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Trinh KTL, Chae WR, Lee NY. Pressure-Free Assembling of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Microdevices via Microwave-Assisted Solvent Bonding and Its Biomedical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120526. [PMID: 34940283 PMCID: PMC8699324 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has become an appealing material for manufacturing microfluidic chips, particularly for biomedical applications, because of its transparency and biocompatibility, making the development of an appropriate bonding strategy critical. In our research, we used acetic acid as a solvent to create a pressure-free assembly of PMMA microdevices. The acetic acid applied between the PMMA slabs was activated by microwave using a household microwave oven to tightly merge the substrates without external pressure such as clamps. The bonding performance was tested and a superior bond strength of 14.95 ± 0.77 MPa was achieved when 70% acetic acid was used. Over a long period, the assembled PMMA device with microchannels did not show any leakage. PMMA microdevices were also built as a serpentine 2D passive micromixer and cell culture platform to demonstrate their applicability. The results demonstrated that the bonding scheme allows for the easy assembly of PMMAs with a low risk of clogging and is highly biocompatible. This method provides for a simple but robust assembly of PMMA microdevices in a short time without requiring expensive instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieu The Loan Trinh
- Department of Industrial Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea;
| | - Woo Ri Chae
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea;
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea;
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2
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Hsu SY, Zhang ZY, Tsao CW. Thermoplastic Micromodel Investigation of Two-Phase Flows in a Fractured Porous Medium. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6189957 DOI: 10.3390/mi8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, micromodels have become a useful tool for visualizing flow phenomena in porous media with pore structures, e.g., the multifluid dynamics in soils or rocks with fractures in natural geomaterials. Micromodels fabricated using glass or silicon substrates incur high material cost; in particular, the microfabrication-facility cost for making a glass or silicon-based micromold is usually high. This may be an obstacle for researchers investigating the two-phase-flow behavior of porous media. A rigid thermoplastic material is a preferable polymer material for microfluidic models because of its high resistance to infiltration and deformation. In this study, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) was selected as the substrate for the micromodel because of its excellent chemical, optical, and mechanical properties. A delicate micromodel with a complex pore geometry that represents a two-dimensional (2D) cross-section profile of a fractured rock in a natural oil or groundwater reservoir was developed for two-phase-flow experiments. Using an optical visualization system, we visualized the flow behavior in the micromodel during the processes of imbibition and drainage. The results show that the flow resistance in the main channel (fracture) with a large radius was higher than that in the surrounding area with small pore channels when the injection or extraction rates were low. When we increased the flow rates, the extraction efficiency of the water and oil in the mainstream channel (fracture) did not increase monotonically because of the complex two-phase-flow dynamics. These findings provide a new mechanism of residual trapping in porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yiu Hsu
- Department of Bioenvironmental System Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Zhong-Yao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Wen Tsao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-426-7343
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3
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Li Z, Yang J, Li K, Zhu L, Tang W. Fabrication of PDMS microfluidic devices with 3D wax jetting. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24884e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Network flowing on the 3D PDMS microfluidic chips fabricated with replication of a 3D printed wax mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong'an Li
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
- Nanjing Normal University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing
| | - Jiquan Yang
- Nanjing Normal University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Kelou Li
- Nanjing Normal University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Li Zhu
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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4
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Ahmed S, Chakrabarty D, Bhowmik S, Mukherjee S. Comparative studies of solvent bonding and adhesive bonding for fabrication of transparent polymers. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375516020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Jiang J, Zhan J, Yue W, Yang M, Yi C, Li CW. A single low-cost microfabrication approach for polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polycarbonate and polysulfone based microdevices. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a single microfabrication approach for 4 thermoplastic materials that improve the non-specific adsorption and drying issues inherent to PDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- China
| | - Jinsheng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- China
| | - Wanqing Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology
- Biotech and Health Centre
- Shenzhen Research Institutes of City University of Hong Kong
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology
- Biotech and Health Centre
- Shenzhen Research Institutes of City University of Hong Kong
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Changqing Yi
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Cheuk-Wing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- China
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6
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Vasdekis AE, Wilkins MJ, Grate JW, Kelly RT, Konopka AE, Xantheas SS, Chang TM. Solvent immersion imprint lithography. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2072-2080. [PMID: 24789571 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present Solvent Immersion Imprint Lithography (SIIL), a technique for polymer functionalization and microsystem prototyping. SIIL is based on polymer immersion in commonly available solvents. This was experimentally and computationally analyzed, uniquely enabling two practical aspects. The first is imprinting and bonding deep features that span the 1 to 100 μm range, which are unattainable with existing solvent-based methods. The second is a functionalization scheme characterized by a well-controlled, 3D distribution of chemical moieties. SIIL is validated by developing microfluidics with embedded 3D oxygen sensors and microbioreactors for quantitative metabolic studies of a thermophile anaerobe microbial culture. Polystyrene (PS) was employed in the aforementioned applications; however all soluble polymers - including inorganic ones - can be employed with SIIL under no instrumentation requirements and typical processing times of less than two minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Vasdekis
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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7
