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Zhang X, Wang J, Liang J, Liu Z, Shen X, Liu Y, Li X, Xu Z, Lei Y, Lei H. A novel self-aggregated gold nanoparticles based on sensitive immunochromatographic assays for highly detection of opium poppy in herbal teas. Food Chem 2022; 390:133188. [PMID: 35567969 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Opium poppy abused in food has aroused public concerns due to its serious side effects. Effective monitoring is essential to fight the abuse crisis. Herein, we synthesized an easily prepared, affordable, accessible highly aggregated gold nanoparticles (AGNPs) performing in lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for detection opium poppy in herbal teas. Simultaneously, a LFIA based ontime-resolved fluorescent microspheres (TRFMs) was developed as contrastive method. In this study, morphine (MOR), codeine (COD) and thebaine (THE) were as the specific recognition markers of opium poppy. Results demonstrated the quantitative limits of detection were 0.0049/0.0053/0.084, 0.034/0.037/0.37 ng mL-1 for AGNPs/TRFMs-LFIA, respectively. The recoveries were 95%-107.5%/91%-106.7% with coefficient of variation was 1.6%-6.6%/1.8%-7.2%, indicating excellent accuracy and precision. Parallel experiments among AGNPs/TRFMs-LFIA and LC-MS/MS analysis showed good correlation. Overall, AGNPs-LFIA executed quantitative analysis within 15 min on the basis of simple treatment while providing a rapid and sensitive analysis strategy for illegal drugs abused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangmei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection, Guangzhou 510435, China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Yang CA, Liu HC, Liu RH, Lin DL, Wu SP. Simultaneous Quantitation of Seven Phenethylamine-Type Drugs in Forensic Blood and Urine Samples by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:246-256. [PMID: 33575738 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) has become a health and social issue of global concern. p-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA)/p-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) with fluoro- or chloro-derivatives of amphetamine and methamphetamine were among the most common drugs found in specimens from fatal cases in Taiwan during the January 2011 to December 2018 period. A liquid-liquid extraction sample preparation protocol with highly sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) approach was developed for the simultaneous analysis of seven phenethylamine-type drugs - PMA, PMMA, p-methoxyethylamphetamine (PMEA), 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA), 4-fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA), 4-chloroamphetamine (4-CA), and 4-chloromethamphetamine (4-CMA) - in postmortem blood and urine specimens. Separation by liquid chromatography was performed by Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq column. Tandem mass spectrometry was operated in Agilent Jet Stream Technology electrospray ionization in positive-ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. An analytical methodology was evaluated using drug-free blood and urine after fortification with 100-2000 ng/mL of the seven target analytes. Average extraction recoveries were >80%; slightly higher ion suppression was observed for PMA and 4-CA; intra-/inter-day precision (%CV) and accuracy were in the ranges of 0.52-12.3% and 85-110%, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for these seven analytes were both in the 0.5-5 ng/mL range. Interference and carryover were not significant. This relatively simple methodology was found effective and reliable for routine identification and quantitation of these seven analytes in postmortem and antemortem blood and urine specimens received in 2018. Analytical data obtained from these actual cases indicated: (i) compared to findings reported during the 2007-2011 period, the use of substituted phenethylamine-type drugs decreased in 2018; (ii) ketamine and 7-aminonimetazepam (the main metabolite of nimetazepam) were the most common co-ingested substances in specimens containing PMA/PMMA, 4-FA/4-FMA, or 4-CA/4-CMA; and (iii) in drug fatalities, the concentration of PMA was significantly higher than the concentration of PMMA in both urine and blood, while the reverse was true in urine specimens from antemortem cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-An Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, New Taipei City 23548, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, New Taipei City 23548, Taiwan
| | - Ray H Liu
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dong-Liang Lin
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, New Taipei City 23548, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Kind T, Tsugawa H, Cajka T, Ma Y, Lai Z, Mehta SS, Wohlgemuth G, Barupal DK, Showalter MR, Arita M, Fiehn O. Identification of small molecules using accurate mass MS/MS search. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:513-532. [PMID: 28436590 PMCID: PMC8106966 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectral library search (MS/MS) is the fastest way to correctly annotate MS/MS spectra from screening small molecules in fields such as environmental analysis, drug screening, lipid analysis, and metabolomics. The confidence in MS/MS-based annotation of chemical structures is impacted by instrumental settings and requirements, data acquisition modes including data-dependent and data-independent methods, library scoring algorithms, as well as post-curation steps. We critically discuss parameters that influence search results, such as mass accuracy, precursor ion isolation width, intensity thresholds, centroiding algorithms, and acquisition speed. A range of publicly and commercially available MS/MS databases such as NIST, MassBank, MoNA, LipidBlast, Wiley MSforID, and METLIN are surveyed. In addition, software tools including NIST MS Search, MS-DIAL, Mass Frontier, SmileMS, Mass++, and XCMS2 to perform fast MS/MS search are discussed. MS/MS scoring algorithms and challenges during compound annotation are reviewed. Advanced methods such as the in silico generation of tandem mass spectra using quantum chemistry and machine learning methods are covered. Community efforts for curation and sharing of tandem mass spectra that will allow for faster distribution of scientific discoveries are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kind
