform [native capillary zone electrophoresis-top-down mass spectrometry (nCZE-TDMS)] for the separation and characterization of whole nucleosomes, their histone subunits, and post-translational modifications (PTMs). As the repeating unit of chromatin, mononucleosomes (Nucs) are an ∼200 kDa complex of DNA and histone proteins involved in the regulation of key cellular processes central to human health and disease. Unraveling the covalent modification landscape of histones and their defined stoichiometries within Nucs helps to explain epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. In nCZE-TDMS, online Nuc separation is followed by a three-tier tandem MS approach that measures the intact mass of Nucs, ejects and detects the constituent histones, and fragments to sequence the histone. The new platform was optimized with synthetic Nucs to significantly reduce both sample requirements and cost compared to direct infusion. Limits of detection were in the low-attomole range, with linearity of over ∼3 orders of magnitude. The nCZE-TDMS platform was applied to endogenous Nucs from two cell lines distinguished by overexpression or knockout of histone methyltransferase NSD2/MMSET, where analysis of constituent histones revealed changes in histone abundances over the course of the CZE separation. We are confident the nCZE-TDMS platform will help advance nucleosome-level research in the fields of chromatin and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jooß
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Luis F Schachner
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rachel Watson
- EpiCypher Incorporated, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Sarah A Howard
- EpiCypher Incorporated, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Marcus A Cheek
- EpiCypher Incorporated, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Amin Sobh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | | | - Neil L Kelleher
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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30
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Juen L, Baltus CB, Gély C, Feuillâtre O, Desgranges A, Viaud-Massuard MC, Martin C. Innovative Bioconjugation Technology for Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Proof of Concept in a CD30-Positive Lymphoma Mouse Model. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:595-606. [PMID: 33630573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To overcome stability and heterogeneity issues of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) produced with existing bioconjugation technologies incorporating a maleimide motif, we developed McSAF Inside, a new technology based on a trifunctionalized di(bromomethyl)pyridine scaffold. Our solution allows the conjugation of a linker-payload to previously reduced interchain cysteines of a native antibody, resulting in disulfide rebridging. This leads to highly stable and homogeneous ADCs with control over the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and the linker-payload position. Using our technology, we synthesized an ADC, MF-BTX-MMAE, built from anti-CD30 antibody cAC10 (brentuximab), and compared it to Adcetris, the first line treatment against CD30-positive lymphoma, in a CD30-positive lymphoma model. MF-BTX-MMAE displayed improved DAR homogeneity, with a solid batch-to-batch reproducibility, as well as enhanced stability in thermal stress conditions or in the presence of a free thiol-containing protein, such as human serum albumin (HSA). MF-BTX-MMAE showed antigen-binding, in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo efficacy, and tolerability similar to Adcetris. Therefore, in accordance with current regulatory expectations for the development of new ADCs, McSAF Inside technology gives access to relevant ADCs with improved characteristics and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ofelia Feuillâtre
- McSAF, 1 rue Claude Thion, Tours 37000 France.,University of Tours, GICC, Team IMT EA7501, 31 avenue, Monge, Tours 37200 France
| | | | - Marie-Claude Viaud-Massuard
- McSAF, 1 rue Claude Thion, Tours 37000 France.,University of Tours, GICC, Team IMT EA7501, 31 avenue, Monge, Tours 37200 France
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31
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Camperi J, Goyon A, Guillarme D, Zhang K, Stella C. Multi-dimensional LC-MS: the next generation characterization of antibody-based therapeutics by unified online bottom-up, middle-up and intact approaches. Analyst 2021; 146:747-769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of current analytical trends in antibody characterization by multidimensional LC-MS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- 1206 Geneva
- Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
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32
