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Hényková E, Kaleta M, Klíčová K, Gonzalez G, Novák O, Strnad M, Kaňovský P. Quantitative Determination of Endogenous Tetrahydroisoquinolines, Potential Parkinson's Disease Biomarkers, in Mammals. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3230-3246. [PMID: 36375023 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostic options for Parkinson's disease are very limited and primarily based on characteristic clinical symptoms. Thus, there are urgent needs for reliable biomarkers that enable us to diagnose the disease in the early stages, differentiate it from other atypical Parkinsonian syndromes, monitor its progression, increase knowledge of its pathogenesis, and improve the development of potent therapies. A promising group of potential biomarkers are endogenous tetrahydroisoquinoline metabolites, which are thought to contribute to the multifactorial etiology of Parkinson's disease. The aim of this critical review is to highlight trends and limitations of available traditional and modern analytical techniques for sample pretreatment (extraction and derivatization procedures) and quantitative determination of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in various types of mammalian fluids and tissues (urine, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue, liver tissue). Particular attention is paid to the most sensitive and specific analytical techniques, involving immunochemistry and gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric, fluorescence, or electrochemical detection. The review also includes a discussion of other relevant agents proposed and tested in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hényková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kaleta
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Klíčová
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kaňovský
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Bajtai A, Lajkó G, Németi G, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Péter A, Ilisz I. High-performance liquid chromatographic and subcritical fluid chromatographic separation of α-arylated ß-carboline, N-alkylated tetrahydroisoquinolines and their bioisosteres on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2779-2787. [PMID: 31216124 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
New, pharmacologically interesting chiral amino compounds, namely, stereoisomers of α-hydroxynaphthyl-ß-carboline, benz[d]azepine and benz[c]azepine analogs as well as N-α-hydroxynaphthylbenzyl-substituted isoquinolines were enantioseparated by high-performance liquid chromatographic and subcritical fluid chromatographic methods on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Separation of the stereoisomers was optimized in both subcritical fluid chromatography and normal phase liquid chromatographic modes by investigating the effects of the composition of the bulk solvent, temperature, and the structures of the analytes and selectors. Both normal phase liquid chromatography and subcritical fluid chromatography exhibited satisfactory performance, albeit with somewhat different effectiveness in the separation of the stereoisomers studied. The optimized methods offer the possibility to apply preparative-scale separations thereby enabling further pharmacological investigations of the enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bajtai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Lajkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Németi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antal Péter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Ilisz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Zheng X, Chen X, Guo M, Ali S, Huang Y, Sun F, Liu K, Chen Z, Deng Y, Zhong R. Changes in salsolinol production and salsolinol synthase activity in Parkinson’s disease model. Neurosci Lett 2018; 673:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Możdżeń E, Kajta M, Wąsik A, Lenda T, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L. Salsolinol, an endogenous compound triggers a two-phase opposing action in the central nervous system. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:300-13. [PMID: 25537852 PMCID: PMC4353863 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline), an endogenous compound present in the brain, was suspected of participation in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, the most common serious movement disorder worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the effect of different (50, 100, and 500 µM) concentrations of salsolinol on markers of glutamate-induced apoptotic and neurotoxic cell damage, such as caspase-3 activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Biochemical data were complemented with the cellular analysis, including Hoechst 33342 and calcein AM staining, to visualize apoptotic DNA-fragmentation and to assess cell survival, respectively. The assessment of all investigated parameters was performed in primary cultures of rat or mouse hippocampal and striatum cells. Our study showed that salsolinol had biphasic effects, namely, at lower concentrations (50 and 100 µM), it demonstrated a distinct neuroprotective activity, whereas in the highest one (500 µM) caused neurotoxic effect. Salsolinol in concentrations of 50 and 100 µM significantly antagonized the pro-apoptotic and neurotoxic effects caused by 1 mM glutamate. Salsolinol diminished the number of bright fragmented nuclei with condensed chromatin and increased cell survival in Hoechst 33342 and calcein AM staining in hippocampal cultures. Additionally, in the low 50 µM concentration, it produced a significant inhibition of glutamate-induced loss of membrane mitochondrial potential. Only the highest concentration of salsolinol (500 µM) enhanced the glutamate excitotoxicity. Ex vivo studies indicated that both acute and chronic administration of salsolinol did not affect the dopamine metabolism, its striatal concentration or α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase protein level in the rat substantia nigra and striatum. Summarizing, the present studies exclude possibility that salsolinol under physiological conditions could be an endogenous factor involved in the neurogenerative processes; conversely, it can exert a protective action on nerve cells in the brain. These findings may have important implications for the development of the new strategies to treat or prevent neural degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Możdżeń
