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Do T, Suen H, Mehboudi A, Bauder T, Rudolf C, Kwon P, Yeom J. Additively manufactured, long, serpentine submillimeter channels by combining binder jet printing and liquid-phase sintering. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16825. [PMID: 39039096 PMCID: PMC11263481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metallic microfluidic devices made from powder-bed additive manufacturing systems have received increasing attention, but their feasible channel geometry and complexity are often limited by lack of an effective approach to removing trapped powder particles within the channels or conduits of the sintered parts. Here, we present an innovative approach to fabricating long serpentine, high-aspect-ratio submillimeter channels made of stainless steel 316L (SS) by binder jet printing (BJP) and liquid-phase sintering. We leverage the unique nature of the BJP process, that is printing and consolidation steps are decoupled, enabling us to join two or more parts during the sintering step. Instead of constructing the channel device as a single part, we print multiple parts for easy powder removal and later join them to form enclosed channels. The key innovation lies in adding sintering additives like boron nitrides (BN) to the SS stock powder-at the SS/BN interfaces, liquid phase is locally generated at temperature much lower than the SS melting temperature, facilitating the bonding of the multiple parts as well as the consolidation of parts for near-full density. We systematically vary the sintering temperature to show how it affects the joining quality and the channel shape distortion. The joining quality such as the fracture strengths of the joined samples is measured by a pull test while the shape distortion is characterized by various imaging techniques. The feasibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated by fabricating a 400-mm-long, fully enclosed serpentine channel with a rectangular cross-section of 0.5 mm in width and 1.8 mm in height. The pressure drop across this 3D-printed SS serpentine channels is measured for air flow and compared to a standard gas flow model, showing that the device is free of leakage or clogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Do
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hawke Suen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Aryan Mehboudi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tyler Bauder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christopher Rudolf
- Code 6354, Materials Science and Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Patrick Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Junghoon Yeom
- Code 6354, Materials Science and Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA.
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Chen B, Zhu Y, Ma S, Zhao B, Feng F. A semi-packed gas chromatographic column with staggered elliptic cylindrical post arrays. Analyst 2024; 149:1579-1585. [PMID: 38288594 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A semi-packed gas chromatographic column has the advantages of high specific surface area and low column pressure. We report that the stagnation regions formed in the adjacent posts along the channel of the semi-packed columns can decrease the area and height of chromatographic peaks, which makes it difficult to detect low-concentration mixed gases. A semi-packed column with staggered elliptic cylindrical post arrays (SC-S) made using a micro-electro-mechanical system technique is presented, and the separation performance of SC-S is compared with that of a semi-packed column with aligned elliptic cylindrical post arrays (SC-A). The simulation results show that the width of stagnation regions in SC-S is 86.89% smaller than that in SC-A. The experimental results indicate that the area and height of chromatographic peaks increased as stagnation regions reduced. In the separation of the alkane mixture from C8 through C10 with 10 ppm concentration, the chromatographic peak of decane was hardly identified in SC-A while the chromatographic peak in SC-S was still clearly visible. The chromatographic peak heights of octane and nonane were increased by 65.06% and 130.00%, respectively, in SC-S. The peak areas of octane and nonane were increased by 120.45% and 168.18%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuchen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaojie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhu Y, Xu J, Zhang D, Zhang A, Chen B, Zhao B, Qian X, Cheng Y, Feng F. An all-glass based micro gas chromatographic column for light hydrocarbon separation with HKUST-1 as stationary phase. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342057. [PMID: 38182335 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gas chromatography column is one of the key components of the gas chromatograph and typically be miniaturized using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology. Due to the limited area of the Si wafer, the column length of micro gas chromatographic column (μGCC) is usually much smaller than that of commercial chromatographic columns. Therefore, it is always difficult to use μGCCs to separate small molecule gas components such as light hydrocarbons. More importantly, the heterogeneous microchannel surface formed by silicon glass bonding causes uneven stationary phase coating, further preventing the improvement of separation performance. RESULTS In this paper, a novel all-glass based μGCC with 2 m length for the separation of light hydrocarbons is proposed. The microchannels of the μGCC were directly prepared in the glass substrate by ultrafast laser assisted chemical etching (ULAE). The all-glass microchannels make the coating of the hydrophilic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) stationary