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Dean AQ, Luo S, Twomey JD, Zhang B. Targeting cancer with antibody-drug conjugates: Promises and challenges. MAbs 2021; 13:1951427. [PMID: 34291723 PMCID: PMC8300931 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1951427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly expanding class of biotherapeutics that utilize antibodies to selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to the tumor site. As of May 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved ten ADCs, namely Adcetris®, Kadcyla®, Besponsa®, Mylotarg®, Polivy®, Padcev®, Enhertu®, Trodelvy®, Blenrep®, and Zynlonta™ as monotherapy or combinational therapy for breast cancer, urothelial cancer, myeloma, acute leukemia, and lymphoma. In addition, over 80 investigational ADCs are currently being evaluated in approximately 150 active clinical trials. Despite the growing interest in ADCs, challenges remain to expand their therapeutic index (with greater efficacy and less toxicity). Recent advances in the manufacturing technology for the antibody, payload, and linker combined with new bioconjugation platforms and state-of-the-art analytical techniques are helping to shape the future development of ADCs. This review highlights the current status of marketed ADCs and those under clinical investigation with a focus on translational strategies to improve product quality, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q. Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Julianne D. Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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33
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Mehaffey MR, Xia Q, Brodbelt JS. Uniting Native Capillary Electrophoresis and Multistage Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry for Online Separation and Characterization of Escherichia coli Ribosomal Proteins and Protein Complexes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15202-15211. [PMID: 33156608 PMCID: PMC7788560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With an overarching goal of characterizing the structure of every protein within a cell, identifying its interacting partners, and quantifying the dynamics of the states in which it exists, key developments are still necessary to achieve comprehensive native proteomics by mass spectrometry (MS). In practice, much work remains to optimize reliable online separation methods that are compatible with native MS and improve tandem MS (MS/MS) approaches with respect to when and how energy is deposited into proteins of interest. Herein, we utilize native capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with MS to characterize the proteoforms in the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome. The capabilities of 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) to yield informative backbone sequence ions are compared to those of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD). To further improve sequence coverage values, a multistage MS/MS approach is implemented involving front-end collisional activation to disassemble protein complexes into constituent subunits that are subsequently individually isolated and activated by HCD or UVPD. In total, 48 of the 55 known E. coli ribosomal proteins are identified as 84 unique proteoforms, including 22 protein-metal complexes and 10 protein-protein complexes. Additionally, mapping metal-bound holo fragment ions resulting from UVPD of protein-metal complexes offers insight into the metal-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rachel Mehaffey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Qiangwei Xia
- CMP Scientific Corporation, Brooklyn, New York, New York 11226, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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34
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Källsten M, Hartmann R, Kovac L, Lehmann F, Lind SB, Bergquist J. Investigating the Impact of Sample Preparation on Mass Spectrometry-Based Drug-To-Antibody Ratio Determination for Cysteine- and Lysine-Linked Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9030046. [PMID: 32911603 PMCID: PMC7551423 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are heterogeneous biotherapeutics and differ vastly in their physicochemical properties depending on their design. The number of small drug molecules covalently attached to each antibody molecule is commonly referred to as the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). Established analytical protocols for mass spectrometry (MS)-investigation of antibodies and ADCs often require sample treatment such as desalting or interchain disulfide bond reduction prior to analysis. Herein, the impact of the desalting and reduction steps-as well as the sample concentration and elapsed time between synthesis and analysis of DAR-values (as acquired by reversed phase liquid chromatography MS (RPLC-MS))-was investigated. It was found that the apparent DAR-values could fluctuate by up to 0.6 DAR units due to changes in the sample preparation workflow. For methods involving disulfide reduction by means of dithiothreitol (DTT), an acidic quench is recommended in order to increase DAR reliability. Furthermore, the addition of a desalting step was shown to benefit the ionization efficiencies in RPLC-MS. Finally, in the case of delayed analyses, samples can be stored at four degrees Celsius for up to one week but are better stored at -20 °C for longer periods of time. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that commonly used sample preparation procedures and storage conditions themselves may impact MS-derived DAR-values, which should be taken into account when evaluating analytical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Källsten
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, S-75450 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.B.); Tel.: +46-(0)18-4713696 (M.K.); +46-(0)18-4713675 (J.B.)
| | - Rafael Hartmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Lucia Kovac
- Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, S-75450 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | | | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.B.); Tel.: +46-(0)18-4713696 (M.K.); +46-(0)18-4713675 (J.B.)
