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Bohnhorst A, Zygmanowski A, Yin Y, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Highly Efficient Ion Manipulator for Tandem Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Exploring a Versatile Technique by a Study of Primary Alcohols. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7158-7169. [PMID: 37094083 PMCID: PMC10173250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a tandem ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) utilizing a highly efficient ion manipulator allowing to store, manipulate, and analyze ions under high electric field strengths and controlled ion-neutral reactions at ambient conditions. The arrangement of tandem drift regions and an ion manipulator in a single drift tube allows a sequence of mobility selection of precursor ions, followed by storage and analysis, mobility separation, and detection of the resulting product ions. In this article, we present a journey exploring the capabilities of the present instrument by a study of eight different primary alcohols characterized at reduced electric field strengths E/N of up to 120 Td with a water vapor concentration ranging from 40 to 540 ppb. Under these conditions, protonated alcohol monomers up to a carbon number of nine could be dissociated, resulting in 18 different fragmented product ions in total. The fragmentation patterns revealed regularities, which can be used for assignment to the chemical class and improved classification of unknown substances. Furthermore, both the time spent in high electrical field strengths and the reaction time with water vapor can be tuned precisely, allowing the fragment distribution to be influenced. Thus, further information regarding the relations of the product ions can be gathered in a standalone drift tube IMS for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bohnhorst
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
- ACKISION GmbH, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Anne Zygmanowski
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Yu Yin
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
- ACKISION GmbH, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
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Saura‐Sanmartin A, Schalley CA. The Mobility of Homomeric Lasso‐ and Daisy Chain‐Like Rotaxanes in Solution and in the Gas Phase as a means to Study Structure and Switching Behaviour. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura‐Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de Murcia Calle Campus Universitario, 5 30100 Murcia Spain
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 20 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 20 14195 Berlin Germany
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Augustini ALRM, Sielemann S, Telgheder U. Strategy for the identification of flavor compounds in e-liquids by correlating the analysis of GCxIMS and GC-MS. Talanta 2021; 230:122318. [PMID: 33934782 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a strategy to correlate the results from gas chromatography coupled ion mobility spectrometry (GCxIMS) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to enable a simpler and cheaper analysis of flavor compounds in e-liquids. The use of the retention index for GCxIMS measurements was validated for its application to correlate results with GC-MS data. The easy detection of the GCxIMS for substances at concentrations as low as 1 μg/L can therefore be combined with the identification power of the MS. The use of the MS' mass signals and wide-spread availability of mass spectra libraries reduces the effort necessary to choose the correct reference standards for the identification of unknown substances. Between both detectors, correlating of the retention time indices was achieved for ± 1%. 2-Alkanones were used as an alternative reference point for the IMS and the well-established alkanes for the MS. The application on flavor compounds in e-liquids shows equal or better results than those presented for more complex, hardware-based correlations like line splitting. Additionally, the inverted reduced mobility combined with the retention index of a non-polar column enables simple extrapolation for the confirmation of expected substances as well as the use in a transferable database. For the first time, this comprehensive application allows an extensive, simplified, and cheap identification of flavor compounds in e-liquids by GCxIMS and GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L R M Augustini
- Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063, Hamm, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Sielemann
- Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063, Hamm, Germany.
| | - Ursula Telgheder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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Gustafson E, Mortensen DN, Dearden DV. Quantitative Collision Cross-Sections from FTICR Linewidth Measurements: Improvements in Theory and Experiment. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:251-259. [PMID: 28733966 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two corrections to the equation used in the cross-sectional areas by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance ("CRAFTI") technique are identified. In CRAFTI, ion collision cross-sections are obtained from the pressure-dependent ion linewidths in Fourier transform mass spectra. The effects of these corrections on the accuracy of the cross-sections obtained using the CRAFTI technique are evaluated experimentally using the 20 biogenic amino acids and several crown ether complexes with protonated alkyl monoamines. Good absolute agreement is obtained between the CRAFTI cross-sections and the corresponding cross-sections obtained using both static drift ion mobility spectrometry and computational simulations. These results indicate that the CRAFTI cross-sections obtained using the updated equation presented here are quantitatively descriptive of the size and shape of the gas-phase ions. Cross-sections that differ by less than 3% are measured for the isobaric isomers n-butylamine and tert-butylamine complexed with the crown ethers. This level of precision is similar to what has been achieved previously using traveling wave ion mobility devices. These results indicate that CRAFTI can be used to probe subtle structural differences between ions with approximately the same precision as that achieved in traveling wave ion mobility devices. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaura Gustafson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-5700, USA
| | - Daniel N Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-5700, USA
| | - David V Dearden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-5700, USA.
