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A hybrid nano-MOF/polymer material for trace analysis of fluoroquinolones in complex matrices at microscale by on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2021; 233:122529. [PMID: 34215032 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid material (nano-metal organic framework@organic polymer, named as nano-MOF@polymer) was applied for the first time as sorbent for on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection (SPE-CE-UV). The resulting material was prepared building layer-by-layer a HKUST-1 (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology-1) nano-MOF onto the polymer surface, which allowed controlling the thickness and maximizing the active surface area. The sorbent was widely characterized at micro- and nano-scale to validate the synthesis and to establish the material properties. Then, fritless microcartridges (2 mm) were assembled by packing only a few micrograms of sorbent particles and investigated for preconcentration of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in several real samples (river water, human urine and whole cow milk). Under the optimized conditions, the sample (ca. 60 μL) was loaded in separation background electrolyte (BGE, 50 mM phosphate (pH 7)), and retained analytes were eluted using a small volume of 2% v/v formic acid in methanol (ca. 50 nL). The SPE-CE-UV method was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), repeatability, reproducibility and reusability. The developed method showed a LOD decreasing until 1 ng L-1 when larger volumes of sample were loaded (ca. 180 μL), which was 500,000 times lower than by CE-UV. This undescribed sensitivity enhancement would arise from the homogenous and populated MOF nano-domains and the appropriate permeability of the hybrid material, which would promote high extraction efficiency and loading capacity. Furthermore, the sorbent showed appropriate selectivity regardless the analyzed complex environmental, biological or food matrix samples, achieving excellent detectability and recoveries (>90%).
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Knoll S, Rösch T, Huhn C. Trends in sample preparation and separation methods for the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds in environmental water and biota samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6149-6165. [PMID: 32710277 PMCID: PMC7442764 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent years showed a boost in knowledge about the presence and fate of micropollutants in the environment. Instrumental and methodological developments mainly in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry hold a large share in this success story. These techniques soon complemented gas chromatography and enabled the analysis of more polar compounds including pesticides but also household chemicals, food additives, and pharmaceuticals often present as traces in surface waters. In parallel, sample preparation techniques evolved to extract and enrich these compounds from biota and water samples. This review article looks at very polar and ionic compounds using the criterion log P ≤ 1. Considering about 240 compounds, we show that (simulated) log D values are often even lower than the corresponding log P values due to ionization of the compounds at our reference pH of 7.4. High polarity and charge are still challenging characteristics in the analysis of micropollutants and these compounds are hardly covered in current monitoring strategies of water samples. The situation is even more challenging in biota analysis given the large number of matrix constituents with similar properties. Currently, a large number of sample preparation and separation approaches are developed to meet the challenges of the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds. In addition to reviewing them, we discuss some trends: for sample preparation, preconcentration and purification efforts by SPE will continue, possibly using upcoming mixed-mode stationary phases and mixed beds in order to increase comprehensiveness in monitoring applications. For biota analysis, miniaturization and parallelization are aspects of future research. For ionic or ionizable compounds, we see electromembrane extraction as a method of choice with a high potential to increase throughput by automation. For separation, predominantly coupled to mass spectrometry, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography applications will increase as the polarity range ideally complements reversed phase liquid chromatography, and instrumentation and expertise are available in most laboratories. Two-dimensional applications have not yet reached maturity in liquid-phase separations to be applied in higher throughput. Possibly, the development and commercial availability of mixed-mode stationary phases make 2D applications obsolete in semi-targeted applications. An interesting alternative will enter routine analysis soon: supercritical fluid chromatography demonstrated an impressive analyte coverage but also the possibility to tailor selectivity for targeted approaches. For ionic and ionizable micropollutants, ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are amenable but may be used only for specialized applications such as the analysis of halogenated acids when aspects like desalting and preconcentration are solved and the key advantages are fully elaborated by further research. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Knoll
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Rösch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany.