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TAWFIQ Z, MATSUDA Y, ALFONSO MJ, CLANCY C, ROBLES V, LEUNG M, MENDELSOHN BA. Analytical Comparison of Antibody-drug Conjugates Based on Good Manufacturing Practice Strategies. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:871-875. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Källsten M, Ghorasaini M, Hartmann R, Lehmann F, Bergquist J, Kovac L, Lind SB. Magnetic Beads for Desalting of Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9001-9007. [PMID: 32441508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) using mass spectrometry (MS) is important in drug discovery and formulation development and as part of the quality control processes. To facilitate electrospray ionization (ESI) and produce high-quality mass spectra, common components of storage solutions for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and ADCs, such as nonvolatile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), should be replaced before analysis. Centrifugal spin-type kits are extensively used for the desalting or buffer-exchange of mAbs and ADCs samples. The commercially available kits commonly require at least 100 μL of a sample at 1 mg/mL for optimal recovery. However, most ESI-MS based analyses require no more than 25 μg of protein for triplicate injection. In this study, we present a novel method for desalting of ADCs and mAbs building on the SP3 approach with nonfunctionalized carboxylate coated magnetic beads without affinity ligands. The analytes bind to the hydrophilic beads upon the addition of organic solvent, and various solutions of volatile salts or acids can be used in the elution step. The optimized protocol allowed for 88% recovery of ADC at a 25 μL sample volume and 90% recovery at 100 μL. More than 90% of the salts were removed using a process of 20 min. The intra- and interday precision showed little variation with an RSD of 1% and 2%, respectively. The compatibility of this new workflow with low sample volumes is highly valuable since a smaller fraction of the sample is wasted for analysis of the expensive analytes, without compromising recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Källsten
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, Husargatan 3, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.,Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, Virdings Allé 18, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohan Ghorasaini
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, Husargatan 3, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rafael Hartmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lehmann
- Oncopeptides AB, Västra Trädgårdsgatan 15, 111 53 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, Husargatan 3, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucia Kovac
- Recipharm OT Chemistry AB, Virdings Allé 18, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, Husargatan 3, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Watts E, Williams JD, Miesbauer LJ, Bruncko M, Brodbelt JS. Comprehensive Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry Characterization of an Antibody–Drug Conjugate by Combined Ion Activation Methods. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9790-9798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | | | | | - Milan Bruncko
- AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-1802, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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38
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Zhu X, Huo S, Xue C, An B, Qu J. Current LC-MS-based strategies for characterization and quantification of antibody-drug conjugates. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:209-220. [PMID: 32612867 PMCID: PMC7322744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The past few years have witnessed enormous progresses in the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Consequently, comprehensive analysis of ADCs in biological systems is critical in supporting discovery, development and evaluation of these agents. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has emerged as a promising and versatile tool for ADC analysis across a wide range of scenarios, owing to its multiplexing ability, rapid method development, as well as the capability of analyzing a variety of targets ranging from small-molecule payloads to the intact protein with a high, molecular resolution. However, despite this tremendous potential, challenges persist due to the high complexity in both the ADC molecules and the related biological systems. This review summarizes the up-to-date LC-MS-based strategies in ADC analysis and discusses the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly-evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Shihan Huo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Chao Xue
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Bo An
- Exploratory Biomarker, In-vitro/In-vivo Translation, R&D Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 South Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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Campuzano IDG, Nshanian M, Spahr C, Lantz C, Netirojjanakul C, Li H, Wongkongkathep P, Wolff JJ, Loo JA. High Mass Analysis with a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer: From Inorganic Salt Clusters to Antibody Conjugates and Beyond. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1155-1162. [PMID: 32196330 PMCID: PMC7261417 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of proteins and complexes under native mass spectrometric (MS) and solution conditions was typically performed using time-of-flight (ToF) analyzers, due to their routine high m/z transmission and detection capabilities. However, over recent years, the ability of Orbitrap-based mass spectrometers to transmit and detect a range of high molecular weight species is well documented. Herein, we describe how a 15 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (15 T FT-ICR MS) is more than capable of analyzing a wide range of ions in the high m/z scale (>5000), in both positive and negative instrument polarities, ranging from the inorganic cesium iodide salt clusters; a humanized IgG1k monoclonal antibody (mAb; 148.2 kDa); an IgG1-mertansine drug conjugate (148.5 kDa, drug-to-antibody ratio; DAR 2.26); an IgG1-siRNA conjugate (159.1 kDa; ribonucleic acid to antibody ratio; RAR 1); the membrane protein aquaporin-Z (97.2 kDa) liberated from a C8E4 detergent micelle; the empty MSP1D1-nanodisc (142.5 kDa) and the tetradecameric chaperone protein complex GroEL (806.2 kDa; GroEL dimer at 1.6 MDa). We also investigate different regions of the FT-ICR MS that impact ion transmission and desolvation. Finally, we demonstrate how the transmission of these species and resultant spectra are highly consistent with those previously generated on both quadrupole-ToF (Q-ToF) and Orbitrap instrumentation. This report serves as an impactful example of how FT-ICR mass analyzers are competitive to Q-ToFs and Orbitraps for high mass detection at high m/z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Nshanian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christopher Spahr
