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Dou B, Wang K, Chen Y, Wang P. Programmable DNA Nanomachine Integrated with Electrochemically Controlled Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Antibody Detection at Picomolar Level. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10594-10600. [PMID: 38904276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The quantitative detection of antibodies is crucial for the diagnosis of infectious and autoimmune diseases, while the traditional methods experience high background signal noise and restricted signal gain. In this work, we have developed a highly efficient electrochemical biosensor by constructing a programmable DNA nanomachine integrated with electrochemically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP). The sensor works by binding the target antidigoxin antibody (anti-Dig) to the epitope of the recognization probe, which then initiates the cascaded strand displacement reaction on a magnetic bead, leading to the capture of cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles through magnetic separation. After CuO was dissolved, the eATRP initiators were attached to the electrode based on the CuΙ-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The subsequent eATRP reaction results in the formation of long electroactive polymers (poly-FcMMA), producing an amplified current response for sensitive detection of anti-Dig. This method achieved a detection limit at clinically relevant picomolar concentration in human serum, offering a sensitive, convenient, and cost-effective tool for detecting various biomarkers in a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoting Dou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Keming Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Po Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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2
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Hu Q, Wan J, Liang Z, Li S, Feng W, Liang Y, Luo Y, Cao X, Ma Y, Han D, Niu L. Dually Amplified Electrochemical Aptasensor for Endotoxin Detection via Target-Assisted Electrochemically Mediated ATRP. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5463-5469. [PMID: 36921250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
As the entering of bacterial endotoxin into blood can cause various life-threatening pathological conditions, the screening and detection of low-abundance endotoxin are of great importance to human health. Taking advantage of signal amplification by target-assisted electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (teATRP), we illustrate herein a simple and cost-effective electrochemical aptasensor capable of detecting endotoxin with high sensitivity and selectivity. Specifically, the aptamer receptor was employed for the selective capture of endotoxin, of which the glycan chain was then decorated with ATRP initiators via covalent coupling between the diol sites and phenylboronic acid (PBA) group, followed by the recruitment of ferrocene signal reporters via the grafting of polymer chains through potentiostatic eATRP under ambient temperature. As the glycan chain of endotoxin can be decorated with hundreds of ATRP initiators while the further grafting of polymer chains through eATRP can recruit hundreds to thousands of signal reporters to each initiator-decorated site, the teATRP-based strategy allows for the dual amplification of the detection signal. This dually amplified electrochemical aptasensor has the ability to sensitively and selectively detect endotoxin at a concentration as low as 1.2 fg/mL, and its practical applicability has been further demonstrated using human serum samples. Owing to the simplicity, high efficiency, biocompatibility, and inexpensiveness of the teATRP-based amplification strategy, this electrochemical aptasensor holds great application potential in the sensitive and selective detection of low-abundance endotoxin and many other glycan chain-containing bio-targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Wan
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Feng
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Cao
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingming Ma
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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3
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Su L, Wan J, Hu Q, Qin D, Han D, Niu L. Target-Synergized Biologically Mediated RAFT Polymerization for Electrochemical Aptasensing of Femtomolar Thrombin. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4570-4575. [PMID: 36825747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The assay of thrombin levels is integral to the assessment of coagulation function and clinical screening of coagulation disorder-related diseases. In this work, we illustrate the ingenious use of the target-synergized biologically mediated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization (tsBMRP) as a novel amplification strategy for the electrochemical aptamer-based biosensing of thrombin at the femtomolar levels. Briefly, the tsBMRP-based strategy relies on the boronate affinity-mediated decoration of the glycan chain(s) of the target itself with RAFT agents and the subsequent recruitment of signal labels via BMRP, mediated by the direct reduction of RAFT agents by NADH into initiating/propagating radicals. Obviously, the tsBMRP-based strategy is biologically friendly, low-cost, and simple in operation. As thrombin is a glycoconjugate, its electrochemical aptasensing involves the use of the thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) as the recognition receptor, the site-specific decoration of RAFT agents to the glycan chain of thrombin via boronate affinity, and further the recruitment of ferrocene signal labels via the BMRP of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate (FcMMA). As boronate affinity results in the decoration of each glycan chain with tens of RAFT agents while BMRP recruits hundreds of signal labels to each RAFT agent-decorated site, the tsBMRP-based strategy allows us to detect thrombin at a concentration of 35.3 fM. This electrochemical aptasensor is highly selective, and its applicability to thrombin detection in serum samples has been further demonstrated. The merits of high sensitivity and selectivity, low cost, good anti-interference capability, and simple operation make the tsBMRP-based electrochemical thrombin aptasensor great promise in biomedical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luofeng Su
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Wan
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Hu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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4
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Hu Y, Yu S, Ma N, Kong J, Zhang X. Rose bengal-mediated photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization for high sensitivity detection of target DNA. Talanta 2023; 254:124104. [PMID: 36521324 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Convenient and sensitive detection of biomolecules is of utmost importance in the field of early disease screening. In this study, a Rose Bengal-Mediated photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photoATRP) method was used to achieve highly sensitive detection of target DNA (tDNA). The tDNA was specifically recognized using PNA with terminal modified sulfhydryl groups, and the initiator α-bromophenylacetic acid (BPAA) was attached to the electrode surface via a phosphate-Zr4+-carboxylate acid structure. Under the excitation of blue light, rose bengal (RB) acts as a photocatalyst, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as an electron donor, and ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate (FMMA) as a monomer to activate the photoATRP reaction and generate a large number of electroactive polymer chains on the electrode surface. Under optimal conditions, the method can be used for the quantitative analysis of tDNA in the concentration range of 1-105 fM (R2 = 0.994) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.115 fM. This metal-free mediated photoATRP biosensor, with low cost and environmental friendliness, has great potential in the field of highly sensitive biomolecule detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong Hu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China
