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Smith D, Španěl P, Demarais N, Langford VS, McEwan MJ. Recent developments and applications of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023:e21835. [PMID: 36776107 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is now recognized as the most versatile analytical technique for the identification and quantification of trace gases down to the parts-per-trillion by volume, pptv, range. This statement is supported by the wide reach of its applications, from real-time analysis, obviating sample collection of very humid exhaled breath, to its adoption in industrial scenarios for air quality monitoring. This review touches on the recent extensions to the underpinning ion chemistry kinetics library and the alternative challenge of using nitrogen carrier gas instead of helium. The addition of reagent anions in the Voice200 series of SIFT-MS instruments has enhanced the analytical capability, thus allowing analyses of volatile trace compounds in humid air that cannot be analyzed using reagent cations alone, as clarified by outlining the anion chemistry involved. Case studies are reviewed of breath analysis and bacterial culture volatile organic compound (VOC), emissions, environmental applications such as air, water, and soil analysis, workplace safety such as transport container fumigants, airborne contamination in semiconductor fabrication, food flavor and spoilage, drugs contamination and VOC emissions from packaging to demonstrate the stated qualities and uniqueness of the new generation SIFT-MS instrumentation. Finally, some advancements that can be made to improve the analytical capability and reach of SIFT-MS are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Murray J McEwan
- Syft Technologies Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Ghislain M, Reyrolle M, Sotiropoulos JM, Pigot T, Plaisance H, Le Bechec M. Study of the Chemical Ionization of Organophosphate Esters in Air Using Selected Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry for Direct Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:865-874. [PMID: 35416666 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters are an emerging environmental concern since they spread persistently across all environmental compartments (air, soil, water, etc.). Measurements of semivolatile organic compounds are important but not without challenges due to their physicochemical properties. Selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) can be relevant for their analysis in air because it is a direct analytical method without separation that requires little preparation and no external calibration. SIFT-MS is based on the chemical reactivity of analytes with reactant ions. For volatile and semivolatile organic compound analysis in the gas phase, knowledge of ion-molecule reactions and kinetic parameters is essential for the utilization of this technology. In the present work, we focused on organophosphate esters, semivolatile compounds that are now ubiquitous in the environment. The ion-molecule reactions of eight precursor ions that are available in SIFT-MS (H3O+, NO+, O2•+, OH-, O•-, O2•-, NO2-, and NO3-) with six organophosphate esters were investigated. The modeling of ion-molecule reaction pathways by calculations supported and complemented the experimental work. Organophosphate esters reacted with six of the eight precursor ions with characteristic reaction mechanisms, such as protonation with hydronium precursor ions and association with NO+ ions, while nucleophilic substitution occurred with OH-, O•-, and O2•-. No reaction was observed with NO2- and NO3- ions. This work shows that the direct analysis of semivolatile organic compounds is feasible using SIFT-MS with both positive and negative ionization modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Ghislain
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Marine Reyrolle
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Thierry Pigot
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Hervé Plaisance
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Mickael Le Bechec
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, 64000 Pau, France
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Morrison KA, Clowers BH. Non-contact detection of thiodiglycol vapors and associated degradation products using atmospheric flow tube mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:3263-3272. [PMID: 33999081 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01793k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiodiglycol (TDG) is a synthetic precursor and an environmental degradation product of sulfur mustard (HD). Consequently, its presence can be indicative of illicit preparation or historical presence of chemical weapons, but its lower toxicity lends itself to use as an HD simulant for testing and method development. Detection of TDG vapor often proves elusive with existing techniques exhibiting undesirably high detection limits in the gas phase (>ppm). Moreover, traditional approaches to detecting TDG vapor rely upon non-specific approaches that do not provide the certainty afforded by mass spectrometry. Using atmospheric flow tube mass spectrometry (AFT-MS), which has previously demonstrated the capacity to detect parts-per-quadrillion levels of vapor, we evaluate the capacity of this approach for non-contact residue analysis based upon TDG vapor sampling and nitrate clustering chemistry. Furthermore, we discuss challenges with ambient vapor detection using the AFT-MS system and associated observations related to TDG degradation into 2,2'-sulfonyldiglycol from exposure to ambient conditions with vapor detection being possible even after 7-weeks of sample aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Kuitunen ML, Altamirano JC, Siegenthaler P, Taure TH, Häkkinen VA, Vanninen PS. Derivatization and rapid GC-MS screening of chlorides relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention in organic liquid samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:2527-2535. [PMID: 32930243 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A simple derivatization technique was developed for the analysis of