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland,
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Grecsó N, Ilisz I, Gecse Z, Schönstein L, Fülöp F, Péter A. High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of amino alcohol analogues possessing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline skeleton on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:788-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Grecsó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
| | - Zsanett Gecse
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - László Schönstein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
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Ilisz I, Gecse Z, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Péter A. High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of naphthol-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:142-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
| | - Zsanett Gecse
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
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Enantiomeric Separation of Drugs Using Ion Interaction Reagents in Combination with β-Cyclodextrin in HPLC. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hipólito L, Sánchez-Catalán MJ, Martí-Prats L, Granero L, Polache A. Revisiting the controversial role of salsolinol in the neurobiological effects of ethanol: old and new vistas. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:362-78. [PMID: 21802444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The possible involvement of salsolinol (Sal), an endogenous condensation product of ACD (the first metabolite of ethanol) and dopamine, in the neurochemical basis underlying ethanol action has been repeatedly suggested although it has not been unequivocally established, still being a controversial matter of debate. The main goal of this review is to evaluate the presumed contribution of Sal to ethanol effects summarizing the reported data since the discovery in the 1970s of Sal formation in vitro during ethanol metabolism until the more recent studies characterizing its behavioral and neurochemical effects. Towards this end, we first analyze the production and detection of Sal, in different brain areas, in basal conditions and after alcohol consumption, highlighting its presence in regions especially relevant in regulating ethanol-drinking behaviour and the importance of the newly developed methods to differentiate both enantiomers of Sal which could help to explain some previous negative findings. Afterwards, we review the behavioral and neurochemical studies. Finally, we present and discuss the previous and current enunciated mechanisms of action of Sal in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Hipólito
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Wu H, Yuan B, Liu YM. Chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of tetrahydroisoquinoline-derived neurotoxins: observation of complex stereoisomerism. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3118-23. [PMID: 21470616 PMCID: PMC3088083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that certain 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives (TIQs) are neurotoxins inducing Parkinsonism. Further, individual enantiomers of these toxins such as (R/S)-N-methylsalsolinol ((R/S)-NMSal) possess distinct neurotoxicological properties. In this work, a chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (ESI-MS/MS) detection was developed for the quantification of TIQ enantiomers. Enantioseparation was achieved with sulfated β-cyclodextrin (sulfated β-CD) as chiral selector. To avoid any potential contamination of MS ionization source by the non-volatile chiral selector, partial filling technique was deployed in the CE separation. TIQ derivatives, including (R/S)-6,7-dihydroxy-1-methy-TIQ (salsolinol, Sal), (R/S)-1-benzyl-TIQ (BTIQ), and (R/S)-NMSal, were base-line resolved with resolution values (R) ranging from 3 (for Sal) to 4.5 (for BTIQ), which were much better than those reported previously by HPLC methods. ESI-MS/MS detection of the resolved TIQ enantiomers was specific and sensitive (LOD=1.2 μM for Sal enantiomers). The proposed chiral CE-MS/MS method was used to study in vitro formation of (R/S)-NMSal. It was found that NMSal was formed from the incubation of epinine (a dopamine metabolite) with acetaldehyde (a metabolite of alcohol). More interestingly, four isomers of NMSal were separated and detected in the incubation solution. They were identified as (R)-e.e-NMSal, (R)-e.a-NMSal, (S)-e.e-NMSal, and (S)-e.a-NMSal. This was the first lab evidence that this Parkinsonian neurotoxin exists in multiple isomeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39110, USA
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Kuklinski NJ, Berglund EC, Engelbreksson J, Ewing AG. Determination of salsolinol, norsalsolinol, and twenty-one biogenic amines using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography-electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1886-93. [PMID: 20446293 PMCID: PMC2892185 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography coupled to amperometric electrochemical detection was used to resolve and then quantify biogenic amines and metabolites within the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. A new separation scheme was devised to allow resolution of 24 compounds of interest. This was accomplished by precisely controlling the amount of base added to the background buffer, optimizing the resolution of the separation, and then calculating the pH. Here we focused on measurements of six of the analytes that are thought to be involved in the response to alcohol, dopamine, salsolinol, norsalsolinol, N-acetyloctopamine, octopamine, and N-acetyldopamine. These were identified and quantified within the fly head. We believe that the identification of salsolinol and norsalsolinol in the fly brain is novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Kuklinski