phase continuously because of the homogeneous material composition. Therefore, a widely used copper based hydrophilic MOFs HKUST-1 was used as stationary phase for coating and testing. The test results show that the μGCC which is an open tubular column can realize the baseline separation of light hydrocarbons at 100 °C. And the resolution of difficult separated compounds, methane and ethane, can reach 12.98, which is 201.86 % higher than the silica-based monolithic capillary column in the relevant research. The resolution of ethane and ethylene reaches 6.81 at 120 °C. SIGNIFICANCE The μGCC fabricated by ULAE method is composed of all-glass and has the uniform stationary phase coating because of the homogeneous microchannel surface which greatly improve the separation performance, resulting in a large resolution for methane and ethane. The all-glass μGCC has broad application prospects in light hydrocarbon separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Xu
- XXL-The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Aodong Zhang
- XXL-The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Boxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xuhong Qian
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ya Cheng
- XXL-The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Fei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Wu X, Wang D, Shi L, Wang H, Wang J, Sun J, Li C, Tian X. A compact gas chromatography platform for detection of multicomponent volatile organic compounds biomarkers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:065003. [PMID: 35778009 DOI: 10.1063/5.0086618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Some human exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be employed to diagnose related human endogenous diseases as characteristic biomarkers, which is expected to be applied to rapid screening and grading because of their non-invasive and cost-effective advantages. In this study, we developed a compact gas chromatography (GC) platform mainly composed of an integrated silicon-based micro-column chip using micro-electromechanical system techniques and a miniaturized metal oxide semiconductor gas detector. In addition, the sampling/switching valve with related components and embedded microcontrollers was used for airflow control. The fabricated system selectively detected the five VOCs (pentane, acetone, toluene, octane, and decane) considered the typical endogenous disease biomarkers. In the experiments, the functional parameters of the system were investigated, and the optimum temperature conditions of the system for separation were determined. The results show that the system can successfully test the studied five VOCs as low as 1 ppm. In addition, the influence of interfering gas (carbon dioxide and ammonia) on the system for the VOC mixture is also investigated. Moreover, to prove the possibility of breath analysis of the fabricated system, the detection performance of isoprene and acetone at the ppb level is studied. Then, the concentration changes of the isoprene at the ppb concentration for human breath are successfully detected in the system. Therefore, we believe that the prepared compact GC system has potential applications in the human endogenous disease diagnosis for the VOC biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dazuo Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lujia Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiuhong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianhai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Changqing Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
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Yan X, Qu H, Chang Y, Duan X. Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks in Gas Pre-concentration, Pre-separation and Detection. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gholizadeh A, Chowdhury M, Agah M. Ionic liquid stationary phase coating optimization for semi-packed microfabricated columns. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1647:462144. [PMID: 33957352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work highlights the effect of the stationary phase coating process on the separation efficiency of gas chromatography microcolumns. The stationary phase coating quality was characterized by three different bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) anion based ionic liquids. The ionic liquids containing NTf2 anion are used for gas chromatography due to their high temperature stability. In this work, the chemical and physical approaches of column deactivation as well as the temperature treatment were evaluated by separating a mixture of 20 organic components and saturated alkanes. The results show that higher oven temperature treatment provides higher efficiency while losing a bit of peak symmetry. The thermal treated 1-butylpyridinum bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [BPY][NTf2] stationary phase at 240°C demonstrated as high as 8300 plates per meter for naphthalene. This was a 5-fold increase in separation efficiency in comparison to those of the columns treated at 200°C. Albeit being within acceptable ranges, the peak tailing degraded from 1.17 to 1.46 for naphthalene when the processing temperature for coating increased. Both chemical and physical deactivation process increased separation efficiencies and peak resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Gholizadeh
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Mustahsin Chowdhury
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