| | - Shuaibing Yu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China
| | - Nan Ma
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, PR China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
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5
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Hu Q, Cao X, Li S, Liang Y, Luo Y, Feng W, Han D, Niu L. Electrochemically Controlled Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Electrochemical Aptasensing of Tumor Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13516-13521. [PMID: 36130914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers are of great value in the liquid biopsy of malignant tumors. In this work, a simple and cost-friendly electrochemical aptasensor was presented for the highly sensitive and selective detection of glycoprotein tumor biomarkers. The DNA aptamer-modified electrode was used as the sensing interface to specifically capture the target glycoprotein tumor biomarkers, to which the alkyl halide initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were then attached via the esterification crosslinking between the boronic acid group and the cis-dihydroxyl sites of the conjugated oligosaccharide chains on glycoprotein tumor biomarkers followed by the growth of long-chain polymers through electrochemically controlled ATRP (eATRP) to efficiently recruit the ferrocene detection tags. As there are tens to hundreds of cis-dihydroxyl sites on a glycoprotein tumor biomarker for attaching ATRP initiators while each long-chain polymer can recruit hundreds to thousands of ferrocene detection tags, a significantly high current signal can be generated even in the presence of ultralow-abundance targets. Hence, the eATRP-based electrochemical aptasensor is capable of sensitively and selectively detecting glycoprotein tumor biomarkers. Using alpha-fetoprotein as the model target, the limit of detection was demonstrated to be 0.32 pg/mL. Moreover, the aptasensor has been successfully applied to detect glycoprotein tumor biomarkers in human serum samples. In view of its high sensitivity and selectivity, simple operation, and cost-friendliness, the eATRP-based electrochemical aptasensor shows great promise in the glycoprotein-based liquid biopsy of malignant tumors, even at the early stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Cao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Feng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510230, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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6
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Hu Q, Wan J, Luo Y, Li S, Cao X, Feng W, Liang Y, Wang W, Niu L. Electrochemical Detection of Femtomolar DNA via Boronate Affinity-Mediated Decoration of Polysaccharides with Electroactive Tags. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12860-12865. [PMID: 36070236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In view of their high efficiency and cost-effectiveness, polymers are of great promise as carriers for signal tags in amplified detection. Herein, we present a polysaccharide-amplified method for the electrochemical detection of a BRCA1 breast cancer gene-derived DNA target at the femtomolar levels. Briefly, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) with a complementary sequence was tethered as the capture probe for the DNA target, to which carboxyl group-containing polysaccharides were then attached via facile phosphate-Zr(IV)-carboxylate crosslinking, followed by the decoration of polysaccharide chains with electroactive ferrocene (Fc) signal tags via affinity coupling between a cis-diol site and phenylboronic acid (PBA) group. As the polysaccharide chain contains hundreds of cis-diol sites, boronate affinity can enable the site-specific decoration of each polysaccharide chain with hundreds of Fc signal tags, efficiently transducing each target capture event into the decoration of many Fc signal tags. As polysaccharides are cheap, renewable, ubiquitous, and biodegradable natural biopolymers, the use of polysaccharides for signal amplification offers the benefits of high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, excellent biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness. The linear range of the polysaccharide-amplified method for DNA detection was demonstrated to be from 10 fM to 10 nM (R2 = 0.996), with the detection limit as low as 2.9 fM. The results show that this method can also discriminate single base mismatch with satisfactory selectivity and can be applied to DNA detection in serum samples. In view of these merits, the polysaccharide-amplified PNA-based electrochemical method holds great promise in DNA detection with satisfactory sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Cao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Feng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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7
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Estrada-Osorio D, Escalona-Villalpando RA, Gutiérrez A, Arriaga L, Ledesma-García J. Poly-L-lysine-modified with ferrocene to obtain a redox polymer for mediated glucose biosensor application. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 146:108147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Tahseen D, Sackey-Addo JR, Allen ZT, Anderson JT, McMurry JB, Cooley CB. Fluorogenic monomer activation for protein-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6257-6262. [PMID: 35694958 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00175f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) directly detects initiator-dependent polymer formation, as initially non-fluorescent polycyclic aromatic probe monomers reveal visible fluorescence upon polymerization in real time. Advancement of this initial proof-of-concept toward biodetection applications requires both a more detailed mechanistic understanding of probe fluorescence activation, and the ability to initiate fluorogenic polymerization directly from a biomolecule surface. Here, we show that simple monomer hydrogenation, independent of polymerization, reveals probe fluorescence, supporting the critical role of covalent enone attachment in fluorogenic probe quenching and subsequent fluorescence activation. We next demonstrate bioorthogonal, protein-initiated fluorogenic ATRP by the surface conjugation and characterization of protein-initiator conjugates of a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). Fluorogenic ATRP from initiator-modified protein allows for real-time visualization of polymer formation with negligible background fluorescence from unmodified BSA controls. We further probe the bioorthogonality of this fluorogenic ATRP assay by assessing polymer formation in a complex biological environment, spiked with fetal bovine serum. Taken together, we demonstrate the potential of aqueous fluorogenic ATRP as a robust, bioorthogonal method for biomolecular-initiated polymerization by real-time fluorescence activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyal Tahseen
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, 1 Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA.
| | - Jemima R Sackey-Addo
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, 1 Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA.
| | - Zachary T Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, 1 Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA.
| | - Joseph T Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, 1 Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA.
| | - Jordan B McMurry
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, 1 Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA.
| | - Christina B Cooley
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, 1 Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA.
