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Ramesh M, Janani R, Deepa C, Rajeshkumar L. Nanotechnology-Enabled Biosensors: A Review of Fundamentals, Design Principles, Materials, and Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:bios13010040. [PMID: 36671875 PMCID: PMC9856107 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are modern engineering tools that can be widely used for various technological applications. In the recent past, biosensors have been widely used in a broad application spectrum including industrial process control, the military, environmental monitoring, health care, microbiology, and food quality control. Biosensors are also used specifically for monitoring environmental pollution, detecting toxic elements' presence, the presence of bio-hazardous viruses or bacteria in organic matter, and biomolecule detection in clinical diagnostics. Moreover, deep medical applications such as well-being monitoring, chronic disease treatment, and in vitro medical examination studies such as the screening of infectious diseases for early detection. The scope for expanding the use of biosensors is very high owing to their inherent advantages such as ease of use, scalability, and simple manufacturing process. Biosensor technology is more prevalent as a large-scale, low cost, and enhanced technology in the modern medical field. Integration of nanotechnology with biosensors has shown the development path for the novel sensing mechanisms and biosensors as they enhance the performance and sensing ability of the currently used biosensors. Nanoscale dimensional integration promotes the formulation of biosensors with simple and rapid detection of molecules along with the detection of single biomolecules where they can also be evaluated and analyzed critically. Nanomaterials are used for the manufacturing of nano-biosensors and the nanomaterials commonly used include nanoparticles, nanowires, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanorods, and quantum dots (QDs). Nanomaterials possess various advantages such as color tunability, high detection sensitivity, a large surface area, high carrier capacity, high stability, and high thermal and electrical conductivity. The current review focuses on nanotechnology-enabled biosensors, their fundamentals, and architectural design. The review also expands the view on the materials used for fabricating biosensors and the probable applications of nanotechnology-enabled biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641402, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Ravichandran Janani
- Department of Physics, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chinnaiyan Deepa
- Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Rajeshkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India
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Triana Y, Ogata G, Tomisaki M, Irkham, Einaga Y. Blood Oxygen Sensor Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3948-3955. [PMID: 35192326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of oxygen (O2) in blood was studied using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Cyclic voltammogram of O2 in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution solution containing 1 × 10-6 M of bovine hemoglobin exhibits a reduction peak at -1.4 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Moreover, the scan rate dependence was investigated to study the reduction reaction mechanism, which was attributable to the reduction of O2 to H2O2 via two electrons. A linear calibration curve was observed in the concentration range of 86.88-314.63 mg L-1 (R2 = 0.99) with a detection limit of 1.0 mg L-1 (S/B = 3). The analytical performance was better than those with glassy carbon or platinum electrodes as the working electrode. In addition, an application to bovine blood was performed. The O2 concentration in the blood measured on the BDD electrodes was compared to that measured using an OxyLite Pro fiber-optic oxygen sensor device. Both methods gave similar values of the O2 concentration in the range of ∼40 to 150 mmHg. This result confirms that BDD electrodes could potentially be used to detect the O2 concentration in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunita Triana
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 2238522, Japan.,Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, Balikpapan 76127, Indonesia
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 2238522, Japan
| | - Mai Tomisaki
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 2238522, Japan
| | - Irkham
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 2238522, Japan
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Quality control methods in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: from imaging to biosensors. Bone Res 2021; 9:46. [PMID: 34707086 PMCID: PMC8551153 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is rapidly progressing toward clinical application. In the musculoskeletal field, there has been an increasing necessity for bone and cartilage replacement. Despite the promising translational potential of tissue engineering approaches, careful attention should be given to the quality of developed constructs to increase the real applicability to patients. After a general introduction to musculoskeletal tissue engineering, this narrative review aims to offer an overview of methods, starting from classical techniques, such as gene expression analysis and histology, to less common methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, microcomputed tomography, and biosensors, that can be employed to assess the quality of constructs in terms of viability, morphology, or matrix deposition. A particular emphasis is given to standards and good practices (GXP), which can be applicable in different sectors. Moreover, a classification of the methods into destructive, noninvasive, or conservative based on the possible further development of a preimplant quality monitoring system is proposed. Biosensors in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have not yet been used but have been proposed as a novel technology that can be exploited with numerous advantages, including minimal invasiveness, making them suitable for the development of preimplant quality control systems.
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Dettori MA, Fabbri D, Dessì A, Dallocchio R, Carta P, Honisch C, Ruzza P, Farina D, Migheli R, Serra PA, Pantaleoni RA, Fois X, Rocchitta G, Delogu G. Synthesis and Studies of the Inhibitory Effect of Hydroxylated Phenylpropanoids and Biphenols Derivatives on Tyrosinase and Laccase Enzymes. Molecules 2020; 25:E2709. [PMID: 32545293 PMCID: PMC7321210 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impaired activity of tyrosinase and laccase can provoke serious concerns in the life cycles of mammals, insects and microorganisms. Investigation of inhibitors of these two enzymes may lead to the discovery of whitening agents, medicinal products, anti-browning substances and compounds for controlling harmful insects and bacteria. A small collection of novel reversible tyrosinase and laccase inhibitors with a phenylpropanoid and hydroxylated biphenyl core was prepared using naturally occurring compounds and their activity was measured by spectrophotometric and electrochemical assays. Biosensors based on tyrosinase and laccase enzymes were constructed and used to detect the type of protein-ligand interaction and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Most of the inhibitors showed an IC50 in a range of 20-423 nM for tyrosinase and 23-2619 nM for laccase. Due to the safety concerns of conventional tyrosinase and laccase inhibitors, the viability of the new compounds was assayed on PC12 cells, four of which showed a viability of roughly 80% at 40 µM. In silico studies on the crystal structure of laccase enzyme identified a hydroxylated biphenyl bearing a prenylated chain as the lead structure, which activated strong and effective interactions at the active site of the enzyme. These data were confirmed by in vivo experiments performed on the insect model Tenebrio molitur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Dettori
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (D.F.); (A.D.); (R.D.); (P.C.)
| | - Davide Fabbri
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (D.F.); (A.D.); (R.D.); (P.C.)
| | - Alessandro Dessì
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (D.F.); (A.D.); (R.D.); (P.C.)
| | - Roberto Dallocchio
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (D.F.); (A.D.); (R.D.); (P.C.)
| | - Paola Carta
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (D.F.); (A.D.); (R.D.); (P.C.)
| | - Claudia Honisch
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.H.); or (P.R.)
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruzza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.H.); or (P.R.)
