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Xu M, Bian Z, Chen Q, Wang H, Chen C, Lu H. Polymeric microlens array formed on a discontinuous wetting surface using a self-assembly technique. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:4380-4385. [PMID: 38856617 DOI: 10.1364/ao.518091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare polymeric microlens arrays (MLAs) based on a discontinuous wetting surface using a self-assembly technique. A patterned hydrophobic-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) surface was prepared by U V/O 3 irradiation through a shadow mask. The area exposed to U V/O 3 irradiation turned highly hydrophilic, whereas the area protected by the mask remained highly hydrophobic, generating the patterned OTS surface. The surface energy of the OTS/glass surface changed from 23 to 72.8 mN/m after 17 min of U V/O 3 treatment. The scribing of the optical glue-NOA 81 onto the microhole array enabled one to obtain the MLAs due to the generation of the NOA 81 droplet array via the surface tension. After UV light curing, the cured NOA 81 droplet array with uniform dimensions within a large area exhibited excellent MLA characteristics. Moreover, the method developed in this study is simple in operation, low-cost, and requires neither a clean room nor expensive equipment.
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zeng Z, Zeng G, Xiao R, Wang Y, Hu Y, Tang L, Feng C. Sensors for the environmental pollutant detection: Are we already there? Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Yeh N, Zhu Y, Moeller KD. Electroorganic Synthesis and the Construction of Addressable Molecular Surfaces. ChemElectroChem 2019; 6:4134-4143. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai‐Hua Yeh
- Department of ChemistryWashington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of ChemistryWashington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of ChemistryWashington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
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4
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Yeh NH, Medcalf M, Moeller KD. Organic Electrochemistry and a Role Reversal: Using Synthesis To Optimize Electrochemical Methods. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7395-7398. [PMID: 29856612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diblock copolymers are excellent coatings for microelectrode arrays because they provide a stable surface that can support both synthetic and analytical electrochemistry. However, the surfaces that are optimal for synthetic studies are not the same as the surfaces that are optimal for analytical studies. Hence, no one surface provides an ideal platform for both building and analyzing a molecular library. Fortunately, the synthetic chemistry available on a microelectrode array allows a surface that is ideal for synthesis can be converted into one that is ideal for signaling studies; a scenario that allows for the use of an optimized synthetic and analytical surface on a single microelectrode array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Hua Yeh
- Washington University in Saint Louis , Saint Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Matthew Medcalf
- Washington University in Saint Louis , Saint Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Kevin D Moeller
- Washington University in Saint Louis , Saint Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
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5
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Moeller KD. Using Physical Organic Chemistry To Shape the Course of Electrochemical Reactions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4817-4833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Moeller
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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6
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Graaf MD, Marquez BV, Yeh NH, Lapi SE, Moeller KD. New Methods for the Site-Selective Placement of Peptides on a Microelectrode Array: Probing VEGF-v107 Binding as Proof of Concept. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2829-2837. [PMID: 27556638 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I)-catalyzed "click" reactions cannot be performed on a borate ester derived polymer coating on a microelectrode array because the Cu(II) precursor for the catalyst triggers background reactions between both acetylene and azide groups with the polymer surface. Fortunately, the Cu(II)-background reaction can itself be used to site-selectively add the acetylene and azide nucleophiles to the surface of the array. In this way, molecules previously functionalized for use in "click" reactions can be added directly to the array. In a similar fashion, activated esters can be added site-selectively to a borate ester coated array. The new chemistry can be used to explore new biological interactions on the arrays. Specifically, the binding of a v107 derived peptide with both human and murine VEGF was probed using a functionalized microelectrode array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Graaf
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Bernadette V. Marquez
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Nai-Hua Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Lai Y, Huang J, Cui Z, Ge M, Zhang KQ, Chen Z, Chi L. Recent Advances in TiO2 -Based Nanostructured Surfaces with Controllable Wettability and Adhesion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2203-24. [PMID: 26695122 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired surfaces with special wettability and adhesion have attracted great interest in both fundamental research and industry applications. Various kinds of special wetting surfaces have been constructed by adjusting the topographical structure and chemical composition. Here, recent progress of the artificial superhydrophobic surfaces with high contrast in solid/liquid adhesion has been reviewed, with a focus on the bioinspired construction and applications of one-dimensional (1D) TiO2-based surfaces. In addition, the significant applications related to artificial super-wetting/antiwetting TiO2-based structure surfaces with controllable adhesion are summarized, e.g., self-cleaning, friction reduction, anti-fogging/icing, microfluidic manipulation, fog/water collection, oil/water separation, anti-bioadhesion, and micro-templates for patterning. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of this renascent and rapidly developing field, especially with regard to 1D TiO2-based surfaces with special wettability and adhesion, are proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuekun Lai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jianying Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zequn Cui
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Mingzheng Ge
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitat Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany
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8
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Graaf MD, Moeller KD. Chemoselectivity and the Chan–Lam Coupling Reaction: Adding Amino Acids to Polymer-Coated Microelectrode Arrays. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1527-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Graaf