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9
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Hu Q, Su L, Luo Y, Cao X, Hu S, Li S, Liang Y, Liu S, Xu W, Qin D, Niu L. Biologically Mediated RAFT Polymerization for Electrochemical Sensing of Kinase Activity. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6200-6205. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Luofeng Su
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Cao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shuhan Hu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Sijie Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wanjing Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Environment Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, P. R. China
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10
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Synthesis and characterization of ferrocene-based thiosemicarbazones along with their computational studies for potential as inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8311418 DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocene and its derivatives are vital class of organometallic compounds having extensive biological activities. Six novel ferrocene-based thiosemicarbazones have been synthesized through the condensation reaction of acetyl ferrocene with differently substituted thiosemicarbazide. Furthermore, we used state-of-the-art computational docking approach to explore the theoretical aspects for possible antiviral potential of our synthesized compounds. All the six compounds were docked with Mpro protein of SARS-CoV-2, which is very crucial protein for viral replication. Among the six derivatives, compounds 2 and 4 showed higher binding affinities with binding energy of − 6.7 and − 6.9 kcal/mol, respectively. The visualization of intermolecular interactions between synthesized derivatives and Mpro protein illustrated that each of compounds 2 and 4 forms two hydrogen bonds accompanied by important hydrophobic interactions. The comparison of binding affinities with some recently approved drugs like remdesivir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine molecules are also made. The calculated binding energies of remdesivir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine molecules with Mpro of COVID-19 was found to be − 7.00, − 5.20 and − 5.60 kcal/mol, respectively. The binding energy of compound 4 (− 6.9 kcal/mol) was almost equal to the remdesivir and greater than the binding energies of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. It is expected from the current investigation that our synthesized ferrocene-based thiosemicarbazones might have potential for drug against SARS-CoV-2.
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11
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Sun H, Kong J, Zhang X. Application of peptide nucleic acid in electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors. Biopolymers 2021; 112:e23464. [PMID: 34214202 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of major diseases, such as malignant tumors, has always been an important field of research. Through screening, early detection of such diseases, and timely and effective treatment can significantly improve the survival rate of patients and reduce medical costs. Therefore, the development of a simple detection method with high sensitivity and strong specificity, and that is low cost is of great significance for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Electrochemical DNA biosensing analysis is a technology based on Watson Crick base complementary pairing, which uses the capture probe of a known sequence to specifically recognize the target DNA and detect its concentration. Because of its advantages of low cost, simple operation, portability, and easy miniaturization, it has been widely researched and has become a cutting-edge topic in the field of biochemical analysis and precision medicine. However, the existing methods for electrochemical DNA biosensing analysis have some shortcomings, such as poor stability and specificity of capture probes, insufficient detection sensitivity, and long detection cycles. In this review, we focus on improving the sensitivity and practicability of electrochemical DNA biosensing analysis methods and summarize a series of research work carried out by using electrically neutral peptide nucleic acid as an immobilized capture probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Sun
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Hu Q, Su L, Chen Z, Huang Y, Qin D, Niu L. Coenzyme-Mediated Electro-RAFT Polymerization for Amplified Electrochemical Interrogation of Trypsin Activity. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9602-9608. [PMID: 34185503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin is a key proteolytic enzyme in the digestive system and its abnormal levels are indicative of some pancreatic diseases. Taking advantage of the coenzyme-mediated electrografting of ferrocenyl polymers as a novel strategy for signal amplification, herein, a signal-on cleavage-based electrochemical biosensor is reported for the highly selective interrogation of trypsin activity at ultralow levels. The construction of the trypsin biosensor involves (i) the immobilization of peptide substrates (without free carboxyl groups) via the N-terminus, (ii) the tryptic cleavage of peptide substrates, (iii) the site-specific labeling of the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents, and (iv) the grafting of ferrocenyl polymers through the electro-RAFT (eRAFT) polymerization, which is mediated by potentiostatic reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) coenzymes. Through the NAD+-mediated eRAFT (NAD+-eRAFT) polymerization of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate (FcMMA), the presence of a few tryptic cleavage events can eventually result in the recruitment of a considerable amount of ferrocene redox tags. Obviously, the NAD+-eRAFT polymerization is low-cost and easy to operate as a highly efficient strategy for signal amplification. As expected, the as-constructed biosensor is highly selective and sensitive toward the signal-on interrogation of trypsin activity. Under optimal conditions, the detection limit can be as low as 18.2 μU/mL (∼72.8 pg/mL). The results also demonstrate that the as-constructed electrochemical trypsin biosensor is applicable to inhibitor screening and the interrogation of enzyme activity in the presence of complex sample matrices. Moreover, it is low-cost, less susceptible to false-positive results, and relatively easy to fabricate, thus holding great potential in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Luofeng Su
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhuohua Chen
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yanyu Huang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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13