seven Schedule 3 chemicals and one Schedule 2 chemical listed in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Phosgene, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, thionyl chloride, sulfur monochloride and sulfur dichloride (Schedule 3) as well as arsenic trichloride (Schedule 2) were derivatized using 1-propanol in 40% pyridine solution for analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Derivatization temperature and concentration of the derivatization solution were optimized for maximum derivatization recovery. The stabilities of the target analytes and their derivatives in different solvents were studied. The derivatization yield showed a linear response within the analyte concentration range of 0.1-2 mM (10-200 μg ml-1) with correlation coefficients >0.99 (r2), except for AsCl3 which did not show a linear response after derivatization. Good reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 3 to 13% was achieved. The derivatization recovery was 66% for phosgene and 67-80% for the P-containing chemicals phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus pentachloride. Recommendations to use the method for screening the presence of these chemicals in organic liquid samples are given. The method is used when CWC-related samples are screened at VERIFIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja-Leena Kuitunen
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jorgelina Cecilia Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CCT-CONICET), Mendoza 5500, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Peter Siegenthaler
- Federal Office for Civil Protection FOCP, Spiez Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Branch, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Terhi Hannele Taure
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Vesa Antero Häkkinen
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Paula Sinikka Vanninen
- VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Vitola Pasetto L, Richard R, Pic JS, Manero MH, Violleau F, Simon V. Ozone Quantification by Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry: Influence of Humidity and Manufacturing Gas of Ozone Generator. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15518-15524. [PMID: 31735022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of ozone by SIFT-MS was investigated in conditions suitable with an industrial emission context (high ozone demand, dry air/oxygen as the manufacturing gas of the ozone generator, and high humidity levels beyond saturation at room conditions). Ozone reacts with four negative precursor ions available in the SIFT-MS device (NO2-, O2-, HO-, and O-), each precursor ion having its specific domain of linearity. For a high ozone concentration range, only NO2- and O2- have resulted in a linear behavior (between 1 and 100 ppmv of O3 for NO2-, between 1 and 50 ppmv of O3 for O2-). No water interference was identified during ozone measurements by SIFT-MS using NO2- and O2- precursor ions, even with extreme humidity levels. The presence of nitrogen oxide contaminants (due to the use of dry air as the manufacturing gas of the ozone generator) affected the ozone quantification by SIFT-MS. It is critical for NO2- precursor ions, whose rate constant varied as a function of NO2 concentrations. With O2- precursor ion, ozone was successfully measured in the presence of nitrogen oxides; however, the secondary chemistry must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Vitola Pasetto
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique , Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS , 31432 Toulouse , France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle , LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRA , 31030 Toulouse , France
| | - Romain Richard
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique , Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS , 31432 Toulouse , France
| | - Jean-Stéphane Pic
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Marie-Hélène Manero
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique , Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS , 31432 Toulouse , France
| | - Frédéric Violleau
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle , LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRA , 31030 Toulouse , France
| | - Valérie Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle , LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRA , 31030 Toulouse , France
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La Nasa J, Modugno F, Colombini MP, Degano I. Validation Study of Selected Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS) in Heritage Science: Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Paint Varnishes by Portable Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2250-2258. [PMID: 31489561 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The identification at molecular level of organic materials in heritage objects as paintings requires in most cases the collection of micro-samples followed by micro-destructive analysis. In this study, we explore the possibility to characterize natural and synthetic resins used as paint varnishes by mean of non-invasive analysis of released volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). SIFT-MS is a portable direct mass spectrometric technique that achieves the analysis of VOCs at trace levels in real time, by controlled ultra-soft chemical ionization using eight different chemical ionization agents. We tested the portable instrumentation on different reference resins used as paint varnishes, both natural (mastic, dammar, and colophony) and synthetic (Paraloid B67, MS2A, Regalrez 1094, and polyvinyl acetate), to evaluate the possibility to acquire qualitative data for the identification of these materials in heritage objects avoiding any sampling. This new analytical approach was validated by comparison with the traditional approach for VOCs analysis based on solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) analysis. The results demonstrate the use of SIFT-MS as an in situ non-invasive and non-destructive mass spectrometric technique to identify organic materials, such as paint varnishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Morrison KA, Clowers BH. Characterization of alkylphosphonic acid vapors using atmospheric flow tube-ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1363-1371. [PMID: 29845656 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A key aspect of detecting hazardous compounds at ultra-trace levels for processing, compliance, and clean-up purposes involves developing methods that are not only sensitive, but also highly selective with minimal sampling effort. Atmospheric flow tube mass spectrometry (AFT-MS) using dielectric barrier discharge ionization has emerged as a technique that combines such features for vapor detection. AFT-MS is thus appealing for application to ambient screening for chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and their degradation products. Initial characterization of AFT-MS for CWA detection necessitates examining less harmful simulant species. A predominant hydrolysis product of most organophosphorus CWAs is methylphosphonic acid and most other hydrolysis products consist of some form of an alkylphosphonic acid. METHODS An application of AFT-MS is presented wherein a homologous series of four alkylphosphonic acids (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and t-butylphosphonic acid) were first qualitatively evaluated as anionic clusters with nitrate. These anionic adducts were subsequently quantified from non-equilibrium headspace vapor sampled over alkylphosphonic acid solutions in methanol. RESULTS The series of phosphonic acids demonstrated consistent relative ion abundances thought to be related at least in part to the relative vapor pressures depending on their alkyl chains. For quantitation, the resulting linear ranges were found to be 2 to 50 ppmsoln for methylphosphonic acid, 5 to 50 ppmsoln for ethylphosphonic acid, and 2 to 25 ppmsoln for propylphosphonic acid and t-butylphosphonic acid; quality controls of 15 ppmsoln were used to assess the quantitation accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Although measured over a limited dynamic range, the real-time analysis afforded by this method suggests the feasibility of using thermodynamically stable anionic adducts to monitor organophosphorus compounds via AFT-MS. In addition, this is proof-of-concept for the use of this ambient sensing technique to detect phosphonic acids. Furthermore, a discussion is included regarding gaps in clustering thermodynamics literature that would assist in uncovering physical or chemical explanations for observed trends.
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Witkiewicz Z, Neffe S, Sliwka E, Quagliano J. Analysis of the Precursors, Simulants and Degradation Products of Chemical Warfare Agents. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018. [PMID: 29533075 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in analysis of precursors, simulants and degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWA) are reviewed. Fast and reliable analysis of precursors, simulants and CWA degradation products is extremely important at a time, when more and more terrorist groups and radical non-state organizations use or plan to use chemical weapons to achieve their own psychological, political and military goals. The review covers the open source literature analysis after the time, when the chemical weapons convention had come into force (1997). The authors stated that during last 15 years increased number of laboratories are focused not only on trace analysis of CWA (mostly nerve and blister agents) in environmental and biological samples, but the growing number of research are devoted to instrumental analysis of precursors and degradation products of these substances. The identification of low-level concentration of CWA degradation products is often more important and difficult than the original CWA, because of lower level of concentration and a very large number of compounds present in environmental and biological samples. Many of them are hydrolysis products and are present in samples in the ionic form. For this reason, two or three instrumental methods are used to perform a reliable analysis of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zygfryd Witkiewicz
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Slawomir Neffe
- a Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry , Military University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Sliwka
- b Division of Chemistry and Technology of Fuel , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Javier Quagliano
- c Applied Chemistry Department , Argentine Institute for Scientific and Technical Research for the Defense (CITEDEF) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Sensitivity enhancement of flexible gas sensors via conversion of inkjet-printed silver electrodes into porous gold counterparts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8988. [PMID: 28827611 PMCID: PMC5566453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes a facile, mild and general wet chemical method to change the material and the geometry of inkjet-printed interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) thus drastically enhancing the sensitivity of chemiresistive sensors. A novel layer-by-layer chemical method was developed and used to uniformly deposit semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based sensing elements on a Kapton® substrate. Flexible chemiresistive sensors were then fabricated by inkjet-printing fine-featured silver IDEs on top of the sensing elements. A mild and facile two-step process was employed to convert the inkjet-printed dense silver IDEs into their highly porous gold counterparts under ambient conditions without losing the IDE-substrate adhesion. A proof-of-concept gas sensor equipped with the resulting porous gold IDEs featured a sensitivity to diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP, a simulant of the nerve agent sarin) of at least 5 times higher than a similar sensor equipped with the original dense silver IDEs, which suggested that the electrode material and/or the Schottky contacts between the electrodes and the SWCNTs might have played an important role in the gas sensing process.