- Genome Center, Metabolomics, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Hiroshi Tsugawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Genome Center, Metabolomics, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Yan Ma
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijuan Lai
- Genome Center, Metabolomics, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Masanori Arita
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Genome Center, Metabolomics, UC Davis, Davis, California
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Yang CA, Liu HC, Lin DL, Liu RH, Hsieh YZ, Wu SP. Simultaneous Quantitation of Methamphetamine, Ketamine, Opiates and their Metabolites in Urine by SPE and LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:679-687. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Liu HC, Yang CA, Liu RH, Lin DL. Developing a UHPLC–QTOF-MS and Automated Library Search Method for Screening Drugs and Toxic Compounds in Postmortem Specimens. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:421-430. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Oberacher H, Arnhard K. Current status of non-targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tsao YC, Lai YC, Liu HC, Liu RH, Lin DL. Simultaneous Determination and Quantitation of Paraquat, Diquat, Glufosinate and Glyphosate in Postmortem Blood and Urine by LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:427-36. [PMID: 27339477 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method, incorporating protein-precipitation/organic backwashing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS), has been successfully developed for the simultaneous analysis of four highly water-soluble and less volatile herbicides (paraquat, diquat, glufosinate and glyphosate) in ante- and postmortem blood, urine and gastric content samples. Respective isotopically labeled analogs of these analytes were adopted as internal standards. Acetonitrile and dichloromethane were used for protein precipitation and organic solvent backwashing, respectively, followed by injecting the upper aqueous phase into the LC-MS-MS system. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq analytical column, with gradient elution of 15 mM heptafluorobutyric acid and acetonitrile. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed under electrospray ionization in positive-ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. The precursor ions and the two transition ions (m/z) adopted for each of these four analytes were paraquat (185; 169 and 115), diquat (183; 157 and 78), glufosinate (182; 136 and 119) and glyphosate (170; 88 and 60), respectively. Analyte-free blood and urine samples, fortified with the analytes of interest, were used for method development/validation and yielded acceptable recoveries of the analytes; interday and intraday precision and accuracy data; calibration linearity and limits of detection and quantitation. This method was successfully incorporated into an overall analytical scheme, designed for the analysis of a broad range of compounds present in postmortem samples, helpful to medical examiners' efforts to determine victims' causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chen Tsao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, No. 123, Min'an St., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 33, Linsen S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chun Lai
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, No. 123, Min'an St., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, No. 123, Min'an St., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Ray H Liu
- Department of Justice Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dong-Liang Lin
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, No. 123, Min'an St., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
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Compound identification in forensic toxicological analysis with untargeted LC-MS-based techniques. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2825-40. [PMID: 26563687 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Untargeted LC-MS/MS techniques have become indispensable tools for systematic toxicological analysis. Compound identification is based on the mass spectrometric information obtained, and this may include m/z, isotopic pattern, retention time and fragmentation information. All these different kinds of analytical features can be stored in libraries and databases. Currently, the most competent approach for compound identification involves tandem mass spectral library search. State-of-the-art databases were shown to be sensitive, specific, robust and instrument-independent. Low- and high-resolution instruments can both be used to develop efficient screening workflows. For automated and unattended acquisition of tandem mass spectral data, data-dependent acquisition control is the method of choice. Due to their impressive detection sensitivity, data-independent acquisition techniques are finding increased applicability.