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Laher M, Hild S. A detailed micrometer scale investigation of the solvent bonding process for microfluidic chip fabrication. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45167d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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8
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Jezierski S, Tehsmer V, Nagl S, Belder D. Integrating continuous microflow reactions with subsequent micropreparative separations on a single microfluidic chip. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:11644-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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10
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Kutter JP. Liquid phase chromatography on microchips. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Ding Y, Garland S, Howland M, Revzin A, Pan T. Universal nanopatternable interfacial bonding. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:5551-6. [PMID: 22028210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A nanopatternable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oligomer layer is demonstrated as an interfacial adhesive for its intrinsic transferability and universal adhesiveness. Utilizing the well-established surface modification and bonding techniques of PDMS surfaces, irreversible bonding is formed (up to 400 kPa) between a wide range of substrate pairs, representing ones within and across different materials categories, including metals, ceramics, thermoset, and thermoplastic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Ding
- Micro-Nano Innovations Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, 95616, USA
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12
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Gan Z, Zhang L, Chen G. Solvent bonding of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chip using phase-changing agar hydrogel as a sacrificial layer. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3319-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Daneyko A, Khirevich S, Höltzel A, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Tallarek U. From random sphere packings to regular pillar arrays: Effect of the macroscopic confinement on hydrodynamic dispersion. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8231-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Liu K, Fan ZH. Thermoplastic microfluidic devices and their applications in protein and DNA analysis. Analyst 2011; 136:1288-97. [PMID: 21274478 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00969e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is a platform technology that has been used for genomics, proteomics, chemical synthesis, environment monitoring, cellular studies, and other applications. The fabrication materials of microfluidic devices have traditionally included silicon and glass, but plastics have gained increasing attention in the past few years. We focus this review on thermoplastic microfluidic devices and their applications in protein and DNA analysis. We outline the device design and fabrication methods, followed by discussion on the strategies of surface treatment. We then concentrate on several significant advancements in applying thermoplastic microfluidic devices to protein separation, immunoassays, and DNA analysis. Comparison among numerous efforts, as well as the discussion on the challenges and innovation associated with detection, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6250, USA
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15
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Gu P, Liu K, Chen H, Nishida T, Fan ZH. Chemical-assisted bonding of thermoplastics/elastomer for fabricating microfluidic valves. Anal Chem 2010; 83:446-52. [PMID: 21121689 DOI: 10.1021/ac101999w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastics such as cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) have been increasingly used in fabricating microfluidic devices. However, the state-of-the-art microvalve technology is a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based three-layer structure. In order to integrate such a valve with a thermoplastics-based microfluidic device, a bonding method for thermoplastics/PDMS must be developed. We report here a method to bond COC with PDMS through surface activation by corona discharge, surface modification using 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA), and thermal annealing. The method is also applicable to PMMA. The bonding strength between thermoplastics and PDMS was represented by the peeling force, which was measured using a method established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The bonding strength measurement offered an objective and quantitative indicator for protocol optimization, as well as comparison with other PDMS-associated bonding methods. Using optimized bonding conditions, two valve arrays were fabricated in a COC/PDMS/COC device and cyclic operations of valve closing/opening were successfully demonstrated. The valve-containing devices withstood 100 psi (∼689 KPa) without delamination. Further, we integrated such valve arrays in a device for protein separation and demonstrated isoelectric focusing in the presence of valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gu
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6250, United States
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16
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Tennico YH, Remcho VT. In-line extraction employing functionalized magnetic particles for capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2548-57. [PMID: 20665915 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An approach to performing in-line extraction employing functionalized magnetic particles for CE and microchip electrophoresis is presented. Silica-coated iron oxide particles were synthesized and used as the solid support. The particles were functionalized with octadecylsilane and used as reverse-phase sorbents for in-line SPE followed by electrophoresis. Magnets were used to locally immobilize these sorbents inside the capillary or microchip. Extraction, elution, and detection of the analytes were performed sequentially without interruption or need for sample handling. Mixtures of hydrophobic analytes were successfully extracted from solution using the synthesized magnetic sorbents. CE was able to extract and separate mixture of parabens within 10 min. In-line extraction was also carried out on a disposable PMMA microfluidic device with LIF detection. Electrophoretic separation of fluorescent dyes, Rhodamine 110 and SulfoRhodamine B, was completed in under a minute. The results demonstrated the feasibility of performing the in-line extraction/separation technique in a microchip platform enabling rapid analysis, low sorbent consumption, and increased analyte recovery (relative to the capillary format).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda H Tennico
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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17