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Donatella Farina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.F.); (R.M.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.F.); (R.M.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.F.); (R.M.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Roberto A. Pantaleoni
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerca, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (R.A.P.); (X.F.)
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Xenia Fois
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerca, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (R.A.P.); (X.F.)
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.F.); (R.M.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.A.D.); (D.F.); (A.D.); (R.D.); (P.C.)
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Serra PA, Arrigo P, Bacciu A, Zuncheddu D, Deliperi R, Antón Viana D, Monti P, Varoni MV, Sotgiu MA, Bandiera P, Rocchitta G. Real-time telemetry monitoring of oxygen in the central complex of freely-walking Gromphadorhina portentosa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224932. [PMID: 31710629 PMCID: PMC6844484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new telemetric system for the electrochemical monitoring of dissolved oxygen is showed. The device, connected with two amperometric sensors, has been successfully applied to the wireless detection of the extracellular oxygen in the central complex of freely-walking Gromphadorhina portentosa. The unit was composed of a potentiostat, a two-channel sensor conditioning circuit, a microprocessor module, and a wireless serial transceiver. The amperometric signals were digitalized and sent to a notebook using a 2.4 GHz transceiver while a serial-to-USB converter was connected to a second transceiver for completing the communication bridge. The software, running on the laptop, allowed to save and graph the oxygen signals. The electronics showed excellent stability and the acquired data was linear in a range comprised between 0 and -165 nA, covering the entire range of oxygen concentrations. A series of experiments were performed to explore the dynamics of dissolved oxygen by exposing the animals to different gases (nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide), to low temperature and anesthetic agents (chloroform and triethylamine). The resulting data are in agreement with previous O2 changes recorded in the brain of awake rats and mice. The proposed system, based on simple and inexpensive components, can constitute a new experimental model for the exploration of central complex neurochemistry and it can also work with oxidizing sensors and amperometric biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Paola Arrigo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Bacciu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Zuncheddu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Deliperi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego Antón Viana
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Monti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Varoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Bandiera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Scida K, Plaxco KW, Jamieson BG. High frequency, real-time neurochemical and neuropharmacological measurements in situ in the living body. Transl Res 2019; 213:50-66. [PMID: 31361988 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The beautiful and complex brain machinery is perfectly synchronized, and our bodies have evolved to protect it against a myriad of potential threats. Shielded physically by the skull and chemically by the blood brain barrier, the brain processes internal and external information so that we can efficiently relate to the world that surrounds us while simultaneously and unconsciously controlling our vital functions. When coupled with the brittle nature of its internal chemical and electric signals, the brain's "armor" render accessing it a challenging and delicate endeavor that has historically limited our understanding of its structural and neurochemical intricacies. In this review, we briefly summarize the advancements made over the past 10 years to decode the brain's neurochemistry and neuropharmacology in situ, at the site of interest in the brain, with special focus on what we consider game-changing emerging technologies (eg, genetically encoded indicators and electrochemical aptamer-based sensors) and the challenges these must overcome before chronic, in situ chemosensing measurements become routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scida
- Diagnostic Biochips, Inc., Glen Burnie, Maryland
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
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7
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Rocchitta G, Peana A, Bazzu G, Cossu A, Carta S, Arrigo P, Bacciu A, Migheli R, Farina D, Zinellu M, Acquas E, Serra P. Simultaneous wireless and high-resolution detection of nucleus accumbens shell ethanol concentrations and free motion of rats upon voluntary ethanol intake. Alcohol 2019; 78:69-78. [PMID: 31029631 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive detection of ethanol concentrations in discrete brain regions of rats voluntarily accessing ethanol, with high temporal resolution, would represent a source of greatly desirable data in studies devoted to understanding the kinetics of the neurobiological basis of ethanol's ability to impact behavior. In the present study, we present a series of experiments aiming to validate and apply an original high-tech implantable device, consisting of the coupling, for the first time, of an amperometric biosensor for brain ethanol detection, with a sensor for detecting the microvibrations of the animal. This device allows the real-time comparison between the ethanol intake, its cerebral concentrations, and their effect on the motion when the animal is in the condition of voluntary drinking. To this end, we assessed in vitro the efficiency of three different biosensor designs loading diverse alcohol oxidase enzymes (AOx) obtained from three different AOx-donor strains: Hansenula polymorpha, Candida boidinii, and Pichia pastoris. In vitro data disclosed that the devices loading H. polymorpha and C. boidinii were similarly efficient (respectively, linear region slope [LRS]: 1.98 ± 0.07 and 1.38 ± 0.04 nA/mM) but significantly less than the P. pastoris-loaded one (LRS: 7.57 ± 0.12 nA/mM). The in vivo results indicate that this last biosensor design detected the rise of ethanol in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) after 15 minutes of voluntary 10% ethanol solution intake. At the same time, the microvibration sensor detected a significant increase in the rat's motion signal. Notably, both the biosensor and microvibration sensor described similar and parallel time-dependent U-shaped curves, thus providing a highly sensitive and time-locked high-resolution detection of the neurochemical and behavioral kinetics upon voluntary ethanol intake. The results overall indicate that such a dual telemetry unit represents a powerful device which, implanted in different brain areas, may boost further investigations on the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie ethanol-induced motor activity and reward.