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Persona K, Madej K, Knihnicki P, Piekoszewski W. Analytical methodologies for the determination of benzodiazepines in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:239-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Liu HC, Liu RH, Lin DL. Simultaneous Quantitation of Amphetamines and Opiates in Human Hair by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:183-91. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Lin HR, Liao CC, Lin TC. Improved identification of multiple drugs of abuse and relative metabolites in urine samples using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry coupled with a library search. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2043-2053. [PMID: 25156593 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions per compound are used for identification performed using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/QqQ-MS/MS), differences in identification criteria among several regulations may lead to misidentification. We demonstrated that the use of two MRM transitions and product ion spectra improves compound identification. METHODS The scan cycle time was reduced using time-scheduled MRM (tMRM), data-dependent product ion scanning, and dynamic exclusion. The quantification and identification performance for 13 drugs of abuse and their metabolites were evaluated. RESULTS Deuterated internal standards compensated for ion suppression. All analytes exhibited intra- and interday precision <12.11%, accuracy of -10.31% to +10.10%, and no carryover. The LC/QqQ-MS/MS and reference gas chromatography/MS methods were equally precise, accurate, and specific. Several regulatory organizations include two MRM transitions, their ratio, and retention time as identification criteria. In 28 samples, the relative ion ratio variation was >10% and product ion spectral matches with >94% probabilities improved drug and metabolite identification. CONCLUSIONS The LC/QqQ-MS/MS method is a comprehensive assay in which tMRM and the product ion scan are combined in a single run by using a QqQ mass analyzer to simultaneously quantify amphetamine, ketamine, morphine, and their relative metabolites in urine. The proposed method can be applied in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Ru Lin
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Center for Drug Analysis, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Copeland JC, Zehr LJ, Cerny RL, Powers R. The applicability of molecular descriptors for designing an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry compatible library for drug discovery. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2014; 15:806-15. [PMID: 22708878 DOI: 10.2174/138620712803901180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Detecting a small molecular-weight compound by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) requires the compound to obtain a charge. Factors such as gas-phase proton affinities and analyte surface activity are correlated with a positive ESI-MS response, but unfortunately it is extremely challenging to predict from a chemical structure alone if a compound is likely to yield an observable molecular-ion peak in an ESI-MS spectrum. Thus, the design of a chemical library for an ESI-MS ligand-affinity screen is particularly daunting. Only 56.9% of the compounds from our FAST-NMR functional library [1] were detectable by ESI-MS. An analysis of ~1,600 molecular descriptors did not identify any correlation with a positive ESI-MS response that cannot be attributed to a skewed population distribution. Unfortunately, our results suggest that molecular descriptors are not a valuable approach for designing a chemical library for an MS-based ligand affinity screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Copeland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
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Direct quantitative analysis of benzodiazepines, metabolites, and analogs in diluted human urine by rapid resolution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Wohlfarth A, Scheidweiler KB, Chen X, Liu HF, Huestis MA. Qualitative confirmation of 9 synthetic cannabinoids and 20 metabolites in human urine using LC-MS/MS and library search. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3730-8. [PMID: 23458260 PMCID: PMC3874406 DOI: 10.1021/ac3037365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synthetic cannabinoids are an emerging illicit drug class. The variety of available substances is large and ever-changing, making it difficult for laboratories to remain current. We present a qualitative LC-MS/MS method identifying urinary metabolites of JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-122, JWH-200, JWH-210, JWH-250, RCS-4, and AM2201 and the parent compounds JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-122, JWH-210, JWH-250, RCS-4, AM2201, and MAM2201. METHODS After enzymatic hydrolysis, urinary proteins were precipitated with acetonitrile. Chromatography utilized a 10 min gradient on a Kinetex XB-C18 column with 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. Scheduled multiple reaction monitoring "survey scans" were followed by information-dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion scan experiments on an ABSciex 5500 QTRAP mass spectrometer. Analytes were identified by software-assisted library searching against reference spectra. RESULTS The method was fully validated, including proof of selectivity (no exogenous or endogenous interferences were observed), assessment of matrix effects (95-122%) and recovery (53-95%), determination of limits of detection (0.5-10 ng/mL), carry-over studies (thresholds between 100 and 1000 ng/mL), and determination of autosampler stability (samples were stable for at least 3 days). Hydrolysis efficiency was thoroughly investigated for a wide range of glucuronides and for the reference standard, JWH-018 5-hydroxypentyl glucuronide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Wohlfarth