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Ma X, Kan Z, Du Y, Yang J, Feng Z, Zhu X, Chen C. Enantioseparation of amino alcohol drugs by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with a maltobionic acid-based ionic liquid as the chiral selector. Analyst 2019; 144:7468-7477. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic enantioseparation of twenty-two amino alcohol drugs with a maltobionic acid (MA)-based ionic liquid (tetramethylammonium maltobionic acid, TMA-MA) as the novel chiral selector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Zigui Kan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Jiangxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Zijie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Xinqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
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Sorbent, device, matrix and application in microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS): A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Development and validation of a MEPS-UHPLC-PDA method for determination of ulifloxacin in human plasma and urine of patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:313-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bol’shakov DS, Amelin VG, Nikeshina TB. Determination of antibiotics in drugs and biological fluids using capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
The term nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) commonly refers to capillary electrophoresis with purely nonaqueous background electrolytes (BGE). Main advantages of NACE are the possibility to analyze substances with very low solubility in aqueous media as well as separation selectivity that can be quite different in organic solvents (compared to water)-a property that can be employed for manipulation of separation selectivities. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become more and more popular as a detector in CE a fact that applies also for NACE. In the present chapter, the development of NACE-MS since 2004 is reviewed. Relevant parameters like composition of BGE and its influence on separation and detection in NACE as well as sheath liquid for NACE-MS are discussed. Finally, an overview of the papers published in the field of NACE-MS between 2004 and 2014 is given. Applications are grouped according to the field (analysis of natural products, biomedical analysis, food analysis, analysis of industrial products, and fundamental investigations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
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Wang H, Liu Y, Wei S, Yao S, Zhang J, Huang H. Selective extraction and determination of fluoroquinolones in bovine milk samples with montmorillonite magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers and capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:589-98. [PMID: 26542835 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method for separating fluoroquinolones (FQs) from bovine milk samples was successfully developed using montmorillonite magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMMIPs) as adsorbents. MMMIPs were prepared using montmorillonite as carrier, fleroxacin (FLE) as template molecule, and Fe3O4 magnetite as magnetic component. MMMIPs possessed high adsorption capacity of 46.3 mg g(-1) for FLE. A rapid and convenient magnetic solid-phase extraction procedure coupled with capillary electrophoresis was established with MMMIPs as adsorbents for simultaneous and selective extraction of four FQs in bovine milk samples. Limits of detection ranged between 12.9 and 18.8 μg L(-1), and the RSDs were between 1.8% and 8.6%. The proposed method was successfully applied to spike bovine milk samples with recoveries of 92.7%-108.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China.
| | - Yanqing Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Shoulian Wei
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China.
| | - Su Yao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Huichang Huang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
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Ribeiro C, Ribeiro AR, Maia AS, Gonçalves VMF, Tiritan ME. New trends in sample preparation techniques for environmental analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 44:142-85. [PMID: 25391434 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.833850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental samples include a wide variety of complex matrices, with low concentrations of analytes and presence of several interferences. Sample preparation is a critical step and the main source of uncertainties in the analysis of environmental samples, and it is usually laborious, high cost, time consuming, and polluting. In this context, there is increasing interest in developing faster, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques. Recently, new methods have been developed and optimized in order to miniaturize extraction steps, to reduce solvent consumption or become solventless, and to automate systems. This review attempts to present an overview of the fundamentals, procedure, and application of the most recently developed sample preparation techniques for the extraction, cleanup, and concentration of organic pollutants from environmental samples. These techniques include: solid phase microextraction, on-line solid phase extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- a CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