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Cao Y, Ma W, Ji W, Yu P, Wu F, Wu H, Mao L. Electrophoretically Sheathed Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes with Metal/Nitrogen/Carbon Electrocatalyst for Electrochemical Monitoring of Oxygen in Vivo. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1376-1383. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huixia Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Kiyatkin EA. Respiratory depression and brain hypoxia induced by opioid drugs: Morphine, oxycodone, heroin, and fentanyl. Neuropharmacology 2019; 151:219-226. [PMID: 30735692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Opioid drugs are important tools to alleviate pain of different origins, but they have strong addictive potential and their abuse at higher doses often results in serious health complications. Respiratory depression that leads to brain hypoxia is perhaps the most dangerous symptom of acute intoxication with opioids, and it could result in lethality. The development of substrate-specific sensors coupled with amperometry made it possible to directly evaluate physiological and drug-induced fluctuations in brain oxygen levels in awake, freely-moving rats. The goal of this review paper is to consider changes in brain oxygen levels induced by several opioid drugs (heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, morphine). While some of these drugs are widely used in clinical practice, they all are abused, often at doses exceeding the clinical range and often resulting in serious health complications. First, we consider some basic knowledge regarding brain oxygen, its physiological fluctuations, and mechanisms involved in regulating its entry into brain tissue. Then, we present and discuss data on brain oxygen changes induced by each opioid drug within a wide range of doses, from low, behaviorally relevant, to high, likely to be self-administered by drug users. These data allowed us to compare the effects of these drugs on brain oxygen in terms of their potency, time-course, and their potential danger when used at high doses via rapid-onset administration routes. While most data discussed in this work were obtained in rats, we believe that these data have clear human relevance in addressing the alarming rise in lethality associated with the opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Kiyatkin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Health, DHHS, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Monitoring deep brain stimulation by measuring regional brain oxygen responses in freely moving mice. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 317:20-28. [PMID: 30716350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translational studies investigating the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on brain function up to now mainly relied on BOLD responses measured with fMRI. However, fMRI studies in rodents face technical and practical limitations (e.g., immobilization, sedation or anesthesia, spatial and temporal resolution of data). Direct measurement of oxygen concentration in the brain using electrochemical sensors is a promising alternative to the use of fMRI. Here, we tested for the first time if such measurements can be combined with DBS. NEW METHOD We combined bilateral DBS in the internal capsule (IC-DBS) with simultaneous amperometric measurements of oxygen in the medial prefrontal cortex (prelimbic area) and striatum of freely moving mice. Using a two-day within-animal experimental design, we tested the effects of DBS on baseline oxygen concentrations, and on novelty- and restraint-induced increases in oxygen concentration. RESULTS Basal oxygen levels were stable across the daily sampling periods. Exposure to novelty and immobilization reproducibly increased oxygen concentrations in both areas. IC-DBS did not significantly alter basal oxygen, but reduced the novelty-induced increase in the striatum. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Amperometric detection of brain oxygen concentration with high temporal and spatial resolution can be performed in a number of key brain areas to study the effects of DBS in animal models of disease. The method is easily implemented and does not require expensive equipment or complicated data analysis processes. CONCLUSIONS Direct and simultaneous measurement of brain oxygen concentration in multiple brain areas can be used to study the effects of bilateral DBS neuromodulation on brain activity in freely moving mice.
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Kiyatkin EA. Central and Peripheral Mechanisms Underlying Physiological and Drug-Induced Fluctuations in Brain Oxygen in Freely-Moving Rats. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:44. [PMID: 30333733 PMCID: PMC6176053 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work is to consider physiological fluctuations in brain oxygen levels and its changes induced by opioid drugs. This review article presents, as a comprehensive story, the most important findings obtained in our laboratory by using high-speed amperometry with oxygen sensors in awake, freely moving rats; most of these findings were separately published elsewhere. First, we show that oxygen levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) phasically increase following exposure to natural arousing stimuli. Since accumbal neurons are excited by arousing stimuli and NAc oxygen levels increase following glutamate (GLU) microinjections in the NAc, local neural activation with subsequent cerebral vasodilation appears to mediate the rapid oxygen increases induced by arousing stimuli. While it is established that intra-cerebral entry of oxygen depends on brain metabolism, physiological increases in NAc oxygen occurred more rapidly than increases in metabolic activity as assessed by intra-brain heat production. Therefore, due to neural activation and the subsequent rise in local cerebral blood flow (CBF), the brain receives more oxygen in advance of its metabolic requirement, thus preventing potential metabolic deficits. In contrast to arousing stimuli, three opioid drugs tested (heroin, fentanyl and oxycodone) decrease oxygen levels. As confirmed by our recordings in the subcutaneous space, a densely vascularized location with no metabolic activity of its own, these decreases result from respiratory depression with subsequent fall in blood oxygen levels. While respiratory depression was evident for all tested drugs, heroin was ~6-fold more potent than oxycodone, and fentanyl was 10-20-fold more potent than heroin. Changes in brain oxygen induced by respiratory depression appear to be independent of local vascular and blood flow responses, which are triggered, via neuro-vascular coupling, by the neuronal effects of opioid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Kiyatkin
- In-Vivo Electrophysiology Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Baltimore, MD, United States
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Sanna D, Rocchitta G, Serra M, Abbondio M, Serra PA, Migheli R, De Luca L, Garribba E, Porcheddu A. Synthesis of Nitric Oxide Donors Derived from Piloty's Acid and Study of Their Effects on Dopamine Secretion from PC12 Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E74. [PMID: 28872590 PMCID: PMC5620618 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanisms and kinetics of nitric oxide (NO) generation by derivatives of Piloty's acid (NO-donors) under physiological conditions. In order to qualitatively and quantitatively measure NO release, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was carried out with NO spin trapping. In addition, voltammetric techniques, including cyclic voltammetry and constant potential amperometry, were used to confirm NO release from Piloty's acid and its derivatives. The resulting data showed that Piloty's acid derivatives are able to release NO under physiological conditions. In particular, electron-withdrawing substituents favoured NO generation, while electron-donor groups reduced NO generation. In vitro microdialysis, performed on PC12 cell cultures, was used to evaluate the dynamical secretion of dopamine induced by the Piloty's acid derivatives. Although all the studied molecules were able to induce DA secretion from PC12, only those with a slow release of NO have not determined an autoxidation of DA itself. These results confirm that the time-course of NO-donors decomposition and the amount of NO released play a key role in dopamine secretion and auto-oxidation. This information could drive the synthesis or the selection of compounds to use as potential drugs for the therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sanna
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Trav. La Crucca 3, 07040 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Maria Serra
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Trav. La Crucca 3, 07040 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Marcello Abbondio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, S.S. 554, bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
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13
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Abstract
Many biomedical research studies use captive animals to model human health and disease. However, a surprising number of studies show that the biological systems of animals living in standard laboratory housing are abnormal. To make animal studies more relevant to human health, research animals should live in the wild or be able to roam free in captive environments that offer a natural range of both positive and negative experiences. Recent technological advances now allow us to study freely roaming animals and we should make use of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garet P Lahvis
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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14
