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Yin L, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Gao Y, Gu J. Recent advances in single-cell analysis by mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:824-845. [PMID: 30334031 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells are the most basic structural units that play vital roles in the functioning of living organisms. Analysis of the chemical composition and content of a single cell plays a vital role in ensuring precise investigations of cellular metabolism, and is a crucial aspect of lipidomic and proteomic studies. In addition, structural knowledge provides a better understanding of cell behavior as well as the cellular and subcellular mechanisms. However, single-cell analysis can be very challenging due to the very small size of each cell as well as the large variety and extremely low concentrations of substances found in individual cells. On account of its high sensitivity and selectivity, mass spectrometry holds great promise as an effective technique for single-cell analysis. Numerous mass spectrometric techniques have been developed to elucidate the molecular profiles at the cellular level, including electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), laser-based mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In this review, the recent advances in single-cell analysis by mass spectrometry are summarized. The strategies of different ionization modes to achieve single-cell analysis are classified and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Research Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Dongminzhu Street, Changchun 130061, PR China.
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Sirkisoon LR, Makamba HC, Saito S, Colyer CL. Carbon Dot-Mediated Capillary Electrophoresis Separations of Metallated and Demetallated Forms of Transferrin Protein. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101916. [PMID: 31109034 PMCID: PMC6571678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are fluorescent nanomaterials used extensively in bioimaging, biosensing and biomedicine. This is due in large part to their biocompatibility, photostability, lower toxicity, and lower cost, compared to inorganic quantum dots or organic dyes. However, little is known about the utility of CDs as separation adjuvants in capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations. CDs were synthesized in-house according to a ‘bottom-up’ method from citric acid or other simple carbon precursors. To demonstrate the applicability of CDs as separation adjuvants, mixtures of holo- (metallated) and apo- (demetallated) forms of transferrin (Tf, an iron transport protein) were analyzed. In the absence of CDs, the proteins were not resolved by a simple CE method; however, upon addition of CDs to the separation buffer, multiple forms of Tf were resolved indicating that CDs are valuable tools to facilitate the separation of analytes by CE. CE parameters including sample preparation, buffer identity, ionic strength, pH, capillary inside diameter, and temperature were optimized. The results suggest that dots synthesized from citric acid provide the best resolution of various different forms of Tf and that CDs are versatile and promising tools to improve current electrophoretic separation methods, especially for metalloprotein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona R Sirkisoon
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
| | - Honest C Makamba
- Razzberry Inc., 5 Science Park, Unit 2E9, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Shingo Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Christa L Colyer
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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Çelik SE, Bekdeşer B, Apak R. A novel colorimetric sensor for measuring hydroperoxide content and peroxyl radical scavenging activity using starch-stabilized gold nanoparticles. Talanta 2019; 196:32-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Apak R, Demirci Çekiç S, Üzer A, Çelik SE, Bener M, Bekdeşer B, Can Z, Sağlam Ş, Önem AN, Erçağ E. Novel Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Sensors and Nanoprobes for the Characterization of Food and Biological Antioxidants. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E186. [PMID: 29324685 PMCID: PMC5796370 DOI: 10.3390/s18010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Since an unbalanced excess of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) causes various diseases, determination of antioxidants that can counter oxidative stress is important in food and biological analyses. Optical/electrochemical nanosensors have attracted attention in antioxidant activity (AOA) assessment because of their increased sensitivity and selectivity. Optical sensors offer advantages such as low cost, flexibility, remote control, speed, miniaturization and on-site/in situ analysis. Electrochemical sensors using noble metal nanoparticles on modified electrodes better catalyze bioelectrochemical reactions. We summarize the design principles of colorimetric sensors and nanoprobes for food antioxidants (including electron-transfer based and ROS/RNS scavenging assays) and important milestones contributed by our laboratory. We present novel sensors and nanoprobes together with their mechanisms and analytical performances. Our colorimetric sensors for AOA measurement made use of cupric-neocuproine and ferric-phenanthroline complexes immobilized on a Nafion membrane. We recently designed an optical oxidant/antioxidant sensor using N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine (DMPD) as probe, from which ROS produced colored DMPD-quinone cationic radicals electrostatically retained on a Nafion membrane. The attenuation of initial color by antioxidants enabled indirect AOA estimation. The surface plasmon resonance absorption of silver nanoparticles as a result of enlargement of citrate-reduced seed particles by antioxidant addition enabled a linear response of AOA. We determined biothiols with Ellman reagent-derivatized gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Piyade Sok., No. 27, Cankaya, 06550 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sema Demirci Çekiç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Saliha Esin Çelik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Bener
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Bekdeşer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ziya Can
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Şener Sağlam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Nur Önem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erol Erçağ