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A critical overview of non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Part II: separation efficiency and analysis time. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:31-41. [PMID: 24485541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A survey of the literature on non-aqueous capillary zone electrophoresis leaves one with the impression of a prevailing notion that non-aqueous conditions are principally more favorable than conventional aqueous media. Specifically, the application of organic solvents in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is believed to provide the general advantages of superior separation efficiency, higher applicable electric field strength, and shorter analysis time. These advantages, however, are often claimed without providing any experimental evidence, or based on rather uncritical comparisons of limited sets of arbitrarily selected separation results. Therefore, the performance characteristics of non-aqueous vs. aqueous CZE certainly deserve closer scrutiny. The primary intention of Part II of this review is to give a critical survey of the literature on non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) that has emerged over the last five years. Emphasis is mainly placed on those studies that are concerned with the aspects of plate height, plate number, and the crucial mechanisms contributing to zone broadening, both in organic and aqueous conditions. To facilitate a deeper understanding, this treatment covers also the theoretical fundamentals of peak dispersion phenomena arising from wall adsorption; concentration overload (electromigration dispersion); longitudinal diffusion; and thermal gradients. Theoretically achievable plate numbers are discussed, both under limiting (at zero ionic strength) and application-relevant conditions (at finite ionic strength). In addition, the impact of the superimposed electroosmotic flow contributions to overall CZE performance is addressed, both for aqueous and non-aqueous media. It was concluded that for peak dispersion due to wall adsorption and due to concentration overload (electromigration dispersion, leading to peak triangulation) no general conjunction with the solvent can be deduced. This is in contrast to longitudinal diffusion: the plate height (and the plate number) obtainable under limiting conditions (at zero ionic strength) has the same ultimate value for all solvents. However, in background electrolytes with finite ionic strength, the maximum reachable plate number depends on the solvent, and in water it is higher than in the most commonly used organic solvents: methanol and acetonitrile. Thermal peak broadening is also larger in the organic solvents if compared to aqueous solutions under comparable conditions. However, its influence on the plate height is negligible under conditions established with commercial instrumentation. From the laws of electric and thermal conductance, it follows that no general conclusion can be drawn that with organic solvents higher field strength can be applied and shorter analysis time can be reached; the contrary is more evident: under comparable conditions aqueous solutions lead to more favorable results. This comprehensive analysis provides strong evidence that the broadly held notion of non-aqueous CZE being principally superior to aqueous CZE is a myth rather than a fact. However, several studies in which the employment of non-aqueous conditions has been instrumental to solve challenging analytical problems demonstrate that the intelligent use of non-aqueous CE has and will continue having its place in modern separation science.
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Pereira J, Silva CL, Perestrelo R, Gonçalves J, Alves V, Câmara JS. Re-exploring the high-throughput potential of microextraction techniques, SPME and MEPS, as powerful strategies for medical diagnostic purposes. Innovative approaches, recent applications and future trends. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2101-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A critical review of microextraction by packed sorbent as a sample preparation approach in drug bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1409-42. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is widely accepted as the most labor-intensive and error-prone part of the bioanalytical process. The recent advances in this field have been focused on the miniaturization and integration of sample preparation online with analytical instrumentation, in order to reduce laboratory workload and increase analytical performance. From this perspective, microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) has emerged in the last few years as a powerful sample preparation approach suitable to be easily automated with liquid and gas chromatographic systems applied in a variety of bioanalytical areas (pharmaceutical, clinical, toxicological, environmental and food research). This paper aims to provide an overview and a critical discussion of recent bioanalytical methods reported in literature based on MEPS, with special emphasis on those developed for the quantification of therapeutic drugs and/or metabolites in biological samples. The advantages and some limitations of MEPS, as well as its comparison with other extraction techniques, are also addressed herein.