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Solis E, Cameron-Burr KT, Kiyatkin EA. Rapid Physiological Fluctuations in Nucleus Accumbens Oxygen Levels Induced by Arousing Stimuli: Relationships with Changes in Brain Glucose and Metabolic Neural Activation. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:9. [PMID: 28484378 PMCID: PMC5401908 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper entry of oxygen from arterial blood into the brain is essential for maintaining brain metabolism under normal conditions and during functional neural activation. However, little is known about physiological fluctuations in brain oxygen and their underlying mechanisms. To address this issue, we employed high-speed amperometry with platinum oxygen sensors in freely moving male rats. Recordings were conducted in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical structure for sensorimotor integration. Rats were exposed to arousing stimuli of different nature (brief auditory tone, a 1-min novel object presentation, a 3-min social interaction with a conspecific, and a 3-min tail-pinch). We found that all arousing stimuli increased NAc oxygen levels. Increases were rapid (4–10-s onset latencies), modest in magnitude (1–3 μM or 5%–15% over baseline) and duration (5–20 min), and generally correlated with the arousing potential of each stimulus. Two strategies were used to determine the mechanisms underlying the observed increases in NAc oxygen levels. First, we showed that NAc oxygen levels phasically increase following intra-NAc microinjections of glutamate (GLU) that excite accumbal neurons. Therefore, local neural activation with subsequent local vasodilation is involved in mediating physiological increases in NAc oxygen induced by arousing stimuli. Second, by employing oxygen monitoring in the subcutaneous space, a highly-vascularized area with no metabolic activity, we determined that physiological increases in NAc oxygen also depend on the rise in blood oxygen levels caused by respiratory activation. Due to the co-existence of different mechanisms governing oxygen entry into brain tissue, NAc oxygen responses differ from fluctuations in NAc glucose, which, within a normal behavioral continuum, are regulated exclusively by neuro-vascular coupling due to glucose’s highly stable levels in the blood. Finally, we discuss the relationships between physiological fluctuations in NAc oxygen, glucose and metabolic brain activation assessed by intra-brain heat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Solis
- In-Vivo Electrophysiology Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of HealthBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keaton T Cameron-Burr
- In-Vivo Electrophysiology Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of HealthBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eugene A Kiyatkin
- In-Vivo Electrophysiology Unit, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of HealthBaltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Kealy J, Bennett R, Woods B, Lowry JP. Real-time changes in hippocampal energy demands during a spatial working memory task. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:59-68. [PMID: 28249730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent changes in hippocampal energy consumption have largely been determined using microdialysis. However, real-time recordings of brain energy consumption can be more accurately achieved using amperometric sensors, allowing for sensitive real-time monitoring of concentration changes. Here, we test the theory that systemic pre-treatment with glucose in rats prevents activity-dependent decreases in hippocampal glucose levels and thus enhances their performance in a spontaneous alternation task. Male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted into the hippocampus with either: 1) microdialysis probe; or 2) an oxygen sensor and glucose biosensor co-implanted together. Animals were pre-treated with either saline or glucose (250mg/kg) 30min prior to performing a single 20-min spontaneous alternation task in a +-maze. There were no significant differences found between either treatment group in terms of spontaneous alternation performance. Additionally, there was a significant difference found between treatment groups on hippocampal glucose levels measured using microdialysis (a decrease associated with glucose pre-treatment in control animals) but not amperometry. There were significant increases in hippocampal oxygen during +-maze exploration. Combining the findings from both methods, it appears that hippocampal activity in the spontaneous alternation task does not cause an increase in glucose consumption, despite an increase in regional cerebral blood flow (using oxygen supply as an index of blood flow) and, as such, pre-treatment with glucose does not enhance spontaneous alternation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kealy
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Rachel Bennett
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Barbara Woods
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - John P Lowry
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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16
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Barberis A, Garbetta A, Cardinali A, Bazzu G, D’Antuono I, Rocchitta G, Fadda A, Linsalata V, D’Hallewin G, Serra PA, Minervini F. Real-time monitoring of glucose and phenols intestinal absorption through an integrated Caco-2TC7cells/biosensors telemetric device: Hypoglycemic effect of fruit phytochemicals. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 88:159-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Ledo A, Lourenço CF, Laranjinha J, Brett CMA, Gerhardt GA, Barbosa RM. Ceramic-Based Multisite Platinum Microelectrode Arrays: Morphological Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance for Extracellular Oxygen Measurements in Brain Tissue. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1674-1683. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ledo
- Center
for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia F. Lourenço
- Center
for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center
for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Christopher M. A. Brett
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Greg A. Gerhardt
- Center
for Microelectrode Technology (CenMeT), Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Rui M. Barbosa
- Center
for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Patrick MM, Grillot JM, Derden ZM, Paul DW. Long-term Drifts in Sensitivity Caused by Biofouling of an Amperometric Oxygen Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Limnuson K, Narayan RK, Chiluwal A, Golanov EV, Bouton CE, Li C. A User-Configurable Headstage for Multimodality Neuromonitoring in Freely Moving Rats. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:382. [PMID: 27594826 PMCID: PMC4990626 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal monitoring of brain activity, physiology, and neurochemistry is an important approach to gain insight into brain function, modulation, and pathology. With recent progress in micro- and nanotechnology, micro-nano-implants have become important catalysts in advancing brain research. However, to date, only a limited number of brain parameters have been measured simultaneously in awake animals in spite of significant recent progress in sensor technology. Here we have provided a cost and time effective approach to designing a headstage to conduct a multimodality brain monitoring in freely moving animals. To demonstrate this method, we have designed a user-configurable headstage for our micromachined multimodal neural probe. The headstage can reliably record direct-current electrocorticography (DC-ECoG), brain oxygen tension (PbrO2), cortical temperature, and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) simultaneously without significant signal crosstalk or movement artifacts for 72 h. Even in a noisy environment, it can record low-level neural signals with high quality. Moreover, it can easily interface with signal conditioning circuits that have high power consumption and are difficult to miniaturize. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time where multiple physiological, biochemical, and electrophysiological cerebral variables have been simultaneously recorded from freely moving rats. We anticipate that the developed system will aid in gaining further insight into not only normal cerebral functioning but also pathophysiology of conditions such as epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Limnuson
- Cushing Neuromonitoring Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Raj K Narayan
- Cushing Neuromonitoring Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhasset, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of MedicineHempstead, NY, USA
| | - Amrit Chiluwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Eugene V Golanov
- Cushing Neuromonitoring Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Chad E Bouton
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Chunyan Li
- Cushing Neuromonitoring Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhasset, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of MedicineHempstead, NY, USA; Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhasset, NY, USA
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20
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Li R, Liu X, Qiu W, Zhang M. In Vivo Monitoring of H2O2 with Polydopamine and Prussian Blue-coated Microelectrode. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7769-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wanling Qiu
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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21
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Yu P, He X, Mao L. Tuning interionic interaction for highly selective in vivo analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:5959-68. [PMID: 26505054 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00082c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of highly selective methodologies to enable in vivo recording of chemical signals is of great importance for studying brain functions and brain activity mapping. However, the complexity of cerebral systems presents a great challenge in the development of chem/(bio)sensors that are capable of directly and selectively recording bioactive molecules involved in brain functions. As one of the most important and popular interactions in nature, interionic interaction constitutes the chemical essence of high specificity in natural systems, which inspires us to develop highly selective chem/(bio)sensors for in vivo analysis by precisely engineering interionic interaction in the in vivo sensing system. In this tutorial review, we focus on the recent progress in the tuning of interionic interaction to improve the selectivity of biosensors for in vivo analysis. The type and property of the interionic interaction is first introduced and several strategies to improve the selectivity of the biosensors, including enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors, aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors, and the strategies to recruit recognition molecules are reviewed. We also present an overview of the potential applications of the biosensors for in vivo analysis and thereby for physiological investigations. Finally, we present the major challenges and opportunities regarding the high selectivity of in vivo analysis based on tuning interionic interaction. We believe that this tutorial review provides critical insights for highly selective in vivo analysis and offers new concepts and strategies to understand brain chemistry.