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 125 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - E. Carina Berglund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johan Engelbreksson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 125 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
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Hipólito L, Sánchez-Catalán MJ, Zornoza T, Polache A, Granero L. Locomotor stimulant effects of acute and repeated intrategmental injections of salsolinol in rats: role of mu-opioid receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 209:1-11. [PMID: 20084370 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Microinjections of ethanol and acetaldehyde into ventral tegmental area (VTA) produce locomotor activation in rats through mechanisms dependent on the mu-opioid receptors. However, it is not clear how these drugs can interact with these receptors. It has been hypothesized that salsolinol could be the responsible for this interaction. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of salsolinol to induce both motor activation and motor sensitization in rats after repeated intra-VTA administration. MATERIALS Rats received one microinjection into the posterior VTA of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; 200 nL), salsolinol (0.3-3,000.0 pmol/200 nL), or salsolinol (30.0 pmol/200 nL) with either naltrexone (13.2 nmol/200 nL) or with the antagonist of the mu-opioid receptors, beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA; 2.5 nmol/300 nL). In the sensitization experiments, four microinjections of salsolinol (30.0 pmol/200 nL) or aCSF (200 nL) were performed over a 2-week period. This period was followed by a single challenge session, in which 0.3 pmol of salsolinol was microinjected to rats. Spontaneous activity was always monitored postinjection. RESULTS Intra-VTA salsolinol administration induces an increase of the spontaneous motor activity of the rats with the maximal effect at the dose of 30.0 pmol/200 nL. Salsolinol effects were blocked by the treatment with naltrexone or beta-FNA. Moreover, repeated injections of salsolinol produced locomotor sensitization. CONCLUSIONS Salsolinol induces locomotor activity and motor sensitization after intra-VTA administration. Moreover, the implication of the mu-opioid receptors was shown since the treatment with naltrexone or beta-FNA was able to suppress the salsolinol effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Hipólito
- Departament de Farmacia i Tecnología Farmacèutica, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Hipólito L, Sánchez-Catalán MJ, Granero L, Polache A. Local salsolinol modulates dopamine extracellular levels from rat nucleus accumbens: shell/core differences. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:187-92. [PMID: 19524107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salsolinol (SAL), a condensation product of dopamine and acetaldehyde that appears in the rat and human brain after ethanol ingestion, has been largely implicated in the aetiology of alcoholism. Although the behavioural consequences of systemic or intracerebral SAL administrations have been described, the neurochemical effects of pharmacologically relevant doses of SAL and other tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) in the brain areas involved in alcohol addiction are practically unknown. To gain an insight into this topic, male Wistar rats were stereotaxically implanted with one concentric microdialysis probe in either the shell or the core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Treatments involved local administration of 0.1, 5 and 25 microM SAL for 20 min through the dialysis probe. Dopamine (DA) concentrations in the shell or core of the NAc were on-line analyzed every 20 min by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Implantation of the probe was histologically evaluated at the end of the experiments. Our results indicate that dialysis application of 5 and 25 microM SAL into the core increased the dialysate levels of DA. Conversely, the administration of the same doses of this drug into the shell significantly reduced the DA levels in this subregion. In conclusion, these data reveal that local application of SAL affects the DA levels in the NAc subterritories in a region-specific manner. These findings may prove useful in probing CNS sites and mechanisms involved in alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Hipólito
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Cai M, Liu YM. Quantification of salsolinol enantiomers by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:4171-4177. [PMID: 19034892 PMCID: PMC2839069 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol, 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroisoquinoline (SAL), is a precursor of a Parkinsonian neurotoxin, N-methysalsolinol (N-methyl-SAL). Previous studies have shown that individual enantiomers of N-methyl-SAL possess distinct neurotoxicological properties. In this work, a chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (ESI-MS/MS) detection was developed for the quantification of (R/S)-SAL enantiomers. Enantioseparation was achieved on a beta-cyclodextrin-bonded silica gel column, and the resolved enantiomers were detected by ESI-MS/MS operated in positive ion mode. The ESI collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrum of SAL was studied together with that of its deuterium-labeled analog (i.e. salsolinol-alpha,alpha,alpha,1-d(4), SAL-d(4)) so that the fragmentation pathways could be elucidated. Further, using SAL-d(4) as internal standard in HPLC/MS/MS analysis of SAL improved significantly assay accuracy and reliability. Determination of (R/S)-SAL enantiomers present in food samples such as dried banana chips was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Correspondence to: Y.-M. Liu, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St., Jackson, MS 39217, USA.,