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Carter Lantz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Huilin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Piriya Wongkongkathep
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Wolff
- Bruker Daltonics Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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40
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Müller E, Sevilla M, Endres P. Evaluation of hydrophobic-interaction chromatography resins for purification of antibody-drug conjugates using a mimetic model with adjustable hydrophobicity. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2255-2263. [PMID: 32160397 PMCID: PMC7318155 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates are cytotoxic pharmaceuticals, designed to destroy malignant cells. A cytotoxic molecule is attached to an antibody that binds specific to a cancer‐cell surface. Given the high toxicity of the drugs, strict safety standards have to be kept. For this reason, an antibody drug conjugates model was developed with fluorescein 5‐isothiocyanate as the nontoxic payload surrogate. Due to the similar hydrophobicity, this model is used to establish a suitable purification process and characterization method for antibody drug conjugates. Because of the pH dependent solubility of fluorescein, the hydrophobicity of conjugates can be modulated by the pH value. Based on the complex heterogeneity and hydrophobicity of the conjugates a chromatographic purification is challenging. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography is used for analytical as well as for preparative separation. Because of the increased hydrophobicity of the conjugates compared to native antibody, hydrophobic interaction chromatography often suffer from resolution and recovery problems. Conjugates were separated differing on the number of payloads attached to the antibody. For this matter, the drug–antibody ratio is determined and used as a quantitative term. The conjugates are purified at high recoveries and resolution by step gradients using suitable resins, allowing the separation of the target drug–antibody ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egbert Müller
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, Griesheim, 64347, Germany
| | - Manuela Sevilla
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, Griesheim, 64347, Germany
| | - Patrick Endres
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, Griesheim, 64347, Germany
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41
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Nagy G, Attah IK, Conant CR, Liu W, Garimella SVB, Gunawardena HP, Shaw JB, Smith RD, Ibrahim YM. Rapid and Simultaneous Characterization of Drug Conjugation in Heavy and Light Chains of a Monoclonal Antibody Revealed by High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations in SLIM. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5004-5012. [PMID: 32142606 PMCID: PMC8754684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have recently gained traction in the biomedical community due to their promise for human therapeutics and an alternative to chemotherapy for cancer. Crucial metrics for ADC efficacy, safety, and selectivity are their drug-antibody ratios (DARs). However, DAR characterization (i.e., determining the average number of conjugated drugs on the antibody) through analytical methods remains challenging due to the heterogeneity of drug conjugation as well as the numerous post-translational modifications possible in the monoclonal antibody. Herein, we report on the use of high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry separations in structures for lossless ion manipulations coupled to mass spectrometry (SLIM IMS-MS) for the rapid and simultaneous characterization of the drug load profile (i.e., stoichiometric distribution of the number of conjugated drugs present on the mAb), determination of the weighted average DAR in both the heavy and light chains of a model antibody-drug conjugate, and calculation of the overall DAR of the ADC. After chemical reduction of the ADC and a subsequent 31.5 m SLIM IMS separation, the various drug-bound antibody species could be well resolved for both chains. We also show significantly higher resolution separations were possible for these large ions with SLIM IMS as compared to ones performed on a commercially available (1 m) drift tube IMS-MS platform. We expect high-resolution SLIM IMS separations will augment the existing toolbox for ADC characterization, particularly to enable the rapid optimization of DAR for a given ADC and thus better understand its potential toxicity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Nagy
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Isaac K Attah
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Christopher R Conant
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Weijing Liu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sandilya V B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Jared B Shaw
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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42