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Karl B. Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- ABSciex, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hua-fen Liu
- ABSciex, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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Oberacher H, Schubert B, Libiseller K, Schweissgut A. Detection and identification of drugs and toxicants in human body fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry under data-dependent acquisition control and automated database search. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 770:121-31. [PMID: 23498694 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systematic toxicological analysis (STA) is aimed at detecting and identifying all substances of toxicological relevance (i.e. drugs, drugs of abuse, poisons and/or their metabolites) in biological material. Particularly, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) represents a competent and commonly applied screening and confirmation tool. Herein, we present an untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) assay aimed to complement existing GC/MS screening for the detection and identification of drugs in blood, plasma and urine samples. Solid-phase extraction was accomplished on mixed-mode cartridges. LC was based on gradient elution in a miniaturized C18 column. High resolution electrospray ionization-MS/MS in positive ion mode with data-dependent acquisition control was used to generate tandem mass spectral information that enabled compound identification via automated library search in the "Wiley Registry of Tandem Mass Spectral Data, MSforID". Fitness of the developed LC/MS/MS method for application in STA in terms of selectivity, detection capability and reliability of identification (sensitivity/specificity) was demonstrated with blank samples, certified reference materials, proficiency test samples, and authentic casework samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Oberacher H, Pitterl F, Siapi E, Steele BR, Letzel T, Grosse S, Poschner B, Tagliaro F, Gottardo R, Chacko SA, Josephs JL. On the inter-instrument and the inter-laboratory transferability of a tandem mass spectral reference library. 3. Focus on ion trap and upfront CID. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:263-270. [PMID: 22359338 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectral libraries represent versatile tools for the identification of small bioorganic molecules. Libraries based on electron impact spectra are rated robust and transferable. Tandem mass spectral libraries are often considered to work properly only on the instrument that has been used to build the library. An exception from that rule is the 'Wiley Registry of Tandem Mass Spectral Data, MSforID'. In various studies with data sets from different kinds of tandem mass spectrometric instruments, the outstanding sensitivity and robustness of this tandem mass spectral library search approach was demonstrated. The instrumental platforms tested, however, mainly included various tandem-in-space instruments. Herein, the results of a multicenter study with a focus on upfront and tandem-in-time fragmentation are presented. Five laboratories participated and provided fragment ion mass spectra from the following types of mass spectrometers: time-of-flight (TOF), quadrupole-hexapole-TOF, linear ion trap (LIT), 3-D ion trap and LIT-Orbitrap. A total number of 1231 fragment ion mass spectra were collected from 20 test compounds (amiloride, buphenin, cinchocaine, cyclizine, desipramine, dihydroergotamine, dyxirazine, dosulepin, ergotamine, ethambutol, etofylline, mefruside, metoclopramide, phenazone, phentermine, phenytoin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamoxole, sulthiame and tetracycline) on seven electrospray ionization instruments using 18 different instrumental configurations for fragmentation. For 1222 spectra (99.3%), the correct compound was retrieved as the best matching compound. Classified matches (matches with 'relative average match probability' >40.0) were obtained for 1207 spectra (98.1%). This high percentage of correct identifications clearly supports the hypothesis that the tandem mass spectral library approach tested is a robust and universal identification tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Würtinger P, Oberacher H. Evaluation of the performance of a tandem mass spectral library with mass spectral data extracted from literature. Drug Test Anal 2011; 4:235-41. [PMID: 21964810 DOI: 10.1002/dta.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