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Lu H, Cai J, Zhang K. Synthetic Approaches for Copolymers Containing Nucleic Acids and Analogues: Challenges and Opportunities. Polym Chem 2021; 12:2193-2204. [PMID: 34394751 PMCID: PMC8356553 DOI: 10.1039/d0py01707h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A deep integration of nucleic acids with other classes of materials have become the basis of many useful technologies. Among these biohybrids, nucleic acid-containing copolymers has seen rapid development in both chemistry and application. This review focuses on the various synthetic approaches to access nucleic acid-polymer biohybrids spanning post-polymerization conjugation, nucleic acids in polymerization, solid-phase synthesis, and nucleoside/nucleobase-functionalized polymers. We highlight the challenges associated with working with nucleic acids with each approach and the ingenuity of the solutions, with the hope of lowering the entry barrier and inpsiring further investigations in this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jiansong Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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14
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Hu Q, Su L, Mao Y, Gan S, Bao Y, Qin D, Wang W, Zhang Y, Niu L. Electrochemically induced grafting of ferrocenyl polymers for ultrasensitive cleavage-based interrogation of matrix metalloproteinase activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Hu Q, Gan S, Bao Y, Zhang Y, Han D, Niu L. Electrochemically Controlled ATRP for Cleavage-Based Electrochemical Detection of the Prostate-Specific Antigen at Femtomolar Level Concentrations. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15982-15988. [PMID: 33225684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a single-chain glycoprotein with endopeptidase activity, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is valuable as an informative serum marker in diagnosing, staging, and prognosis of prostate cancer. In this report, an electrochemical biosensor based on the target-induced cleavage of a specific peptide substrate (PSA peptide) is designed for the highly selective detection of PSA at the femtomolar level, using electrochemically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) as a method for signal amplification. The PSA peptides, without free carboxyl sites, are attached to the gold surface via the N-terminal cysteine residue. The target-induced cleavage of PSA peptides results in the generation of carboxyl sites, to which the alkyl halide initiator α-bromophenylacetic acid (BPAA) is linked via the Zr(IV) linkers. Subsequently, the potentiostatic eATRP of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate (FcMMA, as the monomer) leads to the surface-initiated grafting of high-density ferrocenyl polymers. As a result, a large amount of Fc redox tags can be recruited for signal amplification, through which the limit of detection (LOD) for PSA can be down to 3.2 fM. As the recognition element, the PSA peptide is easy to synthesize, chemically and thermally stable, and low-cost. Without the necessity of enzyme or nanoparticle labels, the eATRP-based amplification method is easy to operate and low-cost. Results also show that the cleavage-based electrochemical PSA biosensor is highly selective and applicable to PSA detection in complex biological samples. In view of these merits, the integration of the eATRP-based amplification method into cleavage-based recognition is believed to hold great promise for the electrochemical detection of PSA in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Gan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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16
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Hu Q, Bao Y, Gan S, Zhang Y, Han D, Niu L. Electrochemically controlled grafting of polymers for ultrasensitive electrochemical assay of trypsin activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Wang Y, Luo J, Liu X. Fluorescent molecularly imprinted nanoparticles with boronate affinity for selective glycoprotein detection. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6469-6480. [PMID: 32602485 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02648g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Specific recognition and sensing of glycoproteins are of great importance in clinical diagnostics considering their frequent utilization as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this work, a biomimetic fluorescent sensor for the selective and sensitive detection of glycoprotein was developed, which was based on late-model boronate fluorescent molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (B-FMIP NPs). The B-FMIP NPs were fabricated via the macromolecular assembly of a fluorescent photo-crosslinkable amphiphilic copolymer containing boronic acid with glycoprotein in aqueous solution and in situ photo-crosslinking. Due to the synergism of boronate affinity and the molecular imprinting effect, the resultant B-FMIP NPs demonstrated specific recognition and remarkable selectivity toward the template glycoprotein (ovalbumin, OVA) with a high imprinted factor (α) of 6.0 and gave rise to obvious fluorescence quenching after binding with OVA in water. Under optimized experimental conditions, the as-prepared B-FMIP NPs exhibited linearity over the OVA concentration range of 10-13 to 10-3 mg mL-1 with a detection limit of 3.3 × 10-14 mg mL-1, as well as a rapid response time (about 10 min), which was superior to that of other previously reported OVA sensors. Finally, these B-FMIP NPs have been applied for the determination of OVA in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
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18
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Electrochemical CYFRA21-1 DNA sensor with PCR-like sensitivity based on AgNPs and cascade polymerization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4155-4163. [PMID: 32306069 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new method of CYFRA21-1 DNA (tDNA) detection based on electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (e-ATRP) and surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (SI-RAFT) cascade polymerization and AgNP deposition is proposed. Firstly, the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe is captured on a gold electrode by Au-S bonds for specific recognition of tDNA. After hybridization, PNA/DNA strands provide high-density phosphate groups for the subsequent ATRP initiator by the identified carboxylate-Zr4+-phosphate chemistry. Then, a large number of monomers are successfully grafted from the DNA through the e-ATRP reaction. After that, the chain transfer agent of SI-RAFT and methacrylic acid (MAA) are connected by recognized carboxylate-Zr4+-carboxylate chemistry. Subsequently, through SI-RAFT, the resulting polymer introduces numerous aldehyde groups, which could deposit many AgNPs on tDNA through silver mirror reaction, causing significant amplification of the electrochemical signal. Under optimal conditions, this designed method exhibits a low detection limit of 0.487 aM. Moreover, the method enables us to detect DNA at the level of PCR-like and shows high selectivity and strong anti-interference ability in the presence of serum. It suggests that this new sensing signal amplification technology exhibits excellent potential of application in the early diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Graphical abstract Electrochemical detection principle for CYFRA21-1 DNA based on e-ATRP and SI-RAFT signal amplification technology.