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Gholizadeh A, Chowdhury M, Agah M. Parallel Ionic Liquid Semi-Packed Microfabricated Columns for Complex Gas Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10635-10642. [PMID: 32640785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a parallel micro gas chromatography approach using three ionic liquid semipacked columns. Switching from single column to multiple parallel columns with different selectivity enhances the power of compound identification without increasing the analysis time. The columns are fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology containing an array of microfabricated pillars. The columns are 1 m-long and 240 μm-deep with four pillars per row. All columns were functionalized with ionic liquid stationary phases using a modified static coating technique and demonstrated the number of theoretical plates between 5000 and 8300 per meter. The chip performance was investigated with four different samples: (1) a mixture of C7-C30 saturated alkanes, (2) a multianalyte mixture consisting of 20 compounds ranging from 80 to 238 °C in boiling point, (3) a mixture of five organic chemicals with varying degrees of polarity, and (4) 46-compounds mixture containing all the chemicals in the first three samples. The individual columns separated 75%-100% of the first three samples but failed to distinguish all 46 compounds due to coeluting analytes; however, the parallel configuration provided more retention time information by which all the compounds in all samples were fully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Gholizadeh
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mustahsin Chowdhury
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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A Binder Jet Printed, Stainless Steel Preconcentrator as an In-Line Injector of Volatile Organic Compounds. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19122748. [PMID: 31248098 PMCID: PMC6630219 DOI: 10.3390/s19122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A conventional approach to making miniature or microscale gas chromatography (GC) components relies on silicon as a base material and MEMS fabrication as manufacturing processes. However, these devices often fail in medium-to-high temperature applications due to a lack of robust fluidic interconnects and a high-yield bonding process. This paper explores the feasibility of using metal additive manufacturing (AM), which is also known as metal 3D printing, as an alternative platform to produce small-scale microfluidic devices that can operate at a temperature higher than that which polymers can withstand. Binder jet printing (BJP), one of the metal AM processes, was utilized to make stainless steel (SS) preconcentrators (PCs) with submillimeter internal features. PCs can increase the concentration of gaseous analytes or serve as an inline injector for GC or gas sensor applications. Normally, parts printed by BJP are highly porous and thus often infiltrated with low melting point metal. By adding to SS316 powder sintering additives such as boron nitride (BN), which reduces the liquidus line temperature, we produce near full-density SS PCs at sintering temperatures much lower than the SS melting temperature, and importantly without any measurable shape distortion. Conversely, the SS PC without BN remains porous after the sintering process and unsuitable for fluidic applications. Since the SS parts, unlike Si, are compatible with machining, they can be modified to work with commercial compression fitting. The PC structures as well as the connection with the fitting are leak-free with relatively high operating pressures. A flexible membrane heater along with a resistance-temperature detector is integrated with the SS PCs for thermal desorption. The proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates that the SS PC can preconcentrate and inject 0.6% headspace toluene to enhance the detector's response.
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Whiting JJ, Myers E, Manginell RP, Moorman MW, Anderson J, Fix CS, Washburn C, Staton A, Porter D, Graf D, Wheeler DR, Howell S, Richards J, Monteith H, Achyuthan KE, Roukes M, Simonson RJ. A high-speed, high-performance, microfabricated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1633-1643. [PMID: 30919866 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A small, consumable-free, low-power, ultra-high-speed comprehensive GC×GC system consisting of microfabricated columns, nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) cantilever resonators for detection, and a valve-based stop-flow modulator is demonstrated. The separation of a highly polar 29-component mixture covering a boiling point range of 46 to 253 °C on a pair of microfabricated columns using a Staiger valve manifold in less than 7 seconds, and just over 4 seconds after the ensemble holdup time is demonstrated with a downstream FID. The analysis time of the second dimension was 160 ms, and peak widths in the second dimension range from 10-60 ms. A peak capacity of just over 300 was calculated for a separation of just over 6 s. Data from a continuous operation testing over 40 days and 20 000 runs of the GC×GC columns with the NEMS resonators using a 4-component test set is presented. The GC×GC-NEMS resonator system generated second-dimension peak widths as narrow as 8 ms with no discernable peak distortion due to under-sampling from the detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Whiting
- Nano and Micro Sensors, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
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10
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Ghosh A, Foster AR, Johnson JC, Vilorio CR, Tolley LT, Iverson BD, Hawkins AR, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Stainless-Steel Column for Robust, High-Temperature Microchip Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 91:792-796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Austin R. Foster