MSforID represents a database of tandem mass spectral data obtained from (quasi-)molecular ions produced by atmospheric pressure ionization methods. At the current stage of development the library contains 12 122 spectra of 1208 small (bio-)organic molecules. The present work was aimed to evaluate the performance of the MSforID library in terms of accuracy and transferability with a collection of fragment ion mass spectra from various compounds acquired on multiple instruments. A literature survey was conducted to collect the set of sample spectra. A total number of 554 spectra covering 291 compounds were extracted from 109 publications. The majority of spectra originated from publications on applications of LC/MS/MS in drug monitoring, pharmacokinetics, environmental analysis, forensic analysis as well as food analysis. Almost all types of tandem mass spectrometric instruments distributed by the five most important instrument vendors were included in the study. The overall sensitivity of library search was found to be 96.4%, which clearly proves that the MSforID library can successfully handle data from a huge variety of mass spectrometric instruments to allow accurate compound identification. Only for spectra containing three or more fragment ions, however, the rate of classified matches (= matches with a relative average match probability (ramp) score > 40.0) was 95%. Ambiguous or unclassified results were mainly obtained for searches with single precursor-to-fragment ion transitions due to the insufficient specificity of such a low amount of structural information to unequivocally define a single compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Würtinger
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Muellerstrasse 44, Innsbruck, Austria
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Subramaniam R, Östin A, Nygren Y, Juhlin L, Nilsson C, Åstot C. An isomer-specific high-energy collision-induced dissociation MS/MS database for forensic applications: a proof-of-concept on chemical warfare agent markers. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:917-924. [PMID: 21915956 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Spectra database search has become the most popular technique for the identification of unknown chemicals, minimizing the need for authentic reference chemicals. In the present study, an isomer-specific high-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS/MS spectra database of 12 isomeric O-hexyl methylphosphonic acids (degradation markers of nerve agents) was created. Phosphonate anions were produced by the electrospray ionization of phosphonic acids or negative-ion chemical ionization of their fluorinated derivatives and were analysed in a hybrid magnetic-sector-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer. A centre-of-mass energy (E(com)) of 65 eV led to an optimal sequential carbon-carbon bond breakage, which was interpreted in terms of charge remote fragmentation. The proposed mechanism is discussed in comparison with the routinely used low-energy CID MS/MS. Even-mass (odd-electron) charge remote fragmentation ion series were diagnostic of the O-alkyl chain structure and can be used to interpret unknown spectra. Together with the odd-mass ion series, they formed highly reproducible, isomer-specific spectra that gave significantly higher database matches and probability factors (by 1.5 times) than did the EI MS spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the same isomers. In addition, ionization by negative-ion chemical ionization and electrospray ionization resulted in similar spectra, which further highlights the general potential of the high-energy CID MS/MS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Subramaniam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden
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Liu Y, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Li X, Guan F, You Y, Chen JW. Efficient Use of Retention Time for the Analysis of 302 Drugs in Equine Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-MS/MS with Scheduled Multiple Reaction Monitoring and Instant Library Searching for Doping Control. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6834-41. [PMID: 21806004 DOI: 10.1021/ac2016163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Cornelius E. Uboh
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
- Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Soma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Fuyu Guan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Youwen You
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Jin-Wen Chen
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
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Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Medvedovici A, Albu F, David V. HANDLING DRAWBACKS OF MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION COUPLED TO LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN BIOANALYSIS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.484375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Medvedovici
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Florin Albu
- b Bioanalytical Laboratory , S.C. LaborMed Pharma S.A. , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Victor David
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
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