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Rojkovicova T, Mechref Y, Starkey JA, Wu G, Bell RL, McBride WJ, Novotny MV. Quantitative chiral analysis of salsolinol in different brain regions of rats genetically predisposed to alcoholism. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 863:206-14. [PMID: 18272438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method to determine the catecholamine content in putamen (CPU) and midbrain (MB) regions of the brain of alcohol-preferring rats (P) is presented with a focus on the low-level detection of S,R-salsolinol, a metabolite of dopamine and a putative alcoholism marker. The developed strategy allows both quantitative profiling of related catecholamines and the enantiomeric separation and quantification of the S- and R-salsolinol isomers and their ratios. The described LC/MS strategy simplifies the current methodology that typically employs GC-MS by eliminating the need for derivatization. The data also suggest an increase in the non-enzymatic formation of salsolinol as a consequence of ethanol exposure.
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Shpigun OA, Ananieva IA, Budanova NY, Shapovalova EN. Use of cyclodextrins for separation of enantiomers. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2003v072n12abeh000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhao SL, Shen JS. Enantiomeric Separation and Determination ofR,S-Salsolinol by Capillary Electrophoresis. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Péter A, Péter M, Ilisz I, Fülöp F. Comparison of column performances in direct high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of 1- or 3-methyl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline analogs. Application of direct and indirect methods. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:459-65. [PMID: 15856487 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparability of 1- or 3-methyl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines was investigated by direct and indirect high-performance liquid chromatography. Alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin-, macrocyclic glycopeptide- and cellulose-based chiral columns and isothiocyanate- and Sanger-type chiral derivatizing agents (CDAs) were applied to attain satisfactory enantioseparation. Of the chiral columns, beta-cyclodextrin-, vancomycin- and teicoplanin-containing macrocyclic glycopeptide-based columns appeared to be most suitable; of the CDAs, (1S,2R)-1-acetoxy-1-phenyl-2-propyl isothiocyanate was most favorable. The differences between the selectivities of the columns and CDAs were compared and optimized to yield the best resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Hungary.
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Musshoff F. Chromatographic methods for the determination of markers of chronic and acute alcohol consumption. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:457-80. [PMID: 12450674 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development in chromatographic methods for the determination of markers of alcohol consumption is summarized in this review. The markers included in this article are ethanol in body fluids, ethanol congeners, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), ethyl glucuronide (EtG), cocaethylene (CE), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), phosphatidylethanol (PEth), 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL), dolichol, ketone bodies, acetaldehyde-protein adducts, and salsolinol (SAL). Some of these markers for alcohol consumption do not only indicate previous ethanol ingestion, but also approximate the amount of intake and the time when ethanol ingestion last occurred. Basic information about the procedures, work-up, and chromatographic conditions are summarized in tables. Also the main metabolic pathways and reaction schemes are demonstrated in figures. Some examples of typical applications are presented. The author points out that in many of the reviewed papers validation data of the procedures as well as specificities and sensitivities were not clearly presented and consequently were not comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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20
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Separation of chiral pharmaceuticals using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Salvador A, Herbreteau B, Dreux M, Karlsson A, Gyllenhaal O. Chiral supercritical fluid chromatography on porous graphitic carbon using commercial dimethyl beta-cyclodextrins as mobile phase additive. J Chromatogr A 2001; 929:101-12. [PMID: 11594391 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using dimethylated-beta-cyclodextrin mixtures (MeCD) as chiral selectors in CO2-polar modifier mobile phase and porous graphitic carbon as solid-phase, chiral supercritical (or subcritical) fluid chromatography was performed. The adsorbed quantity of MeCD onto the porous graphitic carbon (Hypercarb) was measured for various chiral selector concentrations using the breakthrough method with evaporative light scattering detector. The effects of MeCD concentration in the mobile phase, the nature of the polar modifier, the outlet pressure, the column temperature and the nature of the commercial MeCD mixture on the retention and the enantioselectivities were studied. For a given solute, the enantioselectivity is greatly dependent on the commercial MeCD mixture used. The retention mechanism was also studied. From the data, we find that the dominant mechanism for the chiral discrimination is the diastereoisomeric complexation in the mobile phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salvador
