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Fanali S, Chankvetadze B. Some thoughts about enantioseparations in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2420-2437. [PMID: 31081552 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this overview the goal of the authors was to analyze from the historical perspective the reasons of success and failure of chiral capillary electrophoresis. In addition, the current trends are analyzed, unique advantages of capillary electrophoresis are highlighted and some future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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2
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Abstract
Stereospecific recognition of chiral molecules plays an important role in nature as the basis of the interaction of chiral bioactive compounds with the chiral target structures. In separation sciences such as chromatographic and capillary electromigration techniques, interactions between chiral analytes and chiral selectors, i.e., the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes in thermodynamic equilibria, are the basis for chiral separations. Due to the large structural variety of chiral selectors, different structural features contribute to the overall chiral recognition process. This introductory chapter briefly summarizes the present understanding of the structural enantioselective recognition processes for various types of chiral selectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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3
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Schurig V. The Reciprocal Principle of Selectand-Selector-Systems in Supramolecular Chromatography †. Molecules 2016; 21:E1535. [PMID: 27854299 PMCID: PMC6274307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In selective chromatography and electromigration methods, supramolecular recognition of selectands and selectors is due to the fast and reversible formation of association complexes governed by thermodynamics. Whereas the selectand molecules to be separated are always present in the mobile phase, the selector employed for the separation of the selectands is either part of the stationary phase or is added to the mobile phase. By the reciprocal principle, the roles of selector and selectand can be reversed. In this contribution in honor of Professor Stig Allenmark, the evolution of the reciprocal principle in chromatography is reviewed and its advantages and limitations are outlined. Various reciprocal scenarios, including library approaches, are discussed in efforts to optimize selectivity in separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schurig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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4
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Kashapov RR, Zakharova LY, Saifutdinova MN, Gavrilova EL, Sinyashin OG. Self-assembly strategies for improving the water solubility of new amino acid calix[4]resorcinarenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Abstract
Chiral recognition phenomena play an important role in nature as well as analytical separation sciences. In separation sciences such as chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, enantiospecific interactions between the enantiomers of an analyte and the chiral selector are required in order to observe enantioseparations. Due to the large structural variety of chiral selectors applied, different mechanisms and structural features contribute to the chiral recognition process. This chapter briefly illustrates the current models of the enantiospecific recognition on the structural basics of various chiral selectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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6
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7
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Torvinen M, Kalenius E, Sansone F, Casnati A, Jänis J. Noncovalent complexation of monoamine neurotransmitters and related ammonium ions by tetramethoxy tetraglucosylcalix[4]arene. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:359-365. [PMID: 22131228 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The noncovalent complexation of monoamine neurotransmitters and related ammonium and quaternary ammonium ions by a conformationally flexible tetramethoxy glucosylcalix[4]arene was studied by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry. The glucosylcalixarene exhibited highest binding affinity towards serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Structural properties of the guests, such as the number, location, and type of hydrogen bonding groups, length of the alkyl spacer between the ammonium head-group and the aromatic ring structure, and the degree of nitrogen substitution affected the complexation. Competition experiments and guest-exchange reactions indicated that the hydroxyl groups of guests participate in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with the glucocalixarene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Torvinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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8
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Xiao XZ, Feng YQ, Da SL, Zhang Y. Preparation and Evaluation ofP-tert-Butyl-calix[8]arene-bonded Silica Stationary Phase for High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2000.10399506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Mokhtari B, Pourabdollah K, Dalali N. Applications of Nano-Baskets of Calixarenes in Chromatography. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Chen B, Du Y. Evaluation of the enantioseparation capability of the novel chiral selector clindamycin phosphate towards basic drugs by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1806-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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O'Farrell CM, Hagan KA, Wenzel TJ. Water-soluble calix[4]resorcinarenes as chiral NMR solvating agents for bicyclic aromatic compounds. Chirality 2009; 21:911-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Hu K, Tian Y, Yang H, Zhang J, Xie J, Ye B, Wu Y, Zhang S. Preparation and Characterization of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene Modified Sol-Gel Column for Open-Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903245557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- a Chemistry Department , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yulu Tian
- a Chemistry Department , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- a Chemistry Department , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Junqiang Zhang