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22
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Watanabe H, Velmurugan J, Mirkin MV, Svirsky MA, Lalwani AK, Llinas RR. Scanning electrochemical microscopy as a novel proximity sensor for atraumatic cochlear implant insertion. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 61:1822-32. [PMID: 24845292 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2308058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of minimally invasive surgical and diagnostic procedures require the insertion of an optical, mechanical, or electronic device in narrow spaces inside a human body. In such procedures, precise motion control is essential to avoid damage to the patient's tissues and/or the device itself. A typical example is the insertion of a cochlear implant which should ideally be done with minimum physical contact between the moving device and the cochlear canal walls or the basilar membrane. Because optical monitoring is not possible, alternative techniques for sub millimeter-scale distance control can be very useful for such procedures. The first requirement for distance control is distance sensing. We developed a novel approach to distance sensing based on the principles of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The SECM signal, i.e., the diffusion current to a microelectrode, is very sensitive to the distance between the probe surface and any electrically insulating object present in its proximity. With several amperometric microprobes fabricated on the surface of an insertable device, one can monitor the distances between different parts of the moving implant and the surrounding tissues. Unlike typical SECM experiments, in which a disk-shaped tip approaches a relatively smooth sample, complex geometries of the mobile device and its surroundings make distance sensing challenging. Additional issues include the possibility of electrode surface contamination in biological fluids and the requirement for a biologically compatible redox mediator.
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23
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Kealy J, Bennett R, Lowry JP. Real-time effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on hippocampal glucose and oxygen. Brain Res 2014; 1598:76-87. [PMID: 25511995 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a vital role in learning and memory and is susceptible to damage following hypoglycaemic shock. The effect of an acute administration of insulin on hippocampal function has been described in terms of behavioural deficits but its effect on hippocampal oxygen and glucose is unclear. Glucose oxidase biosensors (detecting glucose) and carbon paste electrodes (detecting oxygen) were implanted into the hippocampus of Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were allowed to recover and real-time recordings were made in order to determine the effects of fasting, insulin administration (15 U/kg; i.p.) and reintroduction of food on hippocampal oxygen and glucose. Fasting caused a significant decrease in hippocampal glucose over the course of 24h. Insulin administration produced a significant decrease in hippocampal glucose along with a significant increase in hippocampal oxygen. Finally, the reintroduction of food resulted in glucose levels significantly increasing along with a transient but significant increase in oxygen levels. The findings presented here suggest that even a single acute period of hypoglycaemia may substantially disrupt hippocampal oxygen and glucose and therefore affect hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kealy
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Rachel Bennett
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - John P Lowry
- Maynooth University Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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24
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Xiang L, Yu P, Zhang M, Hao J, Wang Y, Zhu L, Dai L, Mao L. Platinized Aligned Carbon Nanotube-Sheathed Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes for In Vivo Amperometric Monitoring of Oxygen. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5017-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500622m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Liming Dai
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Farina D, Alvau MD, Puggioni G, Calia G, Bazzu G, Migheli R, Sechi O, Rocchitta G, Desole MS, Serra PA. Implantable (Bio)sensors as new tools for wireless monitoring of brain neurochemistry in real time. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:1-17. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantable electrochemical microsensors are characterized by high sensitivity, while amperometric biosensors are very selective in virtue of the biological detecting element. Each sensor, specific for every neurochemical species, is a miniaturized high-technology device resulting from the combination of several factors: electrode material, shielding polymers, applied electrochemical technique, and in the case of biosensors, biological sensing material, stabilizers, and entrapping chemical nets. In this paper, we summarize the available technology for the in vivo electrochemical monitoring of neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate), bioenergetic substrates (glucose, lactate, and oxygen), neuromodulators (ascorbic acid and nitric oxide), and exogenous molecules such as ethanol. We also describe the most represented biotelemetric technologies in order to wirelessly transmit the signals of the above-listed neurochemicals. Implantable (Bio)sensors, integrated into miniaturized telemetry systems, represent a new generation of analytical tools that could be used for studying the brain’s physiology and pathophysiology and the effects of different drugs (or toxic chemicals such as ethanol) on neurochemical systems.