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Xia D, Liu B, Xu X, Ding Y, Zheng Q. Drug target discovery by magnetic nanoparticles coupled mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2020; 11:122-127. [PMID: 33717618 PMCID: PMC7930636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug target discovery is the basis of drug screening. It elucidates the cause of disease and the mechanism of drug action, which is the essential of drug innovation. Target discovery performed in biological systems is complicated as proteins are in low abundance and endogenous compounds may interfere with drug binding. Therefore, methods to track drug-target interactions in biological matrices are urgently required. In this work, a Fe3O4 nanoparticle-based approach was developed for drug-target screening in biofluids. A known ligand-protein complex was selected as a principle-to-proof example to validate the feasibility. After incubation in cell lysates, ligand-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles bound to the target protein and formed complexes that were separated from the lysates by a magnet for further analysis. The large surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles provides more active sites for the modification of chemical drugs. It enhances the opportunity for ligand-protein interactions, which is beneficial for capturing target proteins, especially for those with low abundance. Additionally, a one-step magnetic separation simplifies the pre-processing of ligand-protein complexes, so it effectively reduces the endogenous interference. Therefore, the present nanoparticle-based approach has the potential to be used for drug target screening in biological systems. Fe3O4 NPs were made hydrophilic to adequately disperse in the cell lysate and fully contact with target proteins. The magnetic property of the NPs allowed one-step isolation while maintaining ligand-protein non-covalent bindings. It enabled the capture of low abundant targets in biological matrices while eliminated the endogenous interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Baoling Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ya Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiuling Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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43
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Saadé J, Gahoual R, Beck A, Leize-Wagner E, François YN. Characterization of the Primary Structure of Cysteine-Linked Antibody-Drug Conjugates Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2078:263-272. [PMID: 31643063 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) enables the characterization of the primary structure of ADCs. An analytical method based on a derived bottom-up proteomic workflow is designed to provide detailed information about the amino acid sequence, the glycosylation profiling, and the location on the peptide backbone of the conjugated drugs. Here we describe the experimental protocol applied on the characterization of cysteine-linked brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Saadé
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Laboratoire Vecteurs Pour l'Imagerie Moléculaire et le Ciblage Thérapeutique (VICT), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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44
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry performed in nondenaturing conditions (native MS) has proven its utility for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), especially when ADCs' subunits involve noncovalent interactions (i.e., cysteine-conjugated ADCs). Its hyphenation to ion mobility spectrometry (IM-MS) allows differentiation of gas-phase ions based on their rotationally averaged collision cross section providing an additional dimension of conformational characterization of ADCs. More recently, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) appeared as an interesting technique to perform online buffer exchange in an automated way prior to native MS/IM-MS analysis. Online SEC-native MS/IM-MS allows the global structural characterization of ADCs and the assessment of some critical quality attributes (CQAs) required for ADC release on the market, such as drug load distribution (DLD), drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR), the average DAR (DARav), and the relative amount of unconjugated mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
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Li K, Zhang Z, Lin ZJ, Shi H, Ma Y. Accurate determination of drug-to-antibody ratio of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates by LC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:833-840. [PMID: 31872274 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate determination of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is challenging. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of the ADCs at the intact or subunit level provides a feasible way to measure the DAR. However, the measured DAR is usually lower than the true DAR because of the variation in ionization efficiency between different DAR species. In this work, we developed a novel standard-free HRMS method involving isotope-labeled payload conjugation, protease digestion, and liquid chromatography-HRMS (LC-HRMS) analysis for accurate determination of the DAR of the interchain cysteine-linked ADCs with cleavable or non-cleavable linkers. Isotope-labeled payload conjugations eliminated the structural and chemical differences between different DAR species and ensured that the drugs or payload-containing peptides could be separated from each other in the mass spectrometer. A papain digestion strategy for ADCs with cleavable linkers showed a DAR of 3.79, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.48 (n = 3). Similarly, the trypsin and chymotrypsin digestion strategy that is applicable to ADCs with non-cleavable linkers showed a DAR of 3.77 and an RSD of 0.86 (n = 3). The DAR determined by this method was consistent with the DAR of the ADCs that was measured by the UV/Vis method. This method will be very useful to researchers working in the field of ADC discovery and development. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Department of Bioanalysis, Frontage Laboratories, Inc., Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Zhongping John Lin
- Department of Bioanalysis, Frontage Laboratories, Inc., Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Yinfa Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, California State University, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA.