- a Chemistry Department , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- a Chemistry Department , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Baoxian Ye
- a Chemistry Department , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- a Chemistry Department , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- a Chemistry Department , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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13
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Narumi F, Matsumura N, Sasagawa N, Natori K, Kajiwara T, Hattori T. Resolution of inherently chiral anti-O,O′-dialkylthiacalix[4]arenes and determination of their absolute stereochemistries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Yang H, Zhang R, Lu Y, Ye B, Wu Y, Zhang S. CZE Determination of Calixarenes and Related Derivatives Using Acetonitrile as a Modifier. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Ding C, Qu K, Li Y, Hu K, Liu H, Ye B, Wu Y, Zhang S. Preparation and characterization of six calixarene bonded stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1170:73-81. [PMID: 17915228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Six calixarene bonded silica gel stationary phases were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Their chromatographic performance was investigated by using PAHs, aromatic positional isomers and E- and Z-ethyl 3-(4-acetylphenyl) acrylate isomers as probes. Separation mechanism based on the different interactions between calixarenes and analytes were discussed. The chromatographic behaviors of those analytes on the calixarene columns were influenced by the supramolecular interaction including pi-pi interaction, space steric hindrance and hydrogen bonding interaction between calixarenes and analytes. Notably, the presence of polar groups (-OH, -NO(2) and -NH(2)) in the aromatic isomers could improve their separation selectivity on calixarene phase columns. The results from quantum chemistry calculation using DFT-B3LYP/STO-3G* base group were consistent with the retention behaviors of PHAs on calix[4]arene column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Ding
- Chemistry Department, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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16
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Chankvetadze B. Enantioseparations by using capillary electrophoretic techniques. The story of 20 and a few more years. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:45-70; discussion 44. [PMID: 17765908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides the author's insight on the past, present and future of performing enantioseparations using capillary electrophoretic (CE) techniques. These techniques are discussed from the historical point of view, as well as based on their potential as the separation techniques of today and the future. The overview covers mechanistic as well as practical aspects of CE techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences and Molecular Recognition and Separation Science Laboratory, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0128 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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17
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Śliwka-Kaszyńska M. Calixarenes as Stationary Phases in High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340701244672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Fox SB, Culha M, Sepaniak MJ. DEVELOPMENT OF A GRID SEARCH MOLECULAR MECHANICS MODELING STRATEGY TO STUDY ELUTION BEHAVIOR IN CYCLODEXTRIN MODIFIED CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon B. Fox
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, U.S.A
| | - Mustafa Culha
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Sepaniak
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, U.S.A
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19
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20
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Kocabas E, Karakucuk A, Sirit A, Yilmaz M. Synthesis of new chiral calix[4]arene diamide derivatives for liquid phase extraction of α-amino acid methylesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Resolution of inherently chiral anti-O,O′-dialkylated calix[4]arenes and determination of their absolute stereochemistries by CD and X-ray methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Zheng Y, Zhang C, Tian Z, Jiang A. Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Chiral Calix[4]arene Crown and Semi‐crown Ether. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120027716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Narumi F, Hattori T, Matsumura N, Onodera T, Katagiri H, Kabuto C, Kameyama H, Miyano S. Synthesis of an inherently chiral O,O′-bridged thiacalix[4]crowncarboxylic acid and its application to a chiral solvating agent. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Shokova EA, Motornaya AE, Shestakova AK, Kovalev VV. p-(3-Carboxy- and 3-carboxymethyl-1-adamantyl)calix[4]arenes: synthesis and arming with amino acid units. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Krawinkler KH, Maier NM, Ungaro R, Sansone F, Casnati A, Lindner W. Novel cinchona carbamate selectors with complementary enantioseparation characteristics for N-acylated amino acids. Chirality 2004; 15 Suppl:S17-29. [PMID: 12884371 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and chromatographic evaluation of the enantiomer separation capabilities of covalently immobilized calix[4]arene-cinchona carbamate hybrid type receptors derived from quinine (QN) and its corresponding C9-epimer (eQN) in different solvents are reported. The receptors display complementary enantiomer separation profiles in terms of elution order, chiral substrate specificity, and mobile phase characteristics, indicating the existence of two distinct chiral recognition mechanisms. The QN-derived receptor binds the (S)-enantiomers of N-acylated amino acids more strongly, shows preferential recognition of open-chained amino acids, and superior enantioselectivity in polar media such as methanol/acetic acid. In contrast, the eQN congener preferentially recognizes the corresponding (R)-enantiomers, displays good enantioselectivity (alpha up to 1.74) for cyclic amino acids, and enhanced stereodiscriminating properties in apolar mobile phases, e.g., chloroform/acetic acid. A comparison of the enantiomer separation profiles with those of the corresponding QN and eQN tert-butyl carbamate congeners indicates no significant level of cooperativity between the calix[4]arene module and the cinchona units in terms of overall chiral recognition, most probably as a consequence of residual conformational flexibility of the calixarene module and the carbamate linkage.