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26
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Andoralov V, Falk M, Suyatin DB, Granmo M, Sotres J, Ludwig R, Popov VO, Schouenborg J, Blum Z, Shleev S. Biofuel cell based on microscale nanostructured electrodes with inductive coupling to rat brain neurons. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3270. [PMID: 24253492 PMCID: PMC3834879 DOI: 10.1038/srep03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniature, self-contained biodevices powered by biofuel cells may enable a new generation of implantable, wireless, minimally invasive neural interfaces for neurophysiological in vivo studies and for clinical applications. Here we report on the fabrication of a direct electron transfer based glucose/oxygen enzymatic fuel cell (EFC) from genuinely three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured microscale gold electrodes, modified with suitable biocatalysts. We show that the process underlying the simple fabrication method of 3D nanostructured electrodes is based on an electrochemically driven transformation of physically deposited gold nanoparticles. We experimentally demonstrate that mediator-, cofactor-, and membrane-less EFCs do operate in cerebrospinal fluid and in the brain of a rat, producing amounts of electrical power sufficient to drive a self-contained biodevice, viz. 7 μW cm−2in vitro and 2 μW cm−2in vivo at an operating voltage of 0.4 V. Last but not least, we also demonstrate an inductive coupling between 3D nanobioelectrodes and living neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Andoralov
- 1] Biomedical Sciences, Health & Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden [2]
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27
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Rocchitta G, Secchi O, Alvau MD, Farina D, Bazzu G, Calia G, Migheli R, Desole MS, O'Neill RD, Serra PA. Simultaneous telemetric monitoring of brain glucose and lactate and motion in freely moving rats. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10282-8. [PMID: 24102201 DOI: 10.1021/ac402071w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new telemetry system for simultaneous detection of extracellular brain glucose and lactate and motion is presented. The device consists of dual-channel, single-supply miniature potentiostat-I/V converter, a microcontroller unit, a signal transmitter, and a miniaturized microvibration sensor. Although based on simple and inexpensive components, the biotelemetry device has been used for accurate transduction of the anodic oxidation currents generated on the surface of implanted glucose and lactate biosensors and animal microvibrations. The device was characterized and validated in vitro before in vivo experiments. The biosensors were implanted in the striatum of freely moving animals and the biotelemetric device was fixed to the animal's head. Physiological and pharmacological stimulations were given in order to induce striatal neural activation and to modify the motor behavior in awake, untethered animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari , Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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28
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Secchi O, Zinellu M, Spissu Y, Pirisinu M, Bazzu G, Migheli R, Desole MS, O′Neill RD, Serra PA, Rocchitta G. Further in-vitro characterization of an implantable biosensor for ethanol monitoring in the brain. SENSORS 2013; 13:9522-35. [PMID: 23881145 PMCID: PMC3758661 DOI: 10.3390/s130709522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl alcohol may be considered one of the most widespread central nervous system (CNS) depressants in Western countries. Because of its toxicological and neurobiological implications, the detection of ethanol in brain extracellular fluid (ECF) is of great importance. In a previous study, we described the development and characterization of an implantable biosensor successfully used for the real-time detection of ethanol in the brain of freely-moving rats. The implanted biosensor, integrated in a low-cost telemetry system, was demonstrated to be a reliable device for the short-time monitoring of exogenous ethanol in brain ECF. In this paper we describe a further in-vitro characterization of the above-mentioned biosensor in terms of oxygen, pH and temperature dependence in order to complete its validation. With the aim of enhancing ethanol biosensor performance, different enzyme loadings were investigated in terms of apparent ethanol Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters, viz. IMAX, KM and linear region slope, as well as ascorbic acid interference shielding. The responses of biosensors were studied over a period of 28 days. The overall findings of the present study confirm the original biosensor configuration to be the best of those investigated for in-vivo applications up to one week after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio Secchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Manuel Zinellu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Ylenia Spissu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Marco Pirisinu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Gianfranco Bazzu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Maria Speranza Desole
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Robert D. O′Neill
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; E-Mail:
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy; E-Mails: (O.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.P.); (M.P.); (G.B.); (R.M.); (M.S.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-079-228-526; Fax: +39-079-228-525
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Kealy J, Bennett R, Lowry JP. Simultaneous recording of hippocampal oxygen and glucose in real time using constant potential amperometry in the freely-moving rat. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 215:110-20. [PMID: 23499196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Amperometric sensors for oxygen and glucose allow for real time recording from the brain in freely-moving animals. These sensors have been used to detect activity- and drug-induced changes in metabolism in a number of brain regions but little attention has been given over to the hippocampus despite its importance in cognition and disease. Sensors for oxygen and glucose were co-implanted into the hippocampus and allowed to record for several days. Baseline recordings show that basal concentrations of hippocampal oxygen and glucose are 100.26±5.76 μM and 0.60±0.06 mM respectively. Furthermore, stress-induced changes in neural activity have been shown to significantly alter concentrations of both analytes in the hippocampus. Administration of O2 gas to the animals' snouts results in significant increases in hippocampal oxygen and glucose and administration of N2 gas results in a significant decrease in hippocampal oxygen. Chloral hydrate-induced anaesthesia causes a significant increase in hippocampal oxygen whereas treatment with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide significantly increases hippocampal oxygen and glucose. These findings provide real time electrochemical data for the hippocampus which has been previously impossible with traditional methods such as microdialysis or ex vivo analysis. As such, these sensors provide a window into hippocampal function which can be used in conjunction with behavioural and pharmacological interventions to further elucidate the functions and mechanisms of action of the hippocampus in normal and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kealy
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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30
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Cheng H, Yu P, Lu X, Lin Y, Ohsaka T, Mao L. Biofuel cell-based self-powered biogenerators for online continuous monitoring of neurochemicals in rat brain. Analyst 2013; 138:179-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36385b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Barberis A, Fadda A, Schirra M, Bazzu G, Serra PA. Detection of postharvest changes of ascorbic acid in fresh-cut melon, kiwi, and pineapple, by using a low cost telemetric system. Food Chem 2012; 135:1555-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Dash MB, Bellesi M, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep/wake dependent changes in cortical glucose concentrations. J Neurochem 2012; 124:79-89. [PMID: 23106535 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most of the energy in the brain comes from glucose and supports glutamatergic activity. The firing rate of cortical glutamatergic neurons, as well as cortical extracellular glutamate levels, increase with time spent awake and decline throughout non rapid eye movement sleep, raising the question whether glucose levels reflect behavioral state and sleep/wake history. Here chronic (2-3 days) electroencephalographic recordings in the rat cerebral cortex were coupled with fixed-potential amperometry to monitor the extracellular concentration of glucose ([gluc]) on a second-by-second basis across the spontaneous sleep-wake cycle and in response to 3 h of sleep deprivation. [Gluc] progressively increased during non rapid eye movement sleep and declined during rapid eye movement sleep, while during wake an early decline in [gluc] was followed by an increase 8-15 min after awakening. There was a significant time of day effect during the dark phase, when rats are mostly awake, with [gluc] being significantly lower during the last 3-4 h of the night relative to the first 3-4 h. Moreover, the duration of the early phase of [gluc] decline during wake was longer after prolonged wake than after consolidated sleep. Thus, the sleep/wake history may affect the levels of glucose available to the brain upon awakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Dash