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19
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Zhang J, Ba Y, Liu Q, Zhao L, Wang D, Yang H, Kong J. CuBr 2/EDTA-mediated ATRP for ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of lung cancer DNA. J Adv Res 2020; 22:77-84. [PMID: 31956444 PMCID: PMC6961214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we reported a system for the ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1 DNA (CYFRA21-1 DNA) for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. The approach used electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET-ATRP) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as the metal ligand. Firstly, thiolated peptide nucleic acid (PNA) was linked to aminated magnetic beads solutions (MBs) by a cross-linking agent and then hybridized with CYFRA21-1 DNA (tDNA). Subsequently, Zr4+ was introduced into the MBs by conjugating with the phosphate group of tDNA, and the initiator of ARGET-ATRP was introduced into via phosphate-Zr4+-carboxylate chemistry. Next, Cu(II)Br/EDTA was reduced to Cu(I)/EDTA by ascorbic acid (AA) to trigger ARGET-ATRP and then a large amount of fluorescein-o-acrylate (FA) molecules were grafted from the surface of the MBs, which amplified significantly the fluorescent signal. Under optimal conditions, a strong linear relationship of tDNA over the range from 0.1 fM to 1 nM (R2 = 0.9988). The limit of detection was as low as 23.8 aM (~143 molecules). The fluorescence detection based on the ARGET-ATRP strategy yielded excellent sensitivity, selectivity, outstanding anti-interference properties, and cost-effectiveness. These results indicated that this strategy has considerable potential for biological detection and early clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China
| | - Yanyan Ba
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China
| | - Qianrui Liu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Liying Zhao
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China
| | - Dazhong Wang
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China
| | - Huaixia Yang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
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20
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Messina MS, Messina KMM, Bhattacharya A, Montgomery HR, Maynard HD. Preparation of Biomolecule-Polymer Conjugates by Grafting-From Using ATRP, RAFT, or ROMP. Prog Polym Sci 2020; 100:101186. [PMID: 32863465 PMCID: PMC7453843 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecule-polymer conjugates are constructs that take advantage of the functional or otherwise beneficial traits inherent to biomolecules and combine them with synthetic polymers possessing specially tailored properties. The rapid development of novel biomolecule-polymer conjugates based on proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids has ushered in a variety of unique materials, which exhibit functional attributes including thermo-responsiveness, exceptional stability, and specialized specificity. Key to the synthesis of new biomolecule-polymer hybrids is the use of controlled polymerization techniques coupled with either grafting-from, grafting-to, or grafting-through methodology, each of which exhibit distinct advantages and/or disadvantages. In this review, we present recent progress in the development of biomolecule-polymer conjugates with a focus on works that have detailed the use of grafting-from methods employing ATRP, RAFT, or ROMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco S Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kathryn M M Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Arvind Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Hayden R Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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21
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Abstract
This review summarizes various radical polymerization chemistries for amplifying biodetection signals and compares them from the practical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Program in Polymers and Soft Matter
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22
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Hu Q, Gan S, Bao Y, Zhang Y, Han D, Niu L. Controlled/“living” radical polymerization-based signal amplification strategies for biosensing. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3327-3340. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Controlled/“living” radical polymerization-based signal amplification strategies and their applications in highly sensitive biosensing of clinically relevant biomolecules are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Gan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
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23
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Liu W, Ma L, Guo Z, Liu T, Liu Y, Wang D, Kong J. A Fluorescent Sensor Based on Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization for the Early Diagnosis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. ANAL SCI 2019; 36:681-686. [PMID: 31839663 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel, ultrasensitive and low-cost sensor using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization as a signal amplification strategy for the detection of CYFRA 21-1 DNA fragment, a tumor marker of non-small cell lung carcinoma. The peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes were firstly immobilized on magnetic beads (MBs) to capture the CYFRA 21-1 DNA specifically. After hybridization, CPAD was tethered to the hetero duplexes through carboxylate-Zr4+-phosphate chemistry. Subsequently, a number of fluorescent tags were introduced to the heteroduplexes through RAFT polymerization, leading to an amplification of the fluorescence signal. The sensor demonstrates a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 fM. It has great selectivity with respect to base mismatch DNA, and high anti-interference ability in normal human serum. Overall findings of the study suggest that proposed sensor holds enormous potential to be used as a tool for the early-stage diagnosis of lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- Outpatient Integrated Systems Division, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou
| | - Ligang Ma
- Department of Mathematical and Chemical, Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhuangzhuang Guo
- Department of Mathematical and Chemical, Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Mathematical and Chemical, Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Mathematical and Chemical, Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Dazhong Wang
- Outpatient Integrated Systems Division, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
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24
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Guo Z, Tang J, Li M, Liu Y, Yang H, Kong J. An ultrasensitive fluorescent aptasensor based on truncated aptamer and AGET ATRP for the detection of bisphenol A. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7807-7815. [PMID: 31745613 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Given the gigantic harmfulness of bisphenol A (BPA), a novel and ultrasensitive aptasensor, which employs the truncated BPA aptamer, click chemistry, and activators generated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP), was developed herein for the quantitative determination of BPA. Firstly, hairpin DNAs (hairpins) with a thiol at the 5' end and an azide group at the 3' end were conjugated with aminated magnetic beads (MBs) through heterobifunctional cross-linkers. BPA truncated aptamer (ssDNA-A) hybridizes with its complementary single-stranded DNA (ssDNA-B) to form double-stranded DNA. In the presence of BPA, ssDNA-A specifically captures BPA, and then ssDNA-B is released. Subsequently, the ssDNA-B hybridizes with hairpins to expose the azide group near the surface of the MBs. Then, propargyl-2-bromoisobutyrate (PBIB), the initiator of AGET ATRP containing alkynyl group, was conjugated with azide group of hairpins via the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Consequently, a large number of fluorescein-o-acrylate (FA) were introduced to the MBs through AGET ATRP, resulting in that the fluorescence intensity was increased dramatically. Obviously, the fluorescence intensity was especially sensitive to the change of BPA concentration, and this method can be used in quantitative determination of BPA. Under optimal conditions, a broad liner range from 100 fM to 100 nM and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 6.6 fM were obtained. Moreover, the method exhibits not only excellent specificity for BPA detection over BPA analogues but high anti-interference ability in real water sample detection, indicating that it has huge application prospect in food safety and environment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Guo
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jinfa Tang
- The First Affilicated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450099, Henan, China
| | - Manman Li
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Huaixia Yang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China.