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Smith KJ, Wilcox JD, Mirick GE, Wacker LS, Ryan NS, Vensel DA, Readling R, Domush HL, Amonoo EP, Shariff SS, Wenzel TJ. Calix[4]arene, calix[4]resorcarene, and cyclodextrin derivatives and their lanthanide complexes as chiral NMR shift reagents. Chirality 2004; 15 Suppl:S150-8. [PMID: 12884386 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Calix[4]arenes, calix[4]resorcarenes, and anionic cyclodextrin derivatives were examined as chiral NMR solvating agents. The calix[4]arenes were prepared by attachment of amino acids through the hydroxyl groups of the phenol rings. Chloroform-, methanol-, and water-soluble derivatives were prepared and tested with a range of substrates. Chloroform-soluble chiral calix[4]resorcarenes were prepared by attachment of chiral primary and secondary amines and examined in NMR applications with a variety of substrates. Sulfated and carboxymethylated beta-cyclodextrin are effective at causing enantiomeric discrimination in the (1)H NMR spectra of organic cations. Lanthanide ions associate at the carboxymethyl groups and cause sizeable shifts and enhancements in enantiomeric discrimination in the spectra of organic cations. The enhancements caused by the lanthanide ion are large enough that much lower concentrations of the cyclodextrin can be used as compared to conventional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, USA
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27
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Liu ZS, Xu YL, Wang H, Yan C, Gao RY. Chiral Separation of Binaphthol Enantiomers on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Monolith by Capillary Electrochromatography. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:673-8. [PMID: 15116967 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel enantioseparational monolithic stationary phase for binaphthol based on a molecular imprinting method was introduced and evaluated in capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The monolithic stationary was prepared by the in situ copolymerization of methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in a porogenic solvent (toluene or toluene-isooctane) in the presence of an imprinting molecule, (R)-1,1'-bi-2,2'-naphthol. Such stationary phases could separate the enantiomers of binaphthol. The influence of several parameters on the column permeability was investigated. These parameters included the polymerization time, the molar ratio of the functional monomer to the imprinting molecule and the content of porogen. The influence of the polymerization condition and the electrochromatographic parameters on the enantiomer separation was also studied. Initial studies showed that a higher molecular ratio of the imprinted molecule to the functional monomer, a higher content of porogen, a higher content of acetonitrile, a higher pH, as well as the addition of Tween 20, gave a higher enantiomer selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Element Organic Chemistry, Institute of Element Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P R China
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28
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Zhang G, Li Z, Wang M, He J, Cheng J. Design and Synthesis of Novel Amino Acid‐Bearing Macrocyclic Calix[4]Arenes. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200031049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- GuoZhu Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - ZuCheng Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Min Wang
- a Department of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - JiaQi He
- a Department of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - JinPei Cheng
- a Department of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin, 300071, China
- b State Key Laboratory of Element‐Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin, 300071, China
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29
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Ben Sdira S, Felix CP, Giudicelli MBA, Seigle-Ferrand PF, Perrin M, Lamartine RJ. Synthesis and structure of lower rim C-linked N-tosyl peptidocalix[4]arenes. J Org Chem 2003; 68:6632-8. [PMID: 12919027 DOI: 10.1021/jo034275j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chiral p-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes functionalized at the lower rim with amino acid residues have been prepared. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra indicate that the macrocycles preferably adopt a cone conformation. Calix[4]arenes bearing amino acid moieties were prepared as a class of receptors selective for anions that are bound through hydrogen bonding with the NH group. The association constants are dependent on the nature of the substituents at the lower rim. Derivative 9 shows the strongest complexation and the largest selectivity for N-tosyl-(L)-alaninate. Finally, a preliminary X-ray crystal study of the difunctionalized receptor 6f shows the "flattened cone" conformation in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Ben Sdira
- LACE, CNRS UMR 5634, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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30
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Wu X, Liu H, Liu H, Zhang S, Haddad PR. Preparation and characterization of p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene bonded capillaries for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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32
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Abstract
Native beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin (CD), neutral beta-CD derivatives and ethylcarbonate derivatives of beta- and gamma-CD were used as stereoselective additives for CD-capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) resolution of atropisomers of 1,1'-bi-(2-naphthol) (BN). CZE experiments at variable CD concentration allowed calculating binding constants from electrophoretic mobility data, corrected for electroosmotic flow (EOF) and running buffer viscosity variations. The CDs were chosen on the basis of geometric examination of molecular models of BN and CDs that suggested the possibility of inclusion complexes formation. Optimum concentrations, with aqueous 25 mM phosphate running buffer at pH 10.5, 36 cm x 50 microm capillary and 10 kV applied potential, were 3.6, 3.9, 2.1, 2.2, 1.9 mM for beta-CD, gamma-CD, ethylcarbonate-beta-CD, methyl-beta-CD and hydroxypropyl-beta-CD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Zerbinati