- Aytar Cad., Fecri Ebcioglu Sok., No. 6/8, Levent, 34340 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Si F, Yan K, Zhang X. Study on H2O2/TAED and H2O2/TBCC bleaching mechanism related to hydroxyl radical with a fluorescent probe. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 103:581-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Si F, Zhang X, Yan K. The quantitative detection of HO˙ generated in a high temperature H2O2 bleaching system with a novel fluorescent probe benzenepentacarboxylic acid. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45975f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Kim JY, Kim KH, Yoon SB, Kim HK, Park SH, Kim KB. In situ chemical synthesis of ruthenium oxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for electrochemical capacitor applications. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:6804-6811. [PMID: 23765196 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01233f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An in situ chemical synthesis approach has been developed to prepare ruthenium oxide/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites. It is found that as the C/O ratio increases, the number density of RuO2 nanoparticles decreases, because the chemical interaction between the Ru ions and the oxygen-containing functional groups provides anchoring sites where the nucleation of particles takes place. For electrochemical capacitor applications, the microwave-hydrothermal process was carried out to improve the conductivity of RGO in RuO2/RGO nanocomposites. The significant improvement in capacitance and high rate capability might result from the RuO2 nanoparticles used as spacers that make the interior layers of the reduced graphene oxide electrode available for electrolyte access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-ku, Seoul, Korea 120-749
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Patel HJ, Kwon S. Length-dependent effect of single-walled carbon nanotube exposure in a dynamic cell growth environment of human alveolar epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:101-108. [PMID: 22854519 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great use of nanomaterials for engineering and medical applications, nanomaterials may have adverse consequences by accidental exposure, because of their nanoscale size, composition and shape. Like many nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used for many proven applications, but the size of the CNTs makes them more readily become airborne and can therefore create the risk of being inhaled by a worker. In this study, we evaluated single-walled CNT (SWCNT)-induced effects on cellular responses such as cell proliferation, inflammatory response and oxidative stress in dynamic cell growth condition. A dynamic cell growth environment was established to mimic the dynamic changes in the amount of circumferential and longitudinal expansion and contraction occurred during normal breathing movement in the lung. Two different length (short: outer diameter (OD) 1-2 nm, length 0.5-2 μm; long: OD 1-2 nm, length 5-30 μm) of SWCNTs were used at different exposure concentrations (5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) during the different exposure duration (24, 48 and 72 h). Dynamic environment facilitated altered interaction between SWCNTs and A549 monolayer. Cellular responses in dynamic condition were significantly different from those in static condition. Moreover, cellular responses were dependent on the length of SWCNTs both in static and dynamic cell growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemang J Patel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
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Liu X, Sen S, Liu J, Kulaots I, Geohegan D, Kane A, Puretzky AA, Rouleau CM, More KL, Palmore GTR, Hurt RH. Antioxidant deactivation on graphenic nanocarbon surfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2775-85. [PMID: 21818846 PMCID: PMC3634619 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a direct chemical pathway for antioxidant deactivation on the surfaces of carbon nanomaterials. In the absence of cells, carbon nanotubes are shown to deplete the key physiological antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in a reaction involving dissolved dioxygen that yields the oxidized dimer, GSSG, as the primary product. In both chemical and electrochemical experiments, oxygen is only consumed at a significant steady-state rate in the presence of both nanotubes and GSH. GSH deactivation occurs for single- and multi-walled nanotubes, graphene oxide, nanohorns, and carbon black at varying rates that are characteristic of the material. The GSH depletion rates can be partially unified by surface area normalization, are accelerated by nitrogen doping, and suppressed by defect annealing or addition of proteins or surfactants. It is proposed that dioxygen reacts with active sites on graphenic carbon surfaces to produce surface-bound oxygen intermediates that react heterogeneously with glutathione to restore the carbon surface and complete a catalytic cycle. The direct catalytic reaction between nanomaterial surfaces and antioxidants may contribute to oxidative stress pathways in nanotoxicity, and the dependence on surface area and structural defects suggest strategies for safe material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Sujat Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - David Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Agnes Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Alex A. Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | | | - Karren L. More
- Shared Research Equipment Facility, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - G. Tayhas R. Palmore
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI
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Ren L, Zhong W. Oxidation reactions mediated by single-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:6954-6958. [PMID: 20715868 DOI: 10.1021/es101821m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
How single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) function in redox reactions may be related to their behaviors in the induction of oxidative stress. Herein, oxidation of several biologically relevant reducing agents in the presence of SWCNT was studied in aqueous solutions. The selected reductants included a common indicator for intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein), small antioxidants (vitamin C, Trolox, and cysteine), and a high-molecular-weight ROS scavenger (bovine serum albumin). The unmodified or carboxylated SWCNT acted as both the oxidants and the catalysts in reactions. Moreover, they accelerated the oxidation reactions mediated by horseradish peroxidase, a representative member of the enzyme family actively involved in balancing oxidative stress. These diverse roles in redox reactions may serve the chemistry basis for SWCNT to induce oxidative stress in biological systems as potential environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ren
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Frost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Meng Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael T. Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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