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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9
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Graaf MD, Moeller KD. Introduction to Microelectrode Arrays, the Site-Selective Functionalization of Electrode Surfaces, and the Real-Time Detection of Binding Events. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7697-7706. [PMID: 25536120 DOI: 10.1021/la504254e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays have great potential as analytical tools because currents can be independently measured at each electrode in the array. In principle, these currents can be monitored in order to follow in real time the binding events that occur between the members of a molecular library and a biological target. To capitalize on this potential, the surface of the array must be selectively functionalized so that each unique member of the molecular library is associated with a unique individually addressable electrode or set of electrodes in the array. To this end, this instructional review summarizes methods for coating the arrays with porous polymers that allow for the attachment of molecules to the surface of the array, selectively conducting reactions at individual electrodes in the array, characterizing molecules that are placed on the arrays, and running the analytical experiments needed to monitor in real time binding events between molecules on the array and a biological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Graaf
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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10
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Uppal S, Graaf MD, Moeller KD. Microelectrode Arrays and the Use of PEG-Functionalized Diblock Copolymer Coatings. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 4:318-28. [PMID: 25587425 PMCID: PMC4264361 DOI: 10.3390/bios4030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PEG-modified diblock copolymer surfaces have been examined for their compatibility with microelectrode array based analytical methods. The use of PEG-modified polymer surfaces on the arrays was initially problematic because the redox couples used in the experiments were adsorbed by the polymer. This led the current measured by cyclic voltammetry for the redox couple to be unstable and increase with time. However, two key findings allow the experiments to be successful. First, after multiple cyclic voltammograms the current associated with the redox couple does stabilize so that a good baseline current can be established. Second, the rate at which the current stabilizes is consistent every time a particular coated array is used. Hence, multiple analytical experiments can be conducted on an array coated with a PEG-modified diblock copolymer and the data obtained is comparable as long as the data for each experiment is collected at a consistent time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Uppal
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; E-Mails: (S.U.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Matthew D Graaf
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; E-Mails: (S.U.); (M.D.G.)
| | - Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; E-Mails: (S.U.); (M.D.G.)
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11
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Moeller KD. Electrochemically Generated Organometallic Reagents and Site-Selective Synthesis on a Microelectrode Array. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500227f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Moeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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12
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Liu K, Cao M, Fujishima A, Jiang L. Bio-Inspired Titanium Dioxide Materials with Special Wettability and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10044-94. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4006796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesong Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology
of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
- Institute
for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Moyuan Cao
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology
of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Akira Fujishima
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Photocatalysis International
Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology
of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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Nguyen BH, Kesselring D, Tesfu E, Moeller KD. Microelectrode arrays: a general strategy for using oxidation reactions to site selectively modify electrode surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2280-2286. [PMID: 24499393 DOI: 10.1021/la404895b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation reactions are powerful tools for synthesis because they allow for the functionalization of molecules. Here, we present a general method for conducting these reactions on a microelectrode array in a site-selective fashion. The reactions are run as a competition between generation of a chemical oxidant at the electrodes in the array and reduction of the oxidant by a "confining agent" in the solution above the array. The "confining agent" does not need to be more reactive than the substrate fixed to the surface of the array. In many cases, the same substrate placed on the surface of the array can also be used in solution as the confining agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichlien H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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WANG Z, ZHANG LM, TIAN Y. Progress on Electrochemical Determination of Superoxide Anion. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(13)60701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Smith JA, Moeller KD. Oxidative Cyclizations, the Synthesis of Aryl-Substituted C-Glycosides, and the Role of the Second Electron Transfer Step. Org Lett 2013; 15:5818-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402826z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jake A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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16
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Fellet MS, Bartels JL, Bi B, Moeller KD. Site-selective chemistry and the attachment of peptides to the surface of a microelectrode array. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16891-8. [PMID: 22992158 DOI: 10.1021/ja308121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptides have been site-selectively placed on microelectrode arrays with the use of both thiol-based conjugate additions and Cu(I)-coupling reactions between thiols and aryl halides. The conjugate addition reactions used both acrylate and maleimide Michael acceptors. Of the two methods, the Cu(I)-coupling reactions proved far superior because of their irreversibility. Surfaces constructed with the conjugate addition chemistry were not stable at neutral pHs, especially the surface using the maleimide acceptor. Once a peptide was placed onto the array, it could be monitored in "real-time" for its interactions with a biological receptor.