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Giannoukos S, Brkić B, Taylor S, Marshall A, Verbeck GF. Chemical Sniffing Instrumentation for Security Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8146-72. [PMID: 27388215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Border control for homeland security faces major challenges worldwide due to chemical threats from national and/or international terrorism as well as organized crime. A wide range of technologies and systems with threat detection and monitoring capabilities has emerged to identify the chemical footprint associated with these illegal activities. This review paper investigates artificial sniffing technologies used as chemical sensors for point-of-use chemical analysis, especially during border security applications. This article presents an overview of (a) the existing available technologies reported in the scientific literature for threat screening, (b) commercially available, portable (hand-held and stand-off) chemical detection systems, and (c) their underlying functional and operational principles. Emphasis is given to technologies that have been developed for in-field security operations, but laboratory developed techniques are also summarized as emerging technologies. The chemical analytes of interest in this review are (a) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with security applications (e.g., illegal, hazardous, and terrorist events), (b) chemical "signatures" associated with human presence, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios Giannoukos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Boris Brkić
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Alan Marshall
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas 76201, United States
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Balamurugan A, Lee HI. A Visible Light Responsive On–Off Polymeric Photoswitch for the Colorimetric Detection of Nerve Agent Mimics in Solution and in the Vapor Phase. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Balamurugan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-il Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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12
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Belger C, Weis JG, Egap E, Swager TM. Colorimetric Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Polymers for the Detection of Nerve Agent Surrogates. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Belger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan G. Weis
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Okumura A. In-Line Ozonation for Sensitive Air-Monitoring of a Mustard-Gas Simulant by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1532-1537. [PMID: 26091887 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive method for real-time air-monitoring of mustard gas (bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD), which is a lethal blister agent, is proposed. Humidified air containing a HD simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2CEES), was mixed with ozone and then analyzed by using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometer. Mass-spectral ion peaks attributable to protonated molecules of intact, monooxygenated, and dioxygenated 2CEES (MH(+), MOH(+), and MO(2)H(+), respectively) were observed. As ozone concentration was increased from zero to 30 ppm, the signal intensity of MH(+) sharply decreased, that of MOH(+) increased once and then decreased, and that of MO(2)H(+) sharply increased until reaching a plateau. The signal intensity of MO(2)H(+) at the plateau was 40 times higher than that of MH(+) and 100 times higher than that of MOH(+) in the case without in-line ozonation. Twenty-ppm ozone gas was adequate to give a linear calibration curve for 2CEES obtained by detecting the MO(2)H(+) signal in the concentration range up to 60 μg/m(3), which is high enough for hygiene management. In the low concentration range lower than 3 μg/m(3), which is equal to the short-term exposure limit for HD, calibration plots unexpectedly fell off the linear calibration curve, but 0.6-μg/m(3) vapor was actually detected with the signal-to-noise ratio of nine. Ozone was generated from instrumentation air by using a simple and inexpensive home-made generator. 2CEES was ozonated in 1-m extended sampling tube in only 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Okumura
- Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan,
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Nagashima H, Kondo T, Nagoya T, Ikeda T, Kurimata N, Unoke S, Seto Y. Identification of chemical warfare agents from vapor samples using a field-portable capillary gas chromatography/membrane-interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry instrument with Tri-Bed concentrator. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:279-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Goud DR, Pardasani D, Purohit AK, Tak V, Dubey DK. Method for Derivatization and Detection of Chemical Weapons Convention Related Sulfur Chlorides via Electrophilic Addition with 3-Hexyne. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6875-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Raghavender Goud
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and
Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Deepak Pardasani
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and
Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Purohit
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and
Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Vijay Tak
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and
Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Dubey
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and
Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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16
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Weis JG, Swager TM. Thiophene-Fused Tropones as Chemical Warfare Agent-Responsive Building Blocks. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:138-142. [PMID: 35596387 DOI: 10.1021/mz5007848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of dithienobenzotropone-based conjugated alternating copolymers by direct arylation polycondensation. Postpolymerization modification by hydride reduction yields cross-conjugated, reactive hydroxyl-containing copolymers that undergo phosphorylation and ionization upon exposure to the chemical warfare agent mimic diethylchlorophosphate (DCP). The resulting conjugated, cationic copolymer is highly colored and facilitates the spectroscopic and colorimetric detection of DCP in both solution and thin-film measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Weis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Okumura A, Takada Y, Watanabe S, Hashimoto H, Ezawa N, Seto Y, Sekiguchi H, Maruko H, Takayama Y, Sekioka R, Yamaguchi S, Kishi S, Satoh T, Kondo T, Nagashima H, Nagoya T. Real-Time Air Monitoring of Mustard Gas and Lewisite 1 by Detecting Their In-Line Reaction Products by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Counterflow Ion Introduction. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1314-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Okumura