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Avanzate, Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Alessandria, Italy.
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33
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Chiral separation by chromatographic and electromigration techniques. A review. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001; 22:291-336. [PMID: 11835252 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review gives a survey of different chiral separation principles and their use in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) highlighting new developments and innovative techniques. The mechanisms of the different separation principles are briefly discussed and some selected applications are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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34
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Chankvetadz B, Blaschke G. Enantioseparations in capillary electromigration techniques: recent developments and future trends. J Chromatogr A 2001; 906:309-63. [PMID: 11215895 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status of enantioseparations using capillary electromigration techniques and gives the authors insights on the selected fundamental aspects and future trends in this field. The most recent developments in the field of chiral separations using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are summarized. The status of chiral electromigration techniques is evaluated tacking into account the most recent developments in related techniques such as chiral HPLC, GC and SFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chankvetadz
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Germany.
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Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in the field of chiral separations by electromigration techniques including capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), isotachophoresis (ITP), electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). This overview focuses on the development of new chiral selectors and the introduction of new techniques rather than applications of already established selectors and methods. The mechanisms of the different chiral separation principles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria.
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36
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Maichel B, Gogova K, Gas B, Kenndler E. Comparison of separation selectivity in capillary electrokinetic chromatography using a cationic linear polymeric pseudo-stationary phase or monomeric additives of similar structure. J Chromatogr A 2000; 894:25-34. [PMID: 11100844 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The retention properties in electrically driven systems with monomeric additives were compared to an electrokinetic chromatographic system with a linear, charged polymer of similar chemical structure (all additives are quaternary tetraalkyl ammonium ions). The monomeric additives were tetramethylammonium (TMA), tetraethylammonium (TEA) and dimethylpyrrolidinium (DMP), respectively, the polymeric additive was poly(diallyldimethyl)ammonium (PDADMA). The additive concentration in the background electrolyte was 2 and 4% (w/w). The retention characteristics were based on the apparent mobilities of 10 non-charged analytes with different chemical functionality, which were transported by the anodic electroosmotic flow in the dynamically coated capillary, and retained by the counter-flowing cationic additives. From these data capacity factors were derived, which ranged up to 0.8. Association constants were calculated, and were found between 10 and 170. Roughly, the association constants increased for a given analyte in the sequence TMA<TEA<DMP< PDADMA. However, changes in the retention order were observed for some cases, reflecting the different selectivity of the particular systems for certain pairs of analytes. A general advantage of polymeric pseudo-stationary phases compared to monomeric additives is given by the negligible reduction of the mobility of the analyte-polymer associate in relation to the free additive ion, resulting in a broader retention window under most practical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maichel
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
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37
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Abstract
Preparation and characterization of calixarene-coated capillaries for capillary electrophoresis (CE) were exemplified with p-allylcalix[4]arene (pACX4) which was immobilized to the fused silica surface using gamma-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (gamma-MAPS) as linking agent. Successful gamma-ACX4 coating was suggested by the greatly decreased electroosmotic flow (EOF), due to the introduction of phenolic hydroxyl groups on the inner surface of the capillaries. A slight slope of EOF versus pH at pH <8 would help make the separation reproducible. The coated columns also featured a low ultraviolet (UV) absorption background and long lifetime (> 6 months at 4<pH<9). Moreover, their special selectivity on phenolic compounds indicated a certain extent of selective interactions between solutes and the calixarene coating, which effected separations partially based on an electrochromatographic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
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38
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Abstract
The review summarizes the most recent developments in the field of enantioseparation of chiral drugs using capillary electromigration techniques. The basic principles of enantioseparations in CE are discussed. Recent developments in sample introduction, separation and detection in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography are summarized. The applications are arbitrarily divided into the following three groups: (a) racemates and artificial mixtures of enantiomers, (b) drug forms and (c) chiral drugs and their metabolites in biological fluids. Among the various techniques involved the relatively new developments such as CEC in aqueous and nonaqueous buffers, on-line CE-MS coupling, etc. are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Blaschke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany.