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Tak YH, Toraño JS, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Optimization of in-line fritless solid-phase extraction for capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kohler I, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Microextraction techniques combined with capillary electrophoresis in bioanalysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:125-41. [PMID: 22965532 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many environmentally sustainable sample-preparation techniques have been proposed, with the objective of reducing the use of toxic organic solvents or substituting these with environmentally friendly alternatives. Microextraction techniques (MEs), in which only a small amount of organic solvent is used, have several advantages, including reduced sample volume, analysis time, and operating costs. Thus, MEs are well adapted in bioanalysis, in which sample preparation is mandatory because of the complexity of a sample that is available in small quantities (mL or even μL only). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful and efficient separation technique in which no organic solvents are required for analysis. Combination of CE with MEs is regarded as a very attractive environmentally sustainable analytical tool, and numerous applications have been reported over the last few decades for bioanalysis of low-molecular-weight compounds or for peptide analysis. In this paper we review the use of MEs combined with CE in bioanalysis. The review is divided into two sections: liquid and solid-based MEs. A brief practical and theoretical description of each ME is given, and the techniques are illustrated by relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kohler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Jafari MT, Saraji M, Yousefi S. Negative electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry combined with microextraction in packed syringe for direct analysis of phenoxyacid herbicides in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nielsen K, Lauritsen FR, Nissilä T, Ketola RA. Rapid screening of drug compounds in urine using a combination of microextraction by packed sorbent and rotating micropillar array electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:297-303. [PMID: 22223316 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Screening of drugs from urine samples can be non-selective or laborous, using either immunological, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography (LC)/MS methods. Therefore, a rapid screening method for selected drugs in urine sample was developed in a proof-of-principle manner, utilizing simple and fast techniques for both sample treatment and sample analysis. METHODS Sample treament of spiked urine samples was performed with microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS). Five different sorbent materials (C(2), C(8), C(18), M1 (cation exchanger), and Sil (pure silica)) were tested for the MEPS. The sample analysis was performed using a circular microchip with 60 micropillar electrospray ionization (μPESI) tips combined with a mass spectrometer (either a triple-quadrupole or ion-trap mass spectrometer) without any chromatographic step. RESULTS The sample treatment/analysis setup was tested using three drug compounds at a concentration of 1 μM. We found that the C(2), C(8) and C(18) sorbents in combination with 96% alkaline methanol as an eluent worked the best. All compounds were easily detected and identified by MS/MS in spiked urine samples. The whole qualitative analytical procedure was rapid as the sample treatment together with the MS analysis took about 5 min per sample. CONCLUSIONS A rapid screening method for selected drugs from urine samples was developed, providing adequate selectivity and sensitivity, as well as a short total analysis cycle time. This new method can provide a new alternative for screening purposes, as both the extraction and analysis steps could be totally automatized.
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Sousa J, Alves G, Fortuna A, Falcão A. Analytical methods for determination of new fluoroquinolones in biological matrices and pharmaceutical formulations by liquid chromatography: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:93-129. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pérez-Fernández V, Domínguez-Vega E, Crego AL, García MÁ, Marina ML. Recent advances in the analysis of antibiotics by CE and CEC. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:127-46. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ramautar R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Developments in coupled solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis 2009-2011. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:243-50. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
The importance of sample preparation methods as the first stage in bioanalysis is described. In this article, the sample preparation concept and strategies will be discussed, along with the requirements for good sample preparation. The most widely used sample preparation methods in the pharmaceutical industry are presented; for example, the need for same-day rotation of results from large numbers of biological samples in pharmaceutical industry makes high throughput bioanalysis more essential. In this article, high-throughput sample preparation techniques are presented; examples are given of the extraction and concentration of analytes from biological matrices, including protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction and microextraction-related techniques. Finally, the potential role of selective extraction methods, including molecular imprinted phases, is considered.
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Gao W, Chen G, Chen Y, Li N, Chen T, Hu Z. Selective extraction of alkaloids in human urine by on-line single drop microextraction coupled with sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5712-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abdel-Rehim M. Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS): a tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 701:119-28. [PMID: 21801877 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial provides an overview on a new technique for sample preparation, microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS). Not only the automation process by MEPS is the advantage but also the much smaller volumes of the samples, solvents and dead volumes in the system. Other significant advantages such as the speed and the simplicity of the sample preparation process are provided. In this tutorial the main concepts of MEPS will be elucidated. Different practical aspects in MEPS are addressed. The factors affecting MEPS performance will be discussed. The application of MEPS in clinical and pre-clinical studies for quantification of drugs and metabolites in blood, plasma and urine will be provided. A comparison between MEPS and other extraction techniques such as SPE, LLE, SPME and SBSE will be discussed.