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takada
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Susumu Watanabe
- Hitachi
High-Tech
Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki 319-0316, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hashimoto
- Hitachi
High-Tech
Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki 319-0316, Japan
| | - Naoya Ezawa
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense
Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-8608, Japan
| | - Yasuo Seto
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hisashi Maruko
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takayama
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Ryoji Sekioka
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yamaguchi
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kishi
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Takafumi Satoh
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tomohide Kondo
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Nagashima
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
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18
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Lebedev AV. Choice of quantum chemical methods and the calculation of the structure, dipole moment, and polarizability of phosphoryl compounds in the gas phase. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476615010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Smith D, Španěl P. SIFT-MS and FA-MS methods for ambient gas phase analysis: developments and applications in the UK. Analyst 2015; 140:2573-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The origins of SIFT created to study interstellar chemistry and SIFT-MS developed for ambient gas and exhaled breath analysis and the UK centres in which these techniques are being exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine – Keele University
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Stoke-on-Trent
- UK
| | - Patrik Španěl
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine – Keele University
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Stoke-on-Trent
- UK
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry
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20
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Seto Y, Sekiguchi H, Maruko H, Yamashiro S, Sano Y, Takayama Y, Sekioka R, Yamaguchi S, Kishi S, Satoh T, Sekiguchi H, Iura K, Nagashima H, Nagoya T, Tsuge K, Ohsawa I, Okumura A, Takada Y, Ezawa N, Watanabe S, Hashimoto H. Sensitive and Comprehensive Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents in Air by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Counterflow Introduction. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4316-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500042r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hisashi Maruko
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Yamashiro
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sano
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Ryoji Sekioka
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yamaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kishi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Takafumi Satoh
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Iura
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Nagashima
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kouichiro Tsuge
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Isaac Ohsawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okumura
- Central
Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takada
- Central
Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Naoya Ezawa
- Defense
Systems Company, Hitachi, Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-8608, Japan
| | - Susumu Watanabe
- Hitachi High-Tech Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki 319-0316, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hashimoto
- Hitachi High-Tech Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki 319-0316, Japan
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21
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Smith D, Španěl P, Herbig J, Beauchamp J. Mass spectrometry for real-time quantitative breath analysis. J Breath Res 2014; 8:027101. [PMID: 24682047 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/2/027101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Langford VS, Graves I, McEwan MJ. Rapid monitoring of volatile organic compounds: a comparison between gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:10-8. [PMID: 24285385 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The gold standard for monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). However, in many situations, when VOC concentrations are at the ppmv level, there are complicating factors for GC/MS. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is an emerging technique for monitoring VOCs in air. It is simpler to use and provides results in real time. METHODS Three different experiments were used for the comparison. First SIFT-MS was applied to monitor the concentrations of 25 VOCs in a mixture at concentrations up to 1 ppmv using only a generic database for known kinetic data of three reagent ions (H3O(+), NO(+) and O2(+)) with each VOC. In experiment 2, a side-by-side comparison was made of 17 VOCs at concentrations between 1 ppmv and 5 ppbv after small corrections had been made to the SIFT-MS kinetic data. In a third experiment, a side-by-side comparison examined two groups of samples received for commercial analysis. RESULTS In experiment 1, 85% of the VOC concentrations were within 35% of their stated values without any calibration of the SIFT-MS instrument. In experiment 2, the two techniques yielded good correspondence between the measured VOC concentrations. In experiment 3, good correlation was found for VOCs from three of the samples. However, interferences from some product ions gave over-reported values in one sample from the SIFT-MS instrument. CONCLUSIONS These three experiments showed that GC/MS was better suited to monitoring samples containing large numbers of VOCs at high concentrations. In all other applications, SIFT-MS proved simpler to use, was linear with concentration over a much wider concentration range than GC/MS and provided faster results.