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25
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Yang X, Liu Q, Wen D, Gao M, Zhang D, Jin Q, Kong J, Zhang J. Ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of sequence-specific DNA via labeling hairpin DNA probes for fluorescein o-acrylate polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1088:144-149. [PMID: 31623710 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of DNA is conducive to enhance the accuracy of diseases diagnosis and risk prediction. In this work, we report the use of activators generated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP) as a novel on-chip amplification strategy for the fluorescence detection of DNA. More specifically, the target DNA was captured by the on-chip immobilized hairpin DNA probes. Upon hybridization, exposed 3'-N3 of the hairpin was used to attach AGET ATRP initiators onto the silicon surface by click chemistry. Then, numerous fluorescent labeling linked to the end of the probes via the formation of long chain polymers of fluorescein o-acrylate, which in turn amplified the fluorescence signal for DNA detection. Under optimal conditions, it showed a good linear range from 100 fM to 1 μM in DNA detection, with the limit of detection as low as 4.3 fM. Moreover, this strategy showed good detection performance in complex real serum samples, the fluorescence intensity of 0.1 nM tDNA in 1% fetal bovine serum samples was 97.6% of that in Tris-EDTA buffer. Based on its high sensitivity, reduced cost and simplicity, the proposed signal amplification strategy displays translational potential in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Qianrui Liu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Dongxiao Wen
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450008, PR China
| | - Meng Gao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Dongjian Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Qiaomei Jin
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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26
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A novel electrochemical biomimetic sensor based on E-MIP artificial acceptor and SI-ATRP assisted signal amplification. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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He P, Lou X, Woody SM, He L. Amplification-by-Polymerization in Biosensing for Human Genomic DNA Detection. ACS Sens 2019; 4:992-1000. [PMID: 30942069 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A polymerization reaction was employed as a signal amplification method to realize direct visualization of gender-specific DNA extracted from human blood in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-free fashion. Clear distinction between X and Y chromosomes was observed by naked eyes for detector-free sensing purposes. The grown polymer films atop X and Y chromosomes were quantitatively measured by ellipsometry for thickness readings. Detection assays have been optimized for genomic DNA recognition to a maximum extent by varying the selection of the proper blocking reagents, the annealing temperature, and the annealing time. Traditional PCR and gel electrophoresis for amplicon identification were conducted in parallel for performance comparison. In the blind test for blood samples examined by the new approach, 25 out of 26 were correct and one was false negative, which was comparable to, if not better than, the PCR results. This is the first time our amplification-by-polymerization technique is being used for chromosome DNA analysis. The potential of adopting the described sensing technique without PCR was demonstrated, which could further promote the development of a portable, PCR-free DNA sensing device for point-of-need applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Xinhui Lou
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Susan M. Woody
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lin He
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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28
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Allen ZT, Sackey-Addo JR, Hopps MP, Tahseen D, Anderson JT, Graf TA, Cooley CB. Fluorogenic atom transfer radical polymerization in aqueous media as a strategy for detection. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1017-1022. [PMID: 30774896 PMCID: PMC6346399 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03938k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel approaches to signal amplification in aqueous media could enable new diagnostic platforms for the detection of water-soluble analytes, including biomolecules. This paper describes a fluorogenic polymerization approach to amplify initiator signal by the detection of visible fluorescence upon polymerization in real-time. Fluorogenic monomers were synthesized and co-polymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in water to reveal increasing polymer fluorescence as a function of both reaction time and initiator concentration. Optimization of the fluorogenic ATRP reaction conditions allowed for the quantitative detection of a small-molecule initiator as a model analyte over a broad linear concentration range (pM to mM). Raising the reaction temperature from 30 °C to 60 °C facilitated sensitive initiator detection at sub-picomolar concentrations in as little as 1 h of polymerization. This method was then applied to the detection of streptavidin as a model biological analyte by fluorogenic polymerization from a designed biotinylated ATRP initiator. Taken together, these studies represent the first example of a fluorogenic ATRP reaction and establish fluorogenic polymerization as a promising approach for the direct detection of aqueous analytes and biomolecular recognition events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Allen
- Department of Chemistry , Trinity University , One Trinity Place , San Antonio , TX 78212 , USA .
| | - Jemima R Sackey-Addo
- Department of Chemistry , Trinity University , One Trinity Place , San Antonio , TX 78212 , USA .
| | - Madeline P Hopps
- Department of Chemistry , Trinity University , One Trinity Place , San Antonio , TX 78212 , USA .
| | - Danyal Tahseen
- Department of Chemistry , Trinity University , One Trinity Place , San Antonio , TX 78212 , USA .
| | - Joseph T Anderson
- Department of Chemistry , Trinity University , One Trinity Place , San Antonio , TX 78212 , USA .
| | - Tyler A Graf
- Department of Chemistry , Trinity University , One Trinity Place , San Antonio , TX 78212 , USA .
| | - Christina B Cooley
- Department of Chemistry , Trinity University , One Trinity Place , San Antonio , TX 78212 , USA .