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Kim J, Wubs K, Bae BS, Soo Kim W. Direct stamping of silver nanoparticles toward residue-free thick electrode. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:035004. [PMID: 27877492 PMCID: PMC5090281 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/3/035004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct stamping of functional materials has been developed for cost-effective and process-effective manufacturing of nano/micro patterns. However, there remain several challenging issues like the perfect removal of the residual layer and realization of high aspect ratio. We have demonstrated facile fabrication of flexible strain sensors that have microscale thick interdigitated capacitors with no residual layer by a simple direct stamping with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Polyurethane (PU) prepolymer was utilized as an adhesive layer to transfer AgNPs more efficiently during the separation step of the flexible stamp from directly stamped AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy images and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed residue-free transfer of microscale thick interdigitated electrodes onto two different flexible substrates (elastomeric and brittle) for the application to highly sensitive strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseok Kim
- Mechatronic Systems Engineering, School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada
| | - Kevin Wubs
- Mechatronic Systems Engineering, School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada
| | - Byeong-Soo Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Soo Kim
- Mechatronic Systems Engineering, School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada
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18
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Tanabe T, Bi B, Hu L, Maurer K, Moeller KD. Building addressable libraries: amino acid derived fluorescent linkers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1689-1693. [PMID: 22229811 DOI: 10.1021/la2047257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new amino acid derived fluorescent linker for attaching molecules to the surface of a microelectrode array has been developed. Molecules to be monitored on an array are attached to the C-terminus of the linker, the N-terminus is then used to attach the linker to the array, and the side chain is used to synthesize a fluorescent tag. The fluorescent group is made with a one-step oxidative cycloaddition reaction starting from a hydroxyindole group. The linker is compatible with site-selective Cu(I)-chemistry on the array, it allows for quality control assessment of the array itself, and it is compatible with the electrochemical impedance experiments used to monitor binding events on the surface of the array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Li H, Tian Y, Deng Z, Liang Y. An in situ photoelectrochemical determination of hydrogen sulfide through generation of CdS nanoclusters onto TiO2 nanotubes. Analyst 2012; 137:4605-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35583c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ge S, Ge L, Yan M, Song X, Yu J, Huang J. A disposable paper-based electrochemical sensor with an addressable electrode array for cancer screening. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9397-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34887j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Bi B, Huang RYC, Maurer K, Chen C, Moeller KD. Site-selective, cleavable linkers: quality control and the characterization of small molecules on microelectrode arrays. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9053-9. [PMID: 21958106 DOI: 10.1021/jo2017907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A "safety-catch" linker strategy has been used to release a portion of the products of a Diels-Alder reaction conducted on a microelectrode array for characterization of stereochemistry. The attachment and cleavage of organic compounds from the surface of selected electrodes in the array can be accomplished by site-selective generation of base or acid at the electrode. It was found that the surface of the array had a minor influence on the stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder reaction, leading to slightly more of the exo-product relative to a similar solution-phase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Bartels J, Lu P, Maurer K, Walker AV, Moeller KD. Site-selectively functionalizing microelectrode arrays: the use of Cu(I)-catalysts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11199-11205. [PMID: 21774537 DOI: 10.1021/la201881k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective Cu(I)-catalyzed reactions have been developed on microelectrode arrays. The reactions are confined to preselected electrodes on the arrays using oxygen as the confining agent. Conditions initially developed for the Cu(I)-catalyzed click reaction have proven general for the coupling of amine, alcohol, and sulfur nucleophiles to both vinyl and aryl iodides. Differences between reactions run on 1-K arrays and reactions run on 12-K arrays can be attributed to the 1-K array reactions being divided cell electrolyses and the 12-K array reactions being undivided cell electrolyses. Reactions on the 12-K arrays benefit from the use of a non-sugar-derived porous reaction layer for the attachment of substrates to the surface of the electrodes. The reactions are sensitive to the nature of the ligand used for the Cu catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bartels
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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23
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Wang X, Caruso RA. Enhancing photocatalytic activity of titania materials by using porous structures and the addition of gold nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02620d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li X, Liu Y, Zhu A, Luo Y, Deng Z, Tian Y. Real-Time Electrochemical Monitoring of Cellular H2O2 Integrated with In Situ Selective Cultivation of Living Cells Based on Dual Functional Protein Microarrays at Au−TiO2 Surfaces. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6512-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100807c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anwei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongping Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zifeng Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
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