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23
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Seto Y, Kanamori-Kataoka M, Tsuge K, Ohsawa I, Iura K, Itoi T, Sekiguchi H, Matsushita K, Yamashiro S, Sano Y, Sekiguchi H, Maruko H, Takayama Y, Sekioka R, Okumura A, Takada Y, Nagano H, Waki I, Ezawa N, Tanimoto H, Honjo S, Fukano M, Okada H. Sensitive Monitoring of Volatile Chemical Warfare Agents in Air by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry with Counter-Flow Introduction. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2659-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303373u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | | | - Koichiro Tsuge
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Isaac Ohsawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Iura
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Teruo Itoi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Koji Matsushita
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Shigeharu Yamashiro
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sano
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Hisashi Maruko
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Yasuo Takayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Ryoji Sekioka
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Akihiko Okumura
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo
185-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takada
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo
185-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Nagano
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo
185-8601, Japan
| | - Izumi Waki
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo
185-8601, Japan
| | - Naoya Ezawa
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo
101-8608, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanimoto
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo
101-8608, Japan
| | - Shigeru Honjo
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo
101-8608, Japan
| | - Masumi Fukano
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo
101-8608, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Okada
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo
101-8608, Japan
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24
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Kassebacher T, Sulzer P, Jürschik S, Hartungen E, Jordan A, Edtbauer A, Feil S, Hanel G, Jaksch S, Märk L, Mayhew CA, Märk TD. Investigations of chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial compounds with proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry for a real-time threat monitoring scenario. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:325-32. [PMID: 23239380 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Security and protection against terrorist attacks are major issues in modern society. One especially challenging task is the monitoring and protection of air conditioning and heating systems of buildings against terrorist attacks with toxic chemicals. As existing technologies have low selectivity, long response times or insufficient sensitivity, there is a need for a novel approach such as we present here. METHODS We have analyzed various chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and/or toxic industrial compounds (TICs) and related compounds, namely phosgene, diphosgene, chloroacetone, chloroacetophenone, diisopropylaminoethanol, and triethyl phosphate, utilizing a high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOFMS) instrument with the objective of finding key product ions and their intensities, which will allow a low-resolution quadrupole mass spectrometry based PTR-MS system to be used with high confidence in the assignment of threat agents in the atmosphere. RESULTS We obtained high accuracy PTR-TOFMS mass spectra of the six compounds under study at two different values for the reduced electric field in the drift tube (E/N). From these data we have compiled a table containing product ions, and isotopic and E/N ratios for highly selective threat compound detection with a compact and cost-effective quadrupole-based PTR-MS instrument. Furthermore, using chloroacetophenone (tear gas), we demonstrated that this instrument's response is highly linear in the concentration range of typical Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs). CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the presented results it is possible to develop a compact and cost-effective PTR-QMS instrument that monitors air supply systems and triggers an alarm as soon as the presence of a threat agent is detected. We hope that this real-time surveillance device will help to seriously improve safety and security in environments vulnerable to terrorist attacks with toxic chemicals.