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Krisilov AV, Lantsuzskaya EV, Levina AM. Structure of alcohol cluster ions in the gas phase, according to spectrometry and ab initio calculations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024417010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lantsuzskaya EV, Krisilov AV, Levina AM. Structure of the cluster ions of ketones in the gas phase according to ion mobility spectrometry and ab initio calculations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024415100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lantsuzskaya EV, Krisilov AV, Levina AM. Structure of aldehyde cluster ions in the gas phase, according to data from ion mobility spectrometry and ab initio calculations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024415090204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Auerbach D, Aspenleiter J, Volmer DA. Description of gas-phase ion/neutral interactions in differential ion mobility spectrometry: CV prediction using calibration runs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1610-1621. [PMID: 24927778 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS) coupled to mass spectrometry is increasingly used in both quantitative analyses of biological samples and as a means of removing background interferences for enhanced selectivity and improved quality of mass spectra. However, DMS separation efficiency using dry inert gases often lacks the required selectivity to achieve baseline separation. Polar gas-phase modifiers such as alcohols are therefore frequently employed to improve selectivity via clustering/declustering processes. The choice of an optimal modifier currently relies on trial and error experiments, making method development a tedious activity. It was the goal of this study to establish a means of CV prediction for compounds using a homologous series of alcohols as gas-phase modifiers. This prediction was based on linear regression of compensation voltages of two calibration runs for the alcohols with the lowest and the highest molecular weights and readily available descriptors such as proton affinity and gas phase acidity of the modifier molecules. All experiments were performed on a commercial quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a DMS device between electrospray ionization source and entrance quadrupole lens. We evaluated our approach using a homologous series of 4-alkylbenzoic acids and a selection of 23 small molecules of high chemical diversity. Predicted CV values typically deviated from the experimentally determined values by less than 0.5 V. Several test compounds changed their ion mobility behavior for the investigated gas phase modifiers (e.g., from type B to type A) and thus could thus not be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Auerbach
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Vautz W, Seifert L, Liedtke S, Hein D. GC/IMS and GC/MS analysis of pre-concentrated medical and biological samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-014-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Demoranville LT, Houssiau L, Gillen G. Behavior and Evaluation of Tetraalkylammonium Bromides as Instrument Test Materials in Thermal Desorption Ion Mobility Spectrometers. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2652-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302944m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T. Demoranville
- Surface & Microanalysis Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, MS-8371, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Laurent Houssiau
- Research Centre in Physics of
Matter and Radiation (PMR), Physics Department, University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 rue de Bruxelles, B 5000 Namur,
Belgium
| | - Greg Gillen
- Surface & Microanalysis Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, MS-8371, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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Classical aspects of the reduced collision cross section for elastic scattering in ion mobility spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-012-0117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lapthorn C, Pullen F, Chowdhry BZ. Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) of small molecules: separating and assigning structures to ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:43-71. [PMID: 22941854 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of ion mobility (IM), the movement/transport of charged particles under the influence of an electric field, was first observed in the early 20th Century and harnessed later in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). There have been rapid advances in instrumental design, experimental methods, and theory together with contributions from computational chemistry and gas-phase ion chemistry, which have diversified the range of potential applications of contemporary IMS techniques. Whilst IMS-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) has recently been recognized for having significant research/applied industrial potential and encompasses multi-/cross-disciplinary areas of science, the applications and impact from decades of research are only now beginning to be utilized for "small molecule" species. This review focuses on the application of IMS-MS to "small molecule" species typically used in drug discovery (100-500 Da) including an assessment of the limitations and possibilities of the technique. Potential future developments