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jacob C. Johnson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Carlos R. Vilorio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Luke T. Tolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Brian D. Iverson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Aaron R. Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - H. Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Milton L. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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11
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Regmi BP, Agah M. Micro Gas Chromatography: An Overview of Critical Components and Their Integration. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13133-13150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Regmi
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Ghosh A, Vilorio CR, Hawkins AR, Lee ML. Microchip gas chromatography columns, interfacing and performance. Talanta 2018; 188:463-492. [PMID: 30029402 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Almost four decades of investigations have opened up many avenues to explore the production and utilization of planar (i.e., microchip) gas chromatographic columns. However, there remain many practical constraints that limit their widespread commercialization and use. The main challenges arise from non-ideal column geometries, dead volume issues and inadequate interfacing technologies, which all affect both column performance and range of applications. This review reflects back over the years on the extensive developments in the field, with the goal to stimulate future creative approaches and increased efforts to accelerate microchip gas chromatography development toward reaching its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Carlos R Vilorio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Gupta V, Beirne S, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Investigating the Effect of Column Geometry on Separation Efficiency using 3D Printed Liquid Chromatographic Columns Containing Polymer Monolithic Phases. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1186-1194. [PMID: 29231703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effect of column geometry on the liquid chromatographic separations using 3D printed liquid chromatographic columns with in-column polymerized monoliths has been studied. Three different liquid chromatographic columns were designed and 3D printed in titanium as 2D serpentine, 3D spiral, and 3D serpentine columns, of equal length and i.d. Successful in-column thermal polymerization of mechanically stable poly(BuMA-co-EDMA) monoliths was achieved within each design without any significant structural differences between phases. Van Deemter plots indicated higher efficiencies for the 3D serpentine chromatographic columns with higher aspect ratio turns at higher linear velocities and smaller analysis times as compared to their counterpart columns with lower aspect ratio turns. Computational fluid dynamic simulations of a basic monolithic structure indicated 44%, 90%, 100%, and 118% higher flow through narrow channels in the curved monolithic configuration as compared to the straight monolithic configuration at linear velocities of 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mm s-1, respectively. Isocratic RPLC separations with the 3D serpentine column resulted in an average 23% and 245% (8 solutes) increase in the number of theoretical plates as compared to the 3D spiral and 2D serpentine columns, respectively. Gradient RPLC separations with the 3D serpentine column resulted in an average 15% and 82% (8 solutes) increase in the peak capacity as compared to the 3D spiral and 2D serpentine columns, respectively. Use of the 3D serpentine column at a higher flow rate, as compared to the 3D spiral column, provided a 58% reduction in the analysis time and 74% increase in the peak capacity for the isocratic separations of the small molecules and the gradient separations of proteins, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Beirne
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Yuan H, Du X, Tai H, Xu M. Temperature-programmed multicapillary gas chromatograph microcolumn for the analysis of odorous sulfur pollutants. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:893-898. [PMID: 29178245 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the fabrication and performance of a silicon-on-glass micro gas chromatography eight-capillary column based on microelectromechanical systems technology that is 50 cm long, 30 μm wide, and 300 μm deep. According to the theory of a gas chromatography column, an even gas flow among different capillaries play a vital role in the peak broadening. Thus, a flow splitter structure is designed by the finite element method through the comparison of the velocity distributions of the eight-capillary columns with and without splitter as well as an open tubular column. The simulation results reveal that eight-capillary column with flow splitters can receive more uniform flow velocity in different capillaries, hence decreases the peak broadening and in turn increases the separation efficiency. The separation experiment results show that the separation efficiency of about 22 000 plates/m is achieved with the chip column temperature programmed for analysis of odorous sulfur pollutants. This figure is nearly two times higher than that of the commercial capillary column coated the similar stationary phase. And the separation time of all the components in the microcolumn is less than 3.8 min, which is faster than the commercial capillary column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Information Materials of Sichuan Province, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaosong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiling Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Information Materials of Sichuan Province, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
