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Badawy MEI, El-Nouby MAM, Kimani PK, Lim LW, Rabea EI. A review of the modern principles and applications of solid-phase extraction techniques in chromatographic analysis. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1457-1487. [PMID: 36198988 PMCID: PMC9659506 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analytical processes involving sample preparation, separation, and quantifying analytes in complex mixtures are indispensable in modern-day analysis. Each step is crucial to enriching correct and informative results. Therefore, sample preparation is the critical factor that determines both the accuracy and the time consumption of a sample analysis process. Recently, several promising sample preparation approaches have been made available with environmentally friendly technologies with high performance. As a result of its many advantages, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is practiced in many different fields in addition to the traditional methods. The SPE is an alternative method to liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), which eliminates several disadvantages, including many organic solvents, a lengthy operation time and numerous steps, potential sources of error, and high costs. SPE advanced sorbent technology reorients with various functions depending on the structure of extraction sorbents, including reversed-phase, normal-phase, cation exchange, anion exchange, and mixed-mode. In addition, the commercial SPE systems are disposable. Still, with the continual developments, the restricted access materials (RAM) and molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) are fabricated to be active reusable extraction cartridges. This review will discuss all the theoretical and practical principles of the SPE techniques, focusing on packing materials, different forms, and performing factors in recent and future advances. The information about novel methodological and instrumental solutions in relation to different variants of SPE techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME), and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) is presented. The integration of SPE with analytical chromatographic techniques such as LC and GC is also indicated. Furthermore, the applications of these techniques are discussed in detail along with their advantages in analyzing pharmaceuticals, biological samples, natural compounds, pesticides, and environmental pollutants, as well as foods and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E I Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues Analysis, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflatoun St., 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud A M El-Nouby
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues Analysis, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflatoun St., 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Paul K Kimani
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Lee W Lim
- International Joint Department of Materials Science and Engineering Between National University of Malaysia and Gifu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Entsar I Rabea
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt
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Ribeiro AI, Costa ES, Thomasi SS, Brandão DFR, Vieira PC, Fernandes JB, Forim MR, Ferreira AG, Pascholati SF, Gusmão LFP, da Silva MFDGF. Biological and Chemical Control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using Stachybotrys levispora and Its Secondary Metabolite Griseofulvin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7627-7632. [PMID: 29944364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is responsible for the white mold of soybeans, and the difficulty to control the disease in Brazil is causing million-dollar damages. Stachybotrys levispora has shown activity against S. sclerotiorum. In our present investigation, we analyzed the chemical basis of this inhibition. Eight compounds were isolated, and using spectroscopic methods, we identified their structures as the known substances 7-dechlorogriseofulvin, 7-dechlorodehydrogriseofulvin, griseofulvin, dehydrogriseofulvin, 3,13-dihydroxy-5,9,11-trimethoxy-1-methylbenzophenone, griseophenone A, 13-hydroxy-3,5,9,11-tetramethoxy-1-methylbenzophenone, and 12-chloro-13-hydroxy-3,5,9,11-tetramethoxy-1-methylbenzophenone. Griseofulvin inhibited the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum at 2 μg mL-1. Thus, the antagonistic effect of S. levispora to S. sclerotiorum may well be due to the presence of griseofulvins. Our results stimulate new work on the biosynthesis of griseofulvins, to locate genes that encode key enzymes in these routes and use them to increase the production of these compounds and thus potentiate the fungicide effect of this fungus. S. levispora represents an agent for biocontrol, and griseofulvin represents a fungicide to S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alany Ingrid Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Eveline Soares Costa
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Sergio Scherrer Thomasi
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Lavras , CP 3037, Lavras 37200-000 , Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Cesar Vieira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - João Batista Fernandes
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Moacir Rossi Forim
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Antonio Gilberto Ferreira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | | | - Luis Fernando Pascholati Gusmão
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana , Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , BR 116, Km 03, Feira de Santana , BA 44031-460 , Brasil