in instrumental design, experimental methods, and applications are addressed. The typical application of IMS-MS in relation to small molecules has been to separate species in fairly uniform molecular classes such as mixture analysis, including metabolites. Separation of similar species has historically been challenging using IMS as the resolving power, R, has been low (3-100) and the differences in collision cross-sections that could be measured have been relatively small, so instrument and method development has often focused on increasing resolving power. However, IMS-MS has a range of other potential applications that are examined in this review where it displays unique advantages, including: determination of small molecule structure from drift time, "small molecule" separation in achiral and chiral mixtures, improvement in selectivity, identification of carbohydrate isomers, metabonomics, and for understanding the size and shape of small molecules. This review provides a broad but selective overview of current literature, concentrating on IMS-MS, not solely IMS, and small molecule applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cris Lapthorn
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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Computational methods for metabolomic data analysis of ion mobility spectrometry data-reviewing the state of the art. Metabolites 2012; 2:733-55. [PMID: 24957760 PMCID: PMC3901238 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry combined with multi-capillary columns (MCC/IMS) is a well known technology for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We may utilize MCC/IMS for scanning human exhaled air, bacterial colonies or cell lines, for example. Thereby we gain information about the human health status or infection threats. We may further study the metabolic response of living cells to external perturbations. The instrument is comparably cheap, robust and easy to use in every day practice. However, the potential of the MCC/IMS methodology depends on the successful application of computational approaches for analyzing the huge amount of emerging data sets. Here, we will review the state of the art and highlight existing challenges. First, we address methods for raw data handling, data storage and visualization. Afterwards we will introduce de-noising, peak picking and other pre-processing approaches. We will discuss statistical methods for analyzing correlations between peaks and diseases or medical treatment. Finally, we study up-to-date machine learning techniques for identifying robust biomarker molecules that allow classifying patients into healthy and diseased groups. We conclude that MCC/IMS coupled with sophisticated computational methods has the potential to successfully address a broad range of biomedical questions. While we can solve most of the data pre-processing steps satisfactorily, some computational challenges with statistical learning and model validation remain.
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15
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Armenta S, Blanco M. Ion mobility spectrometry for monitoring diamine oxidase activity. Analyst 2012; 137:5891-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35965k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zamora D, Alcalà M, Blanco M. Determination of trace impurities in cosmetic intermediates by ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 708:69-74. [PMID: 22093346 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries are continuously demanding fast, efficient, cost-effective analytical methods to monitor production processes and assure end-product quality. The presence of residual reagents or impurities formed during a synthetic process can have an adverse impact on product quality, assurance of which requires using increasingly sensitive analytical methods to facilitate the detection and/or determination of toxic compounds with potentially hazardous effects on consumer's health. In this work, we assessed the potential of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for the detection and quantitation of dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) residues in stearamidopropyldimethylamine (SAPDA) production samples. The influence of instrumental variables including solvent, solution drying time, injected volume and volatilization temperature was examined. The ensuing analytical method takes less than 1 min per analysis and uses only a few microlitres of sample. The calibration curve was linear over the DMAPA concentration range 0.030-0.500 μg mL(-1). The proposed method was validated for use in control processes. The complex plasmagram for amidoamines allows the origin of cosmetic oils to be easily, expeditiously identified. Based on the results, IMS holds great promise for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the studied amide and various others in cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zamora
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Davis EJ, Clowers BH, Siems WF, Hill HH. Comprehensive software suite for the operation, maintenance, and evaluation of an ion mobility spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-011-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bunkowski A. Software tool for coupling chromatographic total ion current dependencies of GC/MSD and MCC/IMS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-010-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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