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Ionic liquid functionalization of semi-packed columns for high-performance gas chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1510:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lussac E, Barattin R, Cardinael P, Agasse V. Review on Micro-Gas Analyzer Systems: Feasibility, Separations and Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:455-68. [PMID: 26908000 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1150153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over 30 years, portable systems for fast and reliable gas analysis are at the core of both academic and industrial research. Miniaturized systems can be helpful in several domains. The way to make it possible is to miniaturize the whole gas chromatograph. Micro-system conception by etching silicon channel is well known. The main objective is to obtain similar or superior efficiencies to those obtained from laboratory chromatographs. However, stationary phase coatings on silicon surface and micro-detector conception with a low limit of detection remain a challenge. Developments are still in progress to offer a large range of stationary phases and detectors to meet the needs of analytical scientists. This review covers the recent development of micro-gas analyzers. It focuses on injectors, stationary phases, column designs and detectors reported in the literature during the last three decades. A list of commercially available micro-systems and their performances will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lussac
- a Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, Univ Rouen, MONT-SAINT-AIGNAN Cedex , France
| | - Regis Barattin
- b APIX Analytics, Miniparc Polytec , Immeuble Tramontane , Grenoble Cedex , France
| | - Pascal Cardinael
- a Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, Univ Rouen, MONT-SAINT-AIGNAN Cedex , France
| | - Valerie Agasse
- a Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, Univ Rouen, MONT-SAINT-AIGNAN Cedex , France
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17
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Platonov IA, Platonov VI, Goryunov MG. A gas chromatograph based on planar systems. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Haghighi F, Talebpour Z, Sanati-Nezhad A. Through the years with on-a-chip gas chromatography: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2559-2575. [PMID: 25994317 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the need for measurement and detection of samples in situ or with very small volume and low concentration (low and sub-parts per billion) is a cause for miniaturizing systems via microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology. Gas chromatography (GC) is a common technique that is widely used for separating and measuring semi-volatile and volatile compounds. Conventional GCs are bulky and cannot be used for in situ analysis, hence in the past decades many studies have been reported with the aim of designing and developing chip-based GC. The focus of this review is to follow and investigate the development and the achievements in the field of chip-based GC and its components from the beginning up to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Haghighi
- Chromatographic and Separation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Rankin JM, Suslick KS. The development of a disposable gas chromatography microcolumn. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8920-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09915j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first molded-polymer gas chromatography (GC) microcolumn (made of a phase-separated, microtextured thermoset polymer) is described and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth S. Suslick
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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20
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Wang A, Hynynen S, Hawkins AR, Tolley SE, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Axial thermal gradients in microchip gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:216-223. [PMID: 25476685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication technologies for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) allow miniaturization of conventional benchtop gas chromatography (GC) to portable, palm-sized microfabricated GC (μGC) devices, which are suitable for on-site chemical analysis and remote sensing. The separation performance of μGC systems, however, has not been on par with conventional GC. Column efficiency, peak symmetry and resolution are often compromised by column defects and non-ideal injections. The relatively low performance of μGC devices has impeded their further commercialization and broader application. In this work, the separation performance of μGC columns was improved by incorporating thermal gradient gas chromatography (TGGC). The analysis time was ∼20% shorter for TGGC separations compared to conventional temperature-programmed GC (TPGC) when a wide sample band was introduced into the column. Up to 50% reduction in peak tailing was observed for polar analytes, which improved their resolution. The signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of late-eluting peaks were increased by 3-4 fold. The unique focusing effect of TGGC overcomes many of the previous shortcomings inherent in μGC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Sampo Hynynen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Samuel E Tolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - H Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States.