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25
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Spanel P, Smith D. On the features, successes and challenges of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:225-246. [PMID: 24575622 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The major features of the selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) analytical method that was conceived and designed for the analysis, in real time, of air obviating sample collections into bags or extraction by pre-concentration of trace compounds onto surfaces are reviewed. The unique analytical capabilities of SIFT-MS for ambient analysis are stressed that allow quantification of volatile organic and inorganic compounds directly from the measurement of physical parameters without the need for regular instrumental calibration using internal or external standards. Then, emphasis is placed on the challenging real-time accurate analysis of single exhalations of humid breath, which is now achieved and readily facilitates wider applications of SIFT-MS in other fields where trace gas analysis has value. The quality of the data obtained by SIFT-MS is illustrated by the quantification of some exhaled breath metabolites that are of immediate relevance to physiology and medicine, including that of hydrogen cyanide in the breath of patients with cystic fibrosis. The current status of SIFT-MS is revealed by a form of a strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis intended to present an objective view of this analytical technique and the likely way forward towards its further development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Spanel
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, DolejSkova 3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- lnstitute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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26
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Storer MK, Dummer JD, Cook J, McEwan M, Epton MJ. Increased concentrations of breath haloamines are not detectable in airways inflammation using SIFT-MS. J Breath Res 2011; 5:037105. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/3/037105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196, United States
| | - J. M. Butler
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312, United States
| | - J. R. Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Workman
- Unity Scientific LLC, 117 Old State Rd., Brookfield, Connecticut 06804, and United States National University, 11255 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Barry Lavine
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Ray Chrisman
- Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Mel Koch
- Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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29
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Nigam AK, Suryanarayana MVS, Gutch PK, Sharma SP, Tomar LNS, Vijayaraghavan R. Thermal decomposition studies of riot control agent ω-chloroacetophenone (CN) by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 184:506-514. [PMID: 20843603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis-GC/MS system with on-line micro-furnace was used to make rapid evaluation of ω-chloroacetophenone (CN) decomposition under inert thermal atmospheres. The volatile products evolved during pyrolysis were analyzed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Py-GC/MS to obtain specific thermogram and pyrogram. Thermal gravimetric analysis results showed that CN undergoes sublimation at 167°C prior to its decomposition at 229°C. Totally 45 degradation products were identified based on mass spectral library matching with the aid of correlation of the values of boiling point (bp) and retention time. A large number of mono-aromatics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were observed beyond 600°C. In addition to the aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenated compounds were also observed during the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis mechanism was proposed based on the determined pyrolysates and their relative abundance with temperature. The investigation results can provide significant information for understanding the thermal behavior of CN and evaluation of the potential influence of the pyrolysates to living being and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Nigam
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - M V S Suryanarayana
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
| | - P K Gutch
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Shiv P Sharma
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - L N S Tomar
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - R Vijayaraghavan
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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30
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Marshall B, Warr CG, de Bruyne M. Detection of volatile indicators of illicit substances by the olfactory receptors of Drosophila melanogaster. Chem Senses 2010; 35:613-25. [PMID: 20530374 PMCID: PMC2924425 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjq050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects can detect a large range of odors with a numerically simple olfactory system that delivers high sensitivity and accurate discrimination. Therefore, insect olfactory receptors hold great promise as biosensors for detection of volatile organic chemicals in a range of applications. The array of olfactory receptor neurons of Drosophila melanogaster is rapidly becoming the best-characterized natural nose. We have investigated the suitability of Drosophila receptors as detectors for volatiles with applications in law enforcement, emergency response, and security. We first characterized responses of the majority of olfactory neuron types to a set of diagnostic odorants. Being thus able to correctly identify neurons, we then screened for responses from 38 different types of neurons to 35 agents. We identified 13 neuron types with responses to 13 agents. As individual Drosophila receptor genes have been mapped to neuron types, we can infer which genes confer responsiveness to the neurons. The responses were confirmed for one receptor by expressing it in a nonresponsive neuron. The fly olfactory system is mainly adapted to detect volatiles from fermenting fruits. However, our findings establish that volatiles associated with illicit substances, many of which are of nonnatural origin, are also detected by Drosophila receptors.
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32
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Midey AJ, Miller TM, Viggiano AA, Bera NC, Maeda S, Morokuma K. Ion Chemistry of VX Surrogates and Ion Energetics Properties of VX: New Suggestions for VX Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry Detection. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3764-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100176r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Midey
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas M. Miller
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - A. A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Narayan C. Bera
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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