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Trusch M, Ehlert S, Bertsch A, Kohlbacher O, Hildebrand D, Schlüter H, Tallarek U. Improved particle-packed HPLC/MS microchips for proteomic analysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3283-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Focke M, Kosse D, Müller C, Reinecke H, Zengerle R, von Stetten F. Lab-on-a-Foil: microfluidics on thin and flexible films. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1365-86. [PMID: 20369211 DOI: 10.1039/c001195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This critical review is motivated by an increasing interest of the microfluidics community in developing complete Lab-on-a-Chip solutions based on thin and flexible films (Lab-on-a-Foil). Those implementations benefit from a broad range of fabrication methods that are partly adopted from well-established macroscale processes or are completely new and promising. In addition, thin and flexible foils enable various features like low thermal resistance for efficient thermocycling or integration of easily deformable chambers paving the way for new means of on-chip reagent storage or fluid transport. From an economical perspective, Lab-on-a-Foil systems are characterised by low material consumption and often low-cost materials which are attractive for cost-effective high-volume fabrication of self-contained disposable chips. The first part of this review focuses on available materials, fabrication processes and approaches for integration of microfluidic functions including liquid control and transport as well as storage and release of reagents. In the second part, an analysis of the state of Lab-on-a-Foil applications is provided with a special focus on nucleic acid analysis, immunoassays, cell-based assays and home care testing. We conclude that the Lab-on-a-Foil approach is very versatile and significantly expands the toolbox for the development of Lab-on-a-Chip solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Focke
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 106, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Arora A, Simone G, Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Kim JT, Manz A. Latest Developments in Micro Total Analysis Systems. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4830-47. [PMID: 20462185 DOI: 10.1021/ac100969k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Arora
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppina Simone
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Georgette B. Salieb-Beugelaar
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jung Tae Kim
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Manz
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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20
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Ehlert S, Trojer L, Vollmer M, van de Goor T, Tallarek U. Performance of HPLC/MS microchips in isocratic and gradient elution modes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:313-320. [PMID: 20209581 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the chromatographic performance of particle-packed, all-polyimide high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) microchips in terms of their hydraulic permeabilities and separation efficiency under isocratic and gradient elution conditions. The separation channels of the chips (with ca 50 microm x 75 microm trapezoidal cross-section and a length of 43 mm) were slurry packed with either 3.5 or 5 microm spherical porous C18-silica particles. A custom-built holder enveloped the chip during packing to prevent channel deformation and delamination from high pressures. It is shown that the packing conditions significantly impact the packing density of the HPLC/MS chips, which determines their performance in both, isocratic and gradient elution modes. Even with steep solvent gradients, peak shape and chromatographic resolution for the densely packed HPLC/MS chips are much improved. Our data show that the analytical power of the HPLC/MS chip is limited by the quality of the chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ehlert
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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21
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Jung S, Höltzel A, Ehlert S, Mora JA, Kraiczek K, Dittmann M, Rozing GP, Tallarek U. Impact of Conduit Geometry on the Performance of Typical Particulate Microchip Packings. Anal Chem 2009; 81:10193-200. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Steffen Ehlert
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Jose-Angel Mora
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Karsten Kraiczek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Monika Dittmann
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Gerard P. Rozing
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
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Plasticizer-assisted bonding of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips at low temperature. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1217:160-6. [PMID: 19945714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As an important phthalate plasticizer, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was employed to decrease the bonding temperature of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic chips in this work based on the fact that it can lower the glass transition temperature of PMMA. The channel plates of the PMMA microchips were fabricated by the UV-initiated polymerization of prepolymerized methyl methacrylate between a silicon template and a PMMA plate. Prior to bonding, DBP solution in isopropanol was coated on PMMA covers. When isopropanol in the coating was allowed to evaporate in air, DBP was left on the PMMA covers. Subsequently, the DBP-coated covers were bonded to the PMMA channel plates at 90 degrees C for 10min under pressure. The channels in the complete microchips had been examined by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that high quality bonding was achieved below the glass transition temperature of PMMA ( approximately 105 degrees C). The performance of the PMMA microfluidic chips sealed by plasticizer-assisted bonding has been demonstrated by separating and detecting ionic species by capillary electrophoresis in connection with contactless conductivity detection.
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23
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Reinsberg KG, Effelsberg U, Tallarek U. Microchip electrospray performance during gradient elution with bulk conductivity changes. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2914-2923. [PMID: 19789744 DOI: 10.1039/b905052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work identifies dynamic changes in bulk conductivity during reversed-phase HPLC gradient elution as a major source for spray mode changes and instabilities observed in ESI-MS. A commercial microchip-HPLC/ESI-MS configuration was modified to enable electrospray diagnostics based on frequency analysis of the microchip emitter current combined with spray imaging. This approach facilitated detection of different spray modes together with their onset potentials. Water/acetonitrile mixtures containing formic acid were selected as the electrosprayed solutions to represent typical conditions in reversed-phase HPLC. Experimental data are complemented by computational fluid dynamics simulations, treating the electrosprayed solution as leaky dielectric fluid, to address the influence of bulk conductivity and applied potential difference on the developing cone-jet morphology and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Georg Reinsberg
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Khirevich S, Höltzel A, Ehlert S, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Tallarek U. Large-Scale Simulation of Flow and Transport in Reconstructed HPLC-Microchip Packings. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4937-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900631d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Khirevich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Ehlert
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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