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21
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Wang D, Shakeel H, Lovette J, Rice GW, Heflin JR, Agah M. Highly Stable Surface Functionalization of Microgas Chromatography Columns Using Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly of Silica Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8135-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401080u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hamza Shakeel
- VT MEMS Lab Bradley Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John Lovette
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Gary W. Rice
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - James R. Heflin
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab Bradley Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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23
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Azzouz I, Vial J, Thiébaut D, Haudebourg R, Danaie K, Sassiat P, Breviere J. Review of stationary phases for microelectromechanical systems in gas chromatography: feasibility and separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:981-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Dynamic thermal gradient gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Darko E, Thurbide KB, Gerhardt GC, Michienzi J. Characterization of Low-Temperature Cofired Ceramic Tiles as Platforms for Gas Chromatographic Separations. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5376-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400782f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Darko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta
T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kevin B. Thurbide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta
T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Geoff C. Gerhardt
- Waters
Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts
01757, United States
| | - Joseph Michienzi
- Waters
Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts
01757, United States
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26
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Chen BX, Hung TY, Jian RS, Lu CJ. A multidimensional micro gas chromatograph employing a parallel separation multi-column chip and stop-flow μGC × μGCs configuration. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1333-1341. [PMID: 23381092 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A dual-chip, multidimensional micro gas chromatographic module was designed, built and evaluated. Column chips were fabricated on a silicon wafer with an etched rectangular channel 100 μm (width) × 250 μm (depth) using a deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process. The column chip for the first GC dimension was 3 m long and was coated with polydimethylsiloxane (DB-1) as the stationary phase. The columns on the second dimensional chip were etched with the same width and depth as the first chip, but the flow channel was split into three parallel columns, 1 m long, on the same sized silicon chip (i.e., 3 cm × 3 cm). These three parallel columns on the second chip were coated with polyethylene oxide (DB-Wax), trifluoropropylpolymethylsilicone (OV-210) and cyanopropylmethylphenylmethylpolysilicone (OV-225), accordingly, in order to provide diversified chromatographic retention. These two chips were connected via a stop-flow configuration to simultaneously generate multiple two-dimensional gas chromatograms for every analysis. This stop-flow μGC × μGCs design allowed the first column to function as a pre-separator and as a sequencing injector for the second parallel-separation chip. Fifteen volatile organic compounds with boiling points that ranged from 80-131 °C with various functional groups were tested using this μGC × μGCs module. Three discrete 2-D chromatograms were generated simultaneously, which demonstrated the advantages of simultaneously combining GC × GC with parallel separation GCs in microchip chromatography. The total traveling length in the column was only 4 m for each eluted peak and fully resolved separation was achieved through the cross reference among triplet 2-D chromatograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Xun Chen
- Chemistry Department, National Taiwan Normal University, Ting-Chow Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Seo JH, Liu J, Fan X, Kurabayashi K. Fabry-Pérot cavity sensor-based optofluidic gas chromatography using a microfabricated passive preconcentrator/injector. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:851-859. [PMID: 23295709 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on dual on-column Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity sensor-based gas chromatography (GC) of mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) utilizing an on-chip device, the so called "microfabricated passive preconcentrator/injector (μPPI)". Comprehensive analysis of the sampling, desorption/injection, and compound separation performance of the μPPI-based optofluidic GC system is described. Here, the combined use of the μPPI and on-column FP cavity sensors in a common GC platform enabled diffusion-based passive sampling, rapid (<7 min) chromatographic separation, and optical detection for the quaternary VOC mixtures of benzene, TCE, toluene, and m-xylene at sub-ppm concentrations with a simpler fluidic setup than conventional GC systems. The FP cavity sensor arrangement provided the means to study the dynamics of the thermal desorption/injection of VOCs by the μPPI and its effect on the GC separation resolution. Our analysis of obtained chromatograms revealed a presence of the competitive adsorptions of VOC mixtures onto the adsorption sites of trapping materials in the μPPI, which decreased the effective sampling rate by ~50% for compounds with high volatility. The validated performance of the optofluidic GC system promises future development of a field deployable GC microsystem incorporating the μPPI and the FP cavity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Seo
- Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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28
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Serrano G, Paul D, Kim SJ, Kurabayashi K, Zellers ET. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic separations with a microfabricated thermal modulator. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6973-80. [PMID: 22860568 DOI: 10.1021/ac300924b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic (GC × GC) separations by use of a microfabricated midpoint thermal modulator (μTM) are demonstrated, and the effects of various μTM design and operating parameters on performance are characterized. The two-stage μTM chip consists of two interconnected spiral etched-Si microchannels (4.2 and 2.8 cm long) with a cross section of 250 × 140 μm(2), an anodically bonded Pyrex cap, and a cross-linked wall coating of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Integrated heaters provide rapid, sequential heating of each μTM stage, while a proximate, underlying thermoelectric cooler provides continual cooling. The first-dimension column used for GC × GC separations was a 6 m long, 250 μm i.d. capillary with a PDMS stationary phase, and the second-dimension column was a 0.5 m long, 100 μm i.d. capillary with a poly(ethylene glycol) phase. Using sets of five to seven volatile test compounds (boiling point ≤174 °C), the effects of the minimum (T(min)) and maximum (T(max)) modulation temperature, stage heating lag/offset (O(s)), modulation period (P(M)), and volumetric flow rate (F) on the quality of the separations were evaluated with respect to several performance metrics. Best results were obtained with a T(min) = -20 °C, T(max) = 210 °C, O(s) = 600 ms, P(M) = 6 s, and F = 0.9 mL/min. Replicate modulated peak areas and retention times were reproducible to <5%. A structured nine-component GC × GC chromatogram was produced, and a 21 component separation was achieved in <3 min. The potential for creating portable μGC × μGC systems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Serrano
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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29
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Smith PA. Person-portable gas chromatography: rapid temperature program operation through resistive heating of columns with inherently low thermal mass properties. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:37-45. [PMID: 22770386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As open tubular gas chromatography was becoming widely adopted, the potential to rapidly heat and cool the low thermal mass of an open tubular fused silica column was recognized. Numerous resistive column heating approaches were subsequently described and demonstrated, often with a common objective to focus heating efforts on the column alone, rather than on a large convection oven. Low thermal mass column bundles have been commercially available for about ten years, where insulated wires in close proximity to a coiled open tubular capillary column provide resistive heating. Before this, person-portable gas chromatographs either operated isothermally at relatively low temperatures or at ambient temperature to lessen power demands, but several person-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instruments capable of temperature program operation have become available in the past ten years based on this heating method. When low thermal mass heated zones are used, and with a direct GC-MS interface, analysis times of less than 5 min are possible for target compounds having a wide range of volatilities. Previous capabilities in transportable and person-portable gas chromatography instrumentation are reviewed to demonstrate the scale of advancement made possible by the adoption of open tubular columns and low power heating techniques now becoming routinely available. Microcomachined columns which are usually etched in a silicon wafer represent a radical break from the traditional fused silica open tubular column design, and increasing efforts to use this column construction approach are also examined. The developments discussed have introduced the potential to rapidly analyze compounds with a wide volatility range in the field to protect deployed military forces, the health of workers, and the health of the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Smith
- U.S. Department of Labor - OSHA, Health Response Team, Salt Lake Technical Center, 8660 S. Sandy Parkway, Sandy, UT 84070 USA.