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46
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High-Resolution Characterization of ADCs by Orbitrap LCMS. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2019; 2078:213-219. [PMID: 31643059 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have complex molecular structures as they are composed of both small and large molecules, and they often undergo biotransformation over time in circulation. Here we describe a high-resolution Orbitrap MS approach for the characterization of ADC biotransformation and stability. Compared with conventional approach by Q-TOF MS, the method described here significantly improved the mass resolution and enabled more comprehensive characterization of ADC catabolites. It is particularly beneficial for characterizing ADC biotransformations with small mass changes.
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47
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Chen G, Fan M, Liu Y, Sun B, Liu M, Wu J, Li N, Guo M. Advances in MS Based Strategies for Probing Ligand-Target Interactions: Focus on Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometric Techniques. Front Chem 2019; 7:703. [PMID: 31709232 PMCID: PMC6819514 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-covalent interactions between small drug molecules and disease-related proteins (ligand-target interactions) mediate various pharmacological processes in the treatment of different diseases. The development of the analytical methods to assess those interactions, including binding sites, binding energies, stoichiometry and association-dissociation constants, could assist in clarifying the mechanisms of action, precise treatment of targeted diseases as well as the targeted drug discovery. For the last decades, mass spectrometry (MS) has been recognized as a powerful tool to study the non-covalent interactions of the ligand-target complexes with the characteristics of high sensitivity, high-resolution, and high-throughput. Soft ionization mass spectrometry, especially the electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), could achieve the complete transformation of the target analytes into the gas phase, and subsequent detection of the small drug molecules and disease-related protein complexes, and has exerted great advantages for studying the drug ligands-protein targets interactions, even in case of identifying active components as drug ligands from crude extracts of medicinal plants. Despite of other analytical techniques for this purpose, such as the NMR and X-ray crystallography, this review highlights the principles, research hotspots and recent applications of the soft ionization mass spectrometry and its hyphenated techniques, including hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry (CX-MS), and ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry (IMS-MS), in the study of the non-covalent interactions between small drug molecules and disease-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Minxia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meixian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Jianlin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Mingquan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Goyon A, Kim M, Dai L, Cornell C, Jacobson F, Guillarme D, Stella C. Streamlined Characterization of an Antibody–Drug Conjugate by Two-Dimensional and Four-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14896-14903. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Goyon
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kim
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lu Dai
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christopher Cornell
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fred Jacobson
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Matsuda Y, Robles V, Malinao MC, Song J, Mendelsohn BA. Comparison of Analytical Methods for Antibody–Drug Conjugates Produced by Chemical Site-Specific Conjugation: First-Generation AJICAP. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12724-12732. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Veronica Robles
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - James Song
- Phenomenex, Inc., 411 Madrid Avenue, Torrance, California 90501, United States
| | - Brian A. Mendelsohn
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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50
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Relating glycoprotein structural heterogeneity to function - insights from native mass spectrometry. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 58:241-248. [PMID: 31326232 PMCID: PMC7104348 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most complex and prevalent protein modification that influences attributes ranging from cellular localization and signaling to half-life and proteolysis. Glycoconjugates are fundamental for cellular function and alterations in their structure are often observed in pathological states. Most biotherapeutic proteins are glycosylated, which influences drug safety and efficacy. Therefore, the ability to characterize glycoproteins is important in all areas of biomolecular and medicinal research. Here we discuss recent advances in native mass spectrometry that have significantly improved our ability to characterize heterogeneous glycoproteins and to relate glycan structure to protein function.
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