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29
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Hu Q, Kong J, Han D, Niu L, Zhang X. Electrochemical DNA Biosensing via Electrochemically Controlled Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization. ACS Sens 2019; 4:235-241. [PMID: 30620562 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and selective sensing of biological molecules is fundamental to disease diagnosis and infectious disease surveillance. Herein, an ultrasensitive and highly selective electrochemical DNA biosensor is described by exploiting the electrochemically controlled reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (eRAFT) polymerization as a signal amplification strategy and the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes as the recognition elements. Specifically, the PNA probes with a thiol at their 5'-terminals are anchored to a gold electrode surface (via gold-sulfur self-assembly) for sequence-specific recognition of target DNA (tDNA) fragments, of which the phosphate sites serve as the anchorages for the targeted labeling (via the well-established phosphate-Zr4+-carboxylate chemistry) of the carboxyl-group-containing chain-transfer agents (CTAs) for the succedent eRAFT polymerization, wherein the initiating radicals are generated through electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts under a potentiostatic condition. In the presence of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate (FcCH═CH2) as the monomer, the grafting of polymer chains from the CTA-anchored sites as a result of the eRAFT polymerization brings numerous electroactive Fc tags to the electrode surface, outputting a high electrochemical sensing signal even in the presence of trace amounts of tDNA fragments. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range of the described electrochemical DNA biosensor spans from 10 aM to 10 pM ( R2 = 0.998), with an attomolar detection limit (4.1 aM) being achieved. Moreover, the described electrochemical DNA biosensor is highly selective and applicable to the sensing of tDNA fragments in complex serum samples. Given its high efficiency, easy operation, and low cost, this biosensor shows great promise in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
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30
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Hu Q, Han D, Gan S, Bao Y, Niu L. Surface-Initiated-Reversible-Addition–Fragmentation-Chain-Transfer Polymerization for Electrochemical DNA Biosensing. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12207-12213. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shiyu Gan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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31
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Liu C, Hu F, Yang W, Xu J, Chen Y. A critical review of advances in surface plasmon resonance imaging sensitivity. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Hu Q, Wang Q, Sun G, Kong J, Zhang X. Electrochemically Mediated Surface-Initiated de Novo Growth of Polymers for Amplified Electrochemical Detection of DNA. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9253-9259. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- School of Environmental
and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- School of Environmental
and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P. R. China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental
and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Chemistry Department, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620-4202, United States
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33
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Luo J, Huang J, Wu Y, Sun J, Wei W, Liu X. Synthesis of hydrophilic and conductive molecularly imprinted polyaniline particles for the sensitive and selective protein detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:39-46. [PMID: 28249205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel kind of water-dispersible molecular imprinted conductive polyaniline particles was prepared through a facile and efficient macromolecular co-assembly of polyaniline with amphiphilic copolymer, and applied as the molecular recognition element to construct protein electrochemical sensor. In our strategy, an amphiphilic copolymer P(AMPS-co-St) was first synthesized using 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and styrene (St) as monomer, which could co-assemble with PANI in aqueous solution to generate PANI particles driven by the electrostatic interaction. During this process, ovalbumin (OVA) as template protein was added and trapped into the PANI NPs particles owing to their interactions, resulting in the formation of molecular imprinted polyaniline (MIP-PANI) particles. When utilizing the MIP-PANI particles as recognition element, the resultant imprinted PANI sensor not only exhibited good selectivity toward template protein (the imprinting factor α is 5.31), but also a wide linear range over OVA concentration from 10-11 to 10-6mgmL-1 with a significantly lower detection limit of 10-12mgmL-1, which outperformed most of reported OVA detecting methods. In addition, an ultrafast response time of less than 3min has also been demonstrated. The superior performance is ascribed to the water compatibility, large specific surface area of PANI particles and the electrical conductivity of PANI which provides a direct path for the conduction of electrons from the imprinting sites to the electrode surface. The outstanding sensing performance combined with its facile, quick, green preparation procedure as well as low production cost makes the MIP-PANI particles attractive in specific protein recognition and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yunan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jun Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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34
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Larik FA, Saeed A, Fattah TA, Muqadar U, Channar PA. Recent advances in the synthesis, biological activities and various applications of ferrocene derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Ali Larik
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; 45320 Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; 45320 Islamabad Pakistan
| | | | - Urooj Muqadar
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; 45320 Islamabad Pakistan
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35
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Sethi S, Das PK, Behera N. The chemistry of aminoferrocene, Fe{(η5-C5H4NH2)(η5-Cp)}: Synthesis, reactivity and applications. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Yang X, Tang Y, Alt RR, Xie X, Li F. Emerging techniques for ultrasensitive protein analysis. Analyst 2016; 141:3473-81. [PMID: 26898911 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00059b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many important biomarkers for devastating diseases and biochemical processes are proteins present at ultralow levels. Traditional techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), mass spectrometry, and protein microarrays, are often not sensitive enough to detect proteins with concentrations below the picomolar level, thus requiring the development of analytical techniques with ultrahigh sensitivities. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in developing novel techniques, sensors, and assays for ultrasensitive protein analysis. Particular attention will be focused on three classes of signal generation and/or amplification mechanisms, including the uses of nanomaterials, nucleic acids, and digital platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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37
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Kaastrup K, Sikes HD. Using photo-initiated polymerization reactions to detect molecular recognition. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:532-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Radical polymerization reactions initiated by light can be used to provide signal amplification in molecular binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- USA
- Program in Polymers and Soft Matter
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
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38
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Li L, Shang G, Qin W. Label-free polymerization amplified potentiometric sensing platform for radical reactions using polyion sensitive membrane electrodes as transducers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04530h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the cascade amplification abilities of radical polymerization reactions, an amplified potentiometric sensing platform for radical reactions was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes
- YICCAS
| | - Guoliang Shang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264003
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes
- YICCAS
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39
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Nieto D, Bruña S, González-Vadillo AM, Perles J, Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Antiñolo A, Padrón JM, Plata GB, Cuadrado I. Catalytically Generated Ferrocene-Containing Guanidines as Efficient Precursors for New Redox-Active Heterometallic Platinum(II) Complexes with Anticancer Activity. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nieto