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Chromatographic analysis of chemical compounds related to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Vučković I, Rapinoja ML, Vaismaa M, Vanninen P, Koskela H. Application of comprehensive NMR-based analysis strategy in annotation, isolation and structure elucidation of low molecular weight metabolites of Ricinus communis seeds. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2016; 27:64-72. [PMID: 26464348 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Powder-like extract of Ricinus communis seeds contain a toxic protein, ricin, which has a history of military, criminal and terroristic use. As the detection of ricin in this "terrorist powder" is difficult and time-consuming, related low mass metabolites have been suggested to be useful for screening as biomarkers of ricin. OBJECTIVE To apply a comprehensive NMR-based analysis strategy for annotation, isolation and structure elucidation of low molecular weight plant metabolites of Ricinus communis seeds. METHODOLOGY The seed extract was prepared with a well-known acetone extraction approach. The common metabolites were annotated from seed extract dissolved in acidic solution using (1)H NMR spectroscopy with spectrum library comparison and standard addition, whereas unconfirmed metabolites were identified using multi-step off-line HPLC-DAD-NMR approach. RESULTS In addition to the common plant metabolites, two previously unreported compounds, 1,3-digalactoinositol and ricinyl-alanine, were identified with support of MS analyses. CONCLUSION The applied comprehensive NMR-based analysis strategy provided identification of the prominent low molecular weight metabolites with high confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vučković
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marja-Leena Rapinoja
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Vaismaa
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Koskela
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Meier UC. Detection and identification of hydrolysis products of sulfur mustards at trace levels in environmental samples using liquid chromatography solid phase extraction combined with off-line nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1286:159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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de Souza GD, Mithöfer A, Daolio C, Schneider B, Rodrigues-Filho E. Identification of Alternaria alternata mycotoxins by LC-SPE-NMR and their cytotoxic effects to soybean (Glycine max) cell suspension culture. Molecules 2013; 18:2528-38. [PMID: 23442929 PMCID: PMC6270395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This present work describes the application of liquid chromatography-solid phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to analyse Alternaria alternata crude extracts. Altenusin (1), alternariol (2), 3'-hydroxyalternariol monomethyl ether (3), and alternariol monomethyl ether (4), were separated and identified. High-resolution mass spectrometry confirmed the proposed structures. The cytotoxic effects of these compounds towards plants were determined using soybean (Glycine max) cell cultures as a model. EC(50) values which range from 0.11 (± 0.02) to 4.69 (± 0.47) μM showed the high cytotoxicity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gezimar D. de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Micromolecular de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos—UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 676 São Carlos-SP, Brazil; E-Mail:
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena D-07745, Germany; E-Mail:
- Accert Chemistry and Biotechnology Inc., Rua Alfredo Lopes 1717, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena D-07745, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Cristina Daolio
- Biosynthesis/NMR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena D-07745, Germany; E-Mails: (C.D.); (B.S.)
- NMR Applications Group, Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, Rheinstetten 76287, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Biosynthesis/NMR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena D-07745, Germany; E-Mails: (C.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Edson Rodrigues-Filho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Micromolecular de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos—UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 676 São Carlos-SP, Brazil; E-Mail:
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Mayer BP, Valdez CA, Hok S, Chinn SC, Hart BR. 31P-edited diffusion-ordered 1H NMR spectroscopy for the spectral isolation and identification of organophosphorus compounds related to chemical weapons agents and their degradation products. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10478-84. [PMID: 23126561 DOI: 10.1021/ac302788x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds represent a large class of molecules that include pesticides, flame-retardants, biologically relevant molecules, and chemical weapons agents (CWAs). The detection and identification of organophosphorus molecules, particularly in the cases of pesticides and CWAs, are paramount to the verification of international treaties by various organizations. To that end, novel analytical methodologies that can provide additional support to traditional analyses are important for unambiguous identification of these compounds. We have developed an NMR method that selectively edits for organophosphorus compounds via (31)P-(1)H heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and provides an additional chromatographic-like separation based on self-diffusivities of the individual species via (1)H diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY): (1)H-(31)P HSQC-DOSY. The technique is first validated using the CWA VX (O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) by traditional two-dimensional DOSY spectra. We then extend this technique to a complex mixture of VX degradation products and identify all the main phosphorus-containing byproducts generated after exposure to a zinc-cyclen organometallic homogeneous catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Mayer
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94550, United States.
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Pragney D, Vijaya Saradhi U. Sample-preparation techniques for the analysis of chemical-warfare agents and related degradation products. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Koskela H. Use of NMR techniques for toxic organophosphorus compound profiling. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1365-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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