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA
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33
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Laude ND, Atcherley CW, Heien ML. Rethinking data collection and signal processing. 1. Real-time oversampling filter for chemical measurements. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8422-6. [PMID: 22978644 DOI: 10.1021/ac302169y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Minimizing noise in chemical measurements is critical to achieve low limits of detection and accurate measurements. We describe a real-time oversampling filter that offers a method to reduce stochastic noise in a time-dependent chemical measurement. The power of this technique is demonstrated in its application to the separation of dopamine and serotonin by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with amperometric detection. Signal-to-noise ratios were increased by almost an order of magnitude, allowing for limits of detection of 100 and 120 amol, respectively. Real-time oversampling filters can be implemented using simple software algorithms and require no change to existing experimental apparatus. The application is not limited to analytical separations, and this technique can be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in any experiment where the necessary sampling rate is less than the maximum sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter. Theory, implementation, and the performance of this filter are described. We propose that this technique should be the default mode of operation for an analog-to-digital converter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Laude
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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34
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Dash MB, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Extracellular levels of lactate, but not oxygen, reflect sleep homeostasis in the rat cerebral cortex. Sleep 2012; 35:909-19. [PMID: 22754037 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE It is well established that brain metabolism is higher during wake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Most of the brain's energy is used to maintain neuronal firing and glutamatergic transmission. Recent evidence shows that cortical firing rates, extracellular glutamate levels, and markers of excitatory synaptic strength increase with time spent awake and decline throughout NREM sleep. These data imply that the metabolic cost of each behavioral state is not fixed but may reflect sleep-wake history, a possibility that is investigated in the current report. DESIGN Chronic (4d) electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in the rat cerebral cortex were coupled with fixed-potential amperometry to monitor the extracellular concentration of oxygen ([oxy]) and lactate ([lac]) on a second-by-second basis across the spontaneous sleep-wake cycle and in response to sleep deprivation. SETTING Basic sleep research laboratory. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Wistar Kyoto (WKY) adult male rats. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Within 30-60 sec [lac] and [oxy] progressively increased during wake and REM sleep and declined during NREM sleep (n = 10 rats/metabolite), but with several differences. [Oxy], but not [lac], increased more during wake with high motor activity and/or elevated EEG high-frequency power. Meanwhile, only the NREM decline of [lac] reflected sleep pressure as measured by slow-wave activity, mirroring previous results for cortical glutamate. CONCLUSIONS The observed state-dependent changes in cortical [lac] and [oxy] are consistent with higher brain metabolism during waking and REM sleep in comparison with NREM sleep. Moreover, these data suggest that glycolytic activity, most likely through its link with glutamatergic transmission, reflects sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Dash
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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35
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A fully implantable telemetry system for the chronic monitoring of brain tissue oxygen in freely moving rats. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 204:242-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Bolger FB, Bennett R, Lowry JP. An in vitro characterisation comparing carbon paste and Pt microelectrodes for real-time detection of brain tissue oxygen. Analyst 2011; 136:4028-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15324b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Bolger FB, McHugh SB, Bennett R, Li J, Ishiwari K, Francois J, Conway MW, Gilmour G, Bannerman DM, Fillenz M, Tricklebank M, Lowry JP. Characterisation of carbon paste electrodes for real-time amperometric monitoring of brain tissue oxygen. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 195:135-42. [PMID: 21115045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue O₂ can be monitored using a variety of electrochemical techniques and electrodes. In vitro and in vivo characterisation studies for O₂ reduction at carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) using constant potential amperometry (CPA) are presented. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that an applied potential of -650 mV is required for O₂ reduction at CPEs. High sensitivity (-1.49 ± 0.01 nA/μM), low detection limit (ca. 0.1 μM) and good linear response characteristics (R² > 0.99) were observed in calibration experiments performed at this potential. There was also no effect of pH, temperature, and ion changes, and no dependence upon flow/fluid convection (stirring). Several compounds (e.g. dopamine and its metabolites) present in brain extracellular fluid were tested at physiological concentrations and shown not to interfere with the CPA O₂ signal. In vivo experiments confirmed a sub-second response time observed in vitro and demonstrated long-term stability extending over twelve weeks, with minimal O₂ consumption (ca. 1 nmol/h). These results indicate that CPEs operating amperometrically at a constant potential of -650 mV (vs. SCE) can be used reliably to continuously monitor brain extracellular tissue O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiachra B Bolger
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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38
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McHugh SB, Fillenz M, Lowry JP, Rawlins JNP, Bannerman DM. Brain tissue oxygen amperometry in behaving rats demonstrates functional dissociation of dorsal and ventral hippocampus during spatial processing and anxiety. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 33:322-37. [PMID: 21105915 PMCID: PMC3085075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the function of the hippocampus (HPC) has been viewed in unitary terms, but there is growing evidence that the HPC is functionally differentiated along its septotemporal axis. Lesion studies in rodents and functional brain imaging in humans suggest a preferential role for the septal HPC in spatial learning and a preferential role for the temporal HPC in anxiety. To better enable cross-species comparison, we present an in vivo amperometric technique that measures changes in brain tissue oxygen at high temporal resolution in freely-moving rats. We recorded simultaneously from the dorsal (septal; dHPC) and ventral (temporal; vHPC) HPC during two anxiety tasks and two spatial tasks on the radial maze. We found a double-dissociation of function in the HPC, with increased vHPC signals during anxiety and increased dHPC signals during spatial processing. In addition, dHPC signals were modulated by spatial memory demands. These results add a new dimension to the growing consensus for a differentiation of HPC function, and highlight tissue oxygen amperometry as a valuable tool to aid translation between animal and human research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B McHugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
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39
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Ortiz-Prado E, Natah S, Srinivasan S, Dunn JF. A method for measuring brain partial pressure of oxygen in unanesthetized unrestrained subjects: the effect of acute and chronic hypoxia on brain tissue PO(2). J Neurosci Methods 2010; 193:217-25. [PMID: 20817029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The level of tissue oxygenation provides information related to the balance between oxygen delivery, oxygen utilization, tissue reactivity and morphology during physiological conditions. Tissue partial pressure of oxygen (PtO(2)) is influenced by the use of anesthesia or restraint. These factors may impact the absolute level of PtO(2). In this study we present a novel fiber optic method to measure brain PtO(2). This method can be used in unanesthetized, unrestrained animals, provides absolute values for PO(2), has a stable calibration, does not consume oxygen and is MRI compatible. Brain PtO(2) was studied during acute hypoxia, as well as before and after 28 days of high altitude acclimatization. A sensor was chronically implanted in the frontal cortex of eight Wistar rats. It is comprised of a fiber optic probe with a tip containing material that fluoresces with an oxygen dependent lifetime. Brain PtO(2) declines by 80% and 76% pre- and post-acclimatization, respectively, when the fraction of inspired oxygen declines from 0.21 to 0.08. In addition, a linear relationship between brain PtO(2) and inspired O(2) levels was demonstrated r(2)=0.98 and r(2)=0.99 (pre- and post-acclimatization). Hypoxia acclimatization resulted in an increase in the overall brain PtO(2) by approximately 35%. This paper demonstrates the use of a novel chronically implanted fiber optic based sensor for measuring absolute PtO(2). It shows a very strong linear relationship in awake animals between inspired O(2) and tissue O(2), and shows that there is a proportional increase in PtO(2) over a range of inspired values after exposure to chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ortiz-Prado