- Departamento
de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Bruña
- Departamento
de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M González-Vadillo
- Departamento
de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Servicio
Interdepartamental de Investigación (SIdI), Laboratorio de
Difracción de Rayos X de Monocrystal, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Carrillo-Hermosilla
- Centro
de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA),
Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Orgánica
y Bioquı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologı́as
Quı́micas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Antiñolo
- Centro
de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA),
Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Orgánica
y Bioquı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologı́as
Quı́micas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José M. Padrón
- BioLab,
Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González
(IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias
(CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Gabriela B. Plata
- BioLab,
Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González
(IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias
(CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuadrado
- Departamento
de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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40
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Magnetic beads-based electrochemical immunosensor for monitoring allergenic food proteins. Anal Biochem 2015; 484:4-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Lin EW, Maynard HD. Grafting from Small Interfering Ribonucleic Acid (siRNA) as an Alternative Synthesis Route to siRNA–Polymer Conjugates. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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42
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Saleem M, Yu H, Wang L, Zain-ul-Abdin, Khalid H, Akram M, Abbasi NM, Huang J. Review on synthesis of ferrocene-based redox polymers and derivatives and their application in glucose sensing. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 876:9-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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43
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Hu Y, Yang G, Liang B, Fang L, Ma G, Zhu Q, Chen S, Ye X. The fabrication of superlow protein absorption zwitterionic coating by electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization and its application. Acta Biomater 2015; 13:142-9. [PMID: 25463508 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A well-controllable electrochemically mediated surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (e-siATRP) method for the fabrication of superlow protein absorption zwitterionic hydrogel coatings based on poly(sulbetaine methacrylate) (pSBMA) was developed in this work. The effects of the electric condition on polymerization as well as its antifouling performances both in vitro and in vivo were also investigated. Different potentials (-0.08 V, -0.15 V and -0.22 V) and polymerization times (from 8 to 48 h) were chosen to study the polymerization procedure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry measurements were used to characterize the properties of the polymer layers. Ellipsometry measurements showed that a higher potential provided faster polymerization and thicker polymer layers; however, the protein absorption experiments showed that the best polymerization condition was under a constant potential of -0.15 V and 32 h, under which the protein absorption was 0.8% in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (compared to a bare gold electrode). The electrodes with a pSBMA coating effectively deduced the current sensitivity decay both in undiluted serum and in vivo. The usage of the commercially available polymerization monomer of SBMA, the simple convenient synthesis process regardless of the presence of oxygen and the excellent controllability of e-siATRP make it a very promising and universal technique in the preparation of zwitterionic polymer coatings, especially in the development of biocompatible material for implantable devices such as neural and biosensor electrodes.
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44
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Feng X, Zhang K, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ. Organometallic polymers for electrode decoration in sensing applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecules containing metals combine the processing advantages of polymers with the functionality offered by the metal centers. The developments in the area of electrochemical chemo/biosensors based on organometallic polymers are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Feng
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Kaihuan Zhang
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
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45
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Zheng J, Hu L, Zhang M, Xu J, He P. An electrochemical sensing strategy for the detection of the hepatitis B virus sequence with homogenous hybridization based on host–guest recognition. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic for electrochemically sensing DNA with hybridization in homogeneous solutionviahost–guest recognition based on MNPs/β-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Liping Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Jingli Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Pingang He
- Department of Chemistry
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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46
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47
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Kaastrup K, Sikes HD. Investigation of dendrimers functionalized with eosin as macrophotoinitiators for polymerization-based signal amplification reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14466j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-soluble macrophotoinitiators with up to 24 eosin substituents and one protein per dendrimer were assessed in interfacial binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kaastrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - H. D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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Lilly JL, Sheldon PR, Hoversten LJ, Romero G, Balasubramaniam V, Berron BJ. Interfacial polymerization for colorimetric labeling of protein expression in cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115630. [PMID: 25536421 PMCID: PMC4275217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the location of rare proteins in cells typically requires the use of on-sample amplification. Antibody based recognition and enzymatic amplification is used to produce large amounts of visible label at the site of protein expression, but these techniques suffer from the presence of nonspecific reactivity in the biological sample and from poor spatial control over the label. Polymerization based amplification is a recently developed alternative means of creating an on-sample amplification for fluorescence applications, while not suffering from endogenous labels or loss of signal localization. This manuscript builds upon polymerization based amplification by developing a stable, archivable, and colorimetric mode of amplification termed Polymer Dye Labeling. The basic concept involves an interfacial polymer grown at the site of protein expression and subsequent staining of this polymer with an appropriate dye. The dyes Evans Blue and eosin were initially investigated for colorimetric response in a microarray setting, where both specifically stained polymer films on glass. The process was translated to the staining of protein expression in human dermal fibroblast cells, and Polymer Dye Labeling was specific to regions consistent with desired protein expression. The labeling is stable for over 200 days in ambient conditions and is also compatible with modern mounting medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L. Lilly
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Phillip R. Sheldon
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Liv J. Hoversten
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Romero
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Vivek Balasubramaniam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brad J. Berron
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yao B, Sun JZ, Qin A, Tang BZ. Click Chemistry: A Powerful and Versatile Methodology for Preparation of Ferrocene-Containing Polymers. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-014-0106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhuang D, Shen H, Liu G, Yu C, Yang J. A combining signal amplification of atom transfer radical polymerization and redox polymerization for visual biomolecules detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Heyun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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