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UPRES A CNRS 6005, Université d'Orléans, France
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22
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Chapter 9 Recent developments in liquid chromatographic enantioseparation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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23
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Deng Y, Zhang J, Tsuda T, Yu PH, Boulton AA, Cassidy RM. Modeling and optimization of enantioseparation by capillary electrochromatography. Anal Chem 1998; 70:4586-93. [PMID: 9823718 DOI: 10.1021/ac980366i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both electrophoretic and chromatographic transport mechanisms are combined in electrochromatographic separation. In this paper, we developed a model of enantioselectivity in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) which can be applied in the separation of both neutral and ionic compounds. The overall selectivity in enantioseparation is considered to be made up of two contributions: one is the intrinsic difference in formation constants of a pair of enantiomers, and the other is the conversion efficiency of the intrinsic difference into the apparent difference in the migration velocity. The model was illustrated through the chiral separation of (R)- and (S)-salsolinols. Under a positive electric field, enantioseparation of salsolinols was achieved on an ODS column with beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral mobile-phase additive. The experimental results are discussed in relation to the effect of separation parameters, such as the direction and size of electric field and properties of the stationary and mobile phases. It was demonstrated that if both electrophoretic and partitioning mechanisms produce positive effects, high overall selectivity in CEC can be obtained. For pressurized-driven electrochromatography, although the column efficiency is sacrificed due to the introduction of hydrodynamic flow, the increased selectivity significantly reduced the requirement of large column plate numbers for resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Deng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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24
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Musshoff F, Daldrup T. Determination of biological markers for alcohol abuse. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:245-64. [PMID: 9700562 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is one of the most frequent addictions and an important subject in forensic medicine and clinical toxicology. Several laboratory abnormalities are associated with excessive alcohol consumption. They are useful in the diagnosis of alcoholism especially during the follow-up of various treatment programs. The biological markers mostly used for diagnosis of alcoholism are presented. Especially, methods for the determination of the following diagnostic tools are reviewed: congener alcohols, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, beta-hexosaminidase, erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase, alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine ratio, macrocytosis, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, (apo)lipoproteins, fatty acid ethyl esters, blood acetate, acetaldehyde adducts, 5-hydroxytryptophol, dolichol and condensation products. No laboratory test exists that is reliable enough for the exact diagnosis of alcoholism. The combination of physician interview, questionnaire and laboratory markers is necessary for the diagnosis of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Musshoff
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Institute of Legal Medicine, Bonn, Germany
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Jira T, Bunke A, Karbaum A. Use of chiral and achiral ion-pairing reagents in combination with cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Minami C, Deng Y, Urano F, Kaiya T, Kohda K, Kawai M, Naoi M. Preparation of (R)-N-methylsalsolinol via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using beta-cyclodextrin as a mobile-phase additive. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 702:245-8. [PMID: 9449579 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new preparation method was devised using beta-cyclodextrin as a mobile-phase additive in a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography system. Preparative separation of the biologically active (R)-enantiomer was achieved from racemic N-methylsalsolinol. Beta-cyclodextrin was removed completely in good yield by acid extraction and solid-phase extraction. By a slight modification, this method will be applicable to the isolation of various types of biologically important enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Minami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Due to their identical chemical and physical properties, the separation of enantiomers has been considered one of the most difficult challenges in chemistry from both an analytical or a preparative viewpoint. With the development and commercialization of many new or improved chiral stationary phases and chiral additives, interest in enantiomeric separation by HPLC has grown tremendously in the last two decades. Cyclodextrins and modified cyclodextrins are widely used chiral selectors. They are used as either the chiral stationary phases, as chiral mobile phase additives, or as chiral counter-ions. This review describes the historical development of derivatized and underivatized cyclodextrins in HPLC and their various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies (UP9200), Smithkline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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