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González-Mariño I, Quintana JB, Rodríguez I, Schrader S, Moeder M. Fully automated determination of parabens, triclosan and methyl triclosan in wastewater by microextraction by packed sorbents and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 684:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Recent advances in CE-MS: Synergy of wet chemistry and instrumentation innovations. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:43-51. [PMID: 21171112 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CE with MS detection is a hyphenated technique which greatly improves the ability of CE to deal with real samples, especially with those coming from biology and medicine, where the target analytes are present as trace amounts in very complex matrices. CE-MS is now almost a routine technique performed on commercially available instruments. It faces currently a tremendous development of the technique itself as well as of its wide application area. Great interest in CE-MS is reflected in the scientific literature by many original research articles and also by numerous reviews. The review presented here has a general scope and belongs to a series of regularly published reviews on the topic. It covers the literature from the last 2 years, since January 2008 till June 2010. It brings a critical selection of related literature sorted into groups reflecting the main topics of actual scientific interest: (i) innovations in CE-ESI-MS, (ii) use of alternative interfaces, and (iii) ways to enhance sensitivity. Special attention is paid to novel electrolyte systems amenable to CE-MS including nonvolatile BGEs, to advanced CE separation principles such as MEKC, MEEKC, chiral CE, and to the use of preconcentration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Pantůčková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Breadmore MC, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2008-2010). Electrophoresis 2010; 32:127-48. [PMID: 21171119 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has been alive for over two decades now; yet, its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with an update published in 2009 and covers material published through to June 2010. It includes developments in the fields of stacking, covering all methods from field-amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to ITP, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to on-line or in-line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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Wang C, Jemere AB, Harrison DJ. Multifunctional protein processing chip with integrated digestion, solid-phase extraction, separation and electrospray. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3703-10. [PMID: 20967777 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microfluidic device in which integrated tryptic digestion, SPE, CE separation and electrospray ionization for MS are performed. The chip comprised of 10 × 30 μm channels for CE, and two serially connected 150 μm deep, 800 μm wide channels packed with 40 to 60 μm diameter beads, loaded with either immobilized trypsin, reversed-phase packing or both. On-chip digestion of cytochrome c using the trypsin bed showed complete consumption of the protein in 3 min, in contrast to the 2 h required for conventional solution phase tryptic digestion. SPE of 0.25 μg/mL solutions of the peptides leu-enkephalin, angiotensin II and LHRH gave concentration enhancements in the range of 4.4-12, for a ten times nominal volume ratio. A 100 nM cytochrome c sample concentrated 13.3 times on-chip gave a sequence coverage of 85.6%, with recovery values ranging from 41.2 to 106%. The same sample run without SPE showed only five fragment peaks and a sequence coverage of 41.3%. When both on-chip digestion and SPE (13.3 volume ratio concentration enhancement) were performed on 200 nM cytochrome c samples, a sequence coverage of 76.0% and recovery values of 21-105% were observed. Performing on-chip digestion alone on the same sample gave only one significant fragment peak. The above digestion/peptide concentration step was compared to on-chip protein concentration by SPE followed by on-chip digestion with solution phase trypsin. Both procedures gave similar recovery results; however, much larger trypsin autodigestion interference in the latter approach was apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Anizan S, Bichon E, Monteau F, Cesbron N, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B. A new reliable sample preparation for high throughput focused steroid profiling by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6652-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Herrera-Herrera AV, Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in waters. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3457-65. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:29-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abdel-Rehim M. Recent advances in microextraction by packed sorbent for bioanalysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2569-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Microextraction by packed sorbent coupled with gas chromatography—mass spectrometry: application to the determination of metabolites of monoterpenes in small volumes of human urine. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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