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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40
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Barberis A, Bazzu G, Calia G, Puggioni GMG, Rocchitta GG, Migheli R, Schirra M, Desole MS, Serra PA. New Ultralow-Cost Telemetric System for a Rapid Electrochemical Detection of Vitamin C in Fresh Orange Juice. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5134-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100303p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barberis
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy, and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, v.le S. Pietro 43/b-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bazzu
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy, and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, v.le S. Pietro 43/b-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giammario Calia
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy, and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, v.le S. Pietro 43/b-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giulia M. G. Puggioni
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy, and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, v.le S. Pietro 43/b-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gaia G. Rocchitta
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy, and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, v.le S. Pietro 43/b-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy, and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, v.le S. Pietro 43/b-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Schirra
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy, and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, v.le S. Pietro 43/b-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Speranza Desole
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy, and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, v.le S. Pietro 43/b-07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07040 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy, and Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, v.le S. Pietro 43/b-07100, Sassari, Italy
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Rai P, Ho T, Xie J, Hestekin JA, Varadan VK. Glucose Driven Nanobiopower Cells for Biomedical Applications. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4001494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Power supply is an important aspect of micronanobiomedical devices. Implantable devices are required to stay inside of the body for longer period of time to provide continuous monitoring, detection, and therapeutics. The constricted areas of the human body, accessed by these devices, imply that the power source should not increase the payload significantly. Conventional on-board power sources are big, as compared with the device themselves, or involve wire-outs. Both provisions are liable to develop complications for sensor/actuator implant packaging. A plausible approach can be innovative solutions for sustainable bio-energy harvesting. Research studies have reported feasibility of miniature power sources, running on redox reactions. The device design, reported in this study, is a combination of nano-engineered composites and flexible thin film processing to achieve high density packaging. Of which, the end goal is production of energy for sensor applications. Both the bio-electrodes were successfully functionalized by amide bond cross-linkage between the carbon nanotube surface and the enzyme molecules: catalase and glucose oxidase for cathode and anode, respectively. The nanocomposite based biopower cell was evaluated as a steady power supply across the physiological range of glucose concentration. The power cell was able to deliver a steady power of 3.2 nW at 85 mV for glucose concentrations between 3 mM and 8 mM. Electron microscopy scanning of the functionalized electrode surface and spectroscopic evaluation of nanotube surface were used for evaluation of the biofunctionalization technique. Cyclic voltametric (CV) scans were performed on the cathodic and anodic half cells to corroborate bioactivity and qualitatively evaluate the power cell output against the redox peaks on the CV scans. The importance of these results has been discussed and conclusions have been drawn pertaining to further miniaturization (scale down) of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyush Rai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Thang Ho
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Jining Xie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Jamie A. Hestekin
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Vijay K. Varadan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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42
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Gutierrez-Osuna R, Hierlemann A. Adaptive microsensor systems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:255-276. [PMID: 20636042 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We provide a broad review of approaches for developing chemosensor systems whose operating parameters can adapt in response to environmental changes or application needs. Adaptation may take place at the instrumentation level (e.g., tunable sensors) and at the data-analysis level (e.g., adaptive classifiers). We discuss several strategies that provide tunability at the device level: modulation of internal sensing parameters, such as frequencies and operation voltages; variation of external parameters, such as exposure times and catalysts; and development of compact microanalysis systems with multiple tuning options. At the data-analysis level, we consider adaptive filters for change, interference, and drift rejection; pattern classifiers that can adapt to changes in the statistical properties of training data; and active-sensing techniques that can tune sensing parameters in real time. We conclude with a discussion of future opportunities for adaptive sensing in wireless distributed sensor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA.
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43
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Calia G, Rocchitta G, Migheli R, Puggioni G, Spissu Y, Bazzu G, Mazzarello V, Lowry JP, O’Neill RD, Desole MS, Serra PA. Biotelemetric monitoring of brain neurochemistry in conscious rats using microsensors and biosensors. SENSORS 2009; 9:2511-23. [PMID: 22574029 PMCID: PMC3348796 DOI: 10.3390/s90402511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study we present the real-time monitoring of three key brain neurochemical species in conscious rats using implantable amperometric electrodes interfaced to a biotelemetric device. The new system, derived from a previous design, was coupled with carbon-based microsensors and a platinum-based biosensor for the detection of ascorbic acid (AA), O2 and glucose in the striatum of untethered, freely-moving rats. The miniaturized device consisted of a single-supply sensor driver, a current-to-voltage converter, a microcontroller and a miniaturized data transmitter. The redox currents were digitized to digital values by means of an analog-to-digital converter integrated in a peripheral interface controller (PIC), and sent to a personal computer by means of a miniaturized AM transmitter. The electronics were calibrated and tested in vitro under different experimental conditions and exhibited high stability, low power consumption and good linear response in the nanoampere current range. The in-vivo results confirmed previously published observations on striatal AA, oxygen and glucose dynamics recorded in tethered rats. This approach, based on simple and inexpensive components, could be used as a rapid and reliable model for studying the effects of different drugs on brain neurochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giammario Calia
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; E-Mails: (G.C.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (G.P.); (Y.S.); (G.B.); (M.-S.D.)
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; E-Mails: (G.C.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (G.P.); (Y.S.); (G.B.); (M.-S.D.)
| | - Rossana Migheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; E-Mails: (G.C.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (G.P.); (Y.S.); (G.B.); (M.-S.D.)
| | - Giulia Puggioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; E-Mails: (G.C.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (G.P.); (Y.S.); (G.B.); (M.-S.D.)
| | - Ylenia Spissu
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; E-Mails: (G.C.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (G.P.); (Y.S.); (G.B.); (M.-S.D.)
| | - Gianfranco Bazzu
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; E-Mails: (G.C.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (G.P.); (Y.S.); (G.B.); (M.-S.D.)
| | - Vittorio Mazzarello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; E-Mails: (V.M.)
| | - John P. Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; E-Mail: (J.-P.L.)
| | - Robert D. O’Neill
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; E-Mail: (R.-D.O.)
| | - Maria S. Desole
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; E-Mails: (G.C.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (G.P.); (Y.S.); (G.B.); (M.-S.D.)
| | - Pier A. Serra
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; E-Mails: (G.C.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (G.P.); (Y.S.); (G.B.); (M.-S.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel. +39-079-228558; Fax: +39-079-228525
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