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30
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Kim SK, Chang H, Zellers ET. Microfabricated gas chromatograph for the selective determination of trichloroethylene vapor at sub-parts-per-billion concentrations in complex mixtures. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7198-206. [PMID: 21859085 DOI: 10.1021/ac201788q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A complete field-deployable microfabricated gas chromatograph (μGC) is described, and its adaptation to the analysis of low- and subparts-per-billion (ppb) concentrations of trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors in complex mixtures is demonstrated through laboratory testing. The specific application being addressed concerns the problem of indoor air contamination by TCE vapor intrusion. The μGC prototype employs a microfabricated focuser, dual microfabricated separation columns, and a microsensor array. These are interfaced to a nonmicrofabricated front-end pretrap and high-volume sampler module to reduce analysis time and limits of detection (LOD). Selective preconcentration and focusing are coupled with rapid chromatographic separation and multisensor detection for the determination of TCE in the presence of up to 45 interferences. Autonomous operation is possible via a laptop computer. Preconcentration factors as high as 500 000 are achieved. Sensitivities are constant over the range of captured TCE masses tested (i.e., 9-390 ng), and TCE is measured in a test atmosphere at 120 parts-per-trillion (ppt), with a projected LOD of 40 ppt (4.2 ng captured, 20 L sample) and a maximum sampling + analytical cycle time of 36 min. Short- and medium-term (1 month) variations in retention time, absolute responses, and response patterns are within acceptable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyu Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, United States
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Kim SJ, Serrano G, Wise KD, Kurabayashi K, Zellers ET. Evaluation of a Microfabricated Thermal Modulator for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Microscale Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5556-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Kim
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, United States
| | - Gustavo Serrano
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, United States
| | - Kensall D. Wise
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, United States
| | - Edward T. Zellers
- Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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32
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Anna V, Rimma S, Lev O, Jenny G. GC determination of N-nitrosamines by supersonic molecular beam MS equipped with triple quadrupole analyzer, GC/SMB/QQQ/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 685:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Sun J, Cui D, Cai H, Chen X, Li H, Du L. Simulation and Evaluation of the Silicon-Micromachined Columns for Gas Chromatography. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Kim SJ, Reidy SM, Block BP, Wise KD, Zellers ET, Kurabayashi K. Microfabricated thermal modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional micro gas chromatography: design, thermal modeling, and preliminary testing. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1647-1654. [PMID: 20556268 DOI: 10.1039/c001390k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC), a modulator is placed at the juncture between two separation columns to focus and re-inject eluting mixture components, thereby enhancing the resolution and the selectivity of analytes. As part of an effort to develop a microGC x microGC prototype, in this report we present the design, fabrication, thermal operation, and initial testing of a two-stage microscale thermal modulator (microTM). The microTM contains two sequential serpentine Pyrex-on-Si microchannels (stages) that cryogenically trap analytes eluting from the first-dimension column and thermally inject them into the second-dimension column in a rapid, programmable manner. For each modulation cycle (typically 5 s for cooling with refrigeration work of 200 J and 100 ms for heating at 10 W), the microTM is kept approximately at -50 degrees C by a solid-state thermoelectric cooling unit placed within a few tens of micrometres of the device, and heated to 250 degrees C at 2800 degrees C s(-1) by integrated resistive microheaters and then cooled back to -50 degrees C at 250 degrees C s(-1). Thermal crosstalk between the two stages is less than 9%. A lumped heat transfer model is used to analyze the device design with respect to the rates of heating and cooling, power dissipation, and inter-stage thermal crosstalk as a function of Pyrex-membrane thickness, air-gap depth, and stage separation distance. Experimental results are in agreement with trends predicted by the model. Preliminary tests using a conventional capillary column interfaced to the microTM demonstrate the capability for enhanced sensitivity and resolution as well as the modulation of a mixture of alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Kim
- The Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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35
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Sun Y, Liu J, Howard DJ, Frye-Mason G, Thompson AK, Ja SJ, Fan X. Rapid tandem-column micro-gas chromatography based on optofluidic ring resonators with multi-point on-column detection. Analyst 2010; 135:165-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b917154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Narayanan S, Alfeeli B, Agah M. A micro gas chromatography chip with an embedded non-cascaded thermal conductivity detector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2010.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Workman
- Luminous Medical Inc., 1920 Palomar Point Way, Carlsbad, California 92008, Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, and Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Mel Koch
- Luminous Medical Inc., 1920 Palomar Point Way, Carlsbad, California 92008, Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, and Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Barry Lavine
- Luminous Medical Inc., 1920 Palomar Point Way, Carlsbad, California 92008, Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, and Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Ray Chrisman
- Luminous Medical Inc., 1920 Palomar Point Way, Carlsbad, California 92008, Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, and Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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38
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Radadia AD, Morgan RD, Masel RI, Shannon MA. Partially Buried Microcolumns for Micro Gas Analyzers. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3471-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8027382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh D. Radadia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-2302
| | - Robert D. Morgan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-2302
| | - Richard I. Masel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-2302
| | - Mark A. Shannon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-2302
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