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39
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Vysotsky M, Schmidt C, Böhmer V. Chirality in calixarenes and calixarene assemblies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1068-7459(00)80016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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40
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Hu X, He J, Chan AS, Han X, Cheng JP. New chiral macrocyclic ligands. Design and synthesis of (R)-cysteine-containing calix[4]arenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Pfeiffer J, Schurig V. Enantiomer separation of amino acid derivatives on a new polymeric chiral resorc[4]arene stationary phase by capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Separation and identification of chiralN-acylcalix[4]arene amino acid derivatives by use of reversed-phase HPLC. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02575276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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44
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Gross B, Jauch J, Schurig V. Gas chromatographic studies employing p-(2?-methyltridecyl-2?)calix[8]arene diluted in a polysiloxane as stationary phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(1999)11:4<313::aid-mcs9>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Abstract
This review presents the different chiral selectors used in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the separation of enantiomers. The use of charged cyclodextrins, crown ethers, polysaccharides, proteins, natural and synthetic micelles, macrocyclic antibiotics and ergot alkaloids is discussed in detail. Neutral native and derivatized cyclodextrins are not treated because several review articles have already been published on this topic. Recent developments like the application of two chiral selectors in the same background electrolyte are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Verleysen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Gent, Belgium
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46
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Iki N, Narumi F, Suzuki T, Sugawara A, Miyano S. A New Chiral Stationary Phase for Gas Chromatography by Use of a Chiral Thiacalix[4]arene Derivative. CHEM LETT 1998. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1998.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Maichel B, Potocek B, Gas B, Chiari M, Kenndler E. Separation of neutral compounds by capillary electrokinetic chromatography using polyethyleneimine as replaceable cationic pseudostationary phase. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2124-8. [PMID: 9761192 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyethyleneimine (PEI, molecular weight 6 x 10(5) - 1 x 10(6)) is applied as a positively charged pseudostationary phase for electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) of uncharged mono- and oligophenols. EKC is carried out in PEI-coated fused-silica capillaries (with electroosmotic flow directed towards the anode) in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer (pH 7.0, 20 mM) with PEI added to the solution in concentrations up to 0.70% w/v. The pseudostationary phase leads to a retardation of the solutes mainly according to the number (and the position) of the OH-groups of the separands, and is not influenced significantly by methyl groups. For 0.70% w/v PEI solution, for instance, the relative retention, rho, has values between 0.33 and 0.53. For the systems with the highest resolution of the separands (0.25-0.30% PEI) 190,000 plates per meter are observed. The results indicate that the separation selectivity is mainly caused by ion-dipole interactions between the OH-groups of the solutes and the pseudostationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maichel
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
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48
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Arce L, Segura Carretero A, Rı́os A, Cruces C, Fernández A, Valcárcel M. Use of calixarene compounds as selectivity modifiers in capillary electrophoresis separations. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Chen Z, Lin JM, Uchiyama K, Hobo T. Simultaneous separation of o-, m-, p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine and o-, m-, p-dl-tyrosine by ligand-exchange micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 South 14th Street, CHEM 277, Birmingham, Alabama 36294
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