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Kawai T, Ota N, Okada K, Imasato A, Owa Y, Morita M, Tada M, Tanaka Y. Ultrasensitive Single Cell Metabolomics by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry with a Thin-Walled Tapered Emitter and Large-Volume Dual Sample Preconcentration. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10564-10572. [PMID: 31357863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Single cell metabolome analysis is essential for studying microscale life phenomena such as neuronal networks and tumor microenvironments. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is one of the most sensitive technologies; however, its sensitivity is still not enough for single cell analysis on general human cells such as HeLa. To address these issues, we first developed an efficient ionization emitter, named as a "nanoCESI" emitter, that had a thin-walled (∼10 μm) and tapered (5-10 μm) end. The thin conductive wall enabled sheathless ionization and minimized the flow rate of ionizing sample, and the tapered end efficiently ionized analytes via an electrospray ionization mechanism, providing up to 3.5-fold increase in sensitivity compared with a conventional sheathless emitter. Fifty repetitive analyses on 20 amino acids were successfully achieved with a nanoCESI emitter. Relative standard deviations of 50 analyses were 1.5%, 4.4%, and 6.8% for migration time, peak height, and peak area, respectively, where a limit of detection (LOD) of 170 pM (850 zmol) was achieved. Second, a sample enrichment method, large-volume dual preconcentration by isotachophoresis and stacking (LDIS), was applied to a newly designed protocol of nanoCESI-MS. This approach achieved up to 380-fold enhanced sensitivity and LOD of 450 fM. Compared with normal sheathless CE-MS, coupling of nanoCESI and LDIS provided up to 800-fold increase of sensitivity in total. Finally, metabolome analyses of single HeLa cells were performed, where 20 amino acids were successfully quantified with triple-quadrupole MS and 40 metabolites were identified with quadrupole-time-of-flight MS, as a promising analytical platform for microscale bioanalysis for the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency , PRESTO, Kawaguchi , Saitama 332-0012 , Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ota
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Kaori Okada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Akiko Imasato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Yuri Owa
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Makiko Morita
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Misa Tada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Yo Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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Aerts JT, Louis KR, Crandall SR, Govindaiah G, Cox CL, Sweedler JV. Patch clamp electrophysiology and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry metabolomics for single cell characterization. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3203-8. [PMID: 24559180 PMCID: PMC3964733 DOI: 10.1021/ac500168d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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The visual selection of specific
cells within an ex vivo brain slice, combined with
whole-cell patch clamp recording and
capillary electrophoresis (CE)–mass spectrometry (MS)-based
metabolomics, yields high chemical information on the selected cells.
By providing access to a cell’s intracellular environment,
the whole-cell patch clamp technique allows one to record the cell’s
physiological activity. A patch clamp pipet is used to withdraw ∼3
pL of cytoplasm for metabolomic analysis using CE–MS. Sampling
the cytoplasm, rather than an intact isolated neuron, ensures that
the sample arises from the cell of interest and that structures such
as presynaptic terminals from surrounding, nontargeted neurons are
not sampled. We sampled the rat thalamus, a well-defined system containing
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and glutamatergic neurons. The
approach was validated by recording and sampling from glutamatergic
thalamocortical neurons, which receive major synaptic input from GABAergic
thalamic reticular nucleus neurons, as well as neurons and astrocytes
from the ventral basal nucleus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
From the analysis of the cytoplasm of glutamatergic cells, approximately
60 metabolites were detected, none of which corresponded to the compound
GABA. However, GABA was successfully detected when sampling the cytoplasm
of GABAergic neurons, demonstrating the exclusive nature of our cytoplasmic
sampling approach. The combination of whole-cell patch clamp with
single cell cytoplasm metabolomics provides the ability to link the
physiological activity of neurons and astrocytes with their neurochemical
state. The observed differences in the metabolome of these neurons
underscore the striking cell to cell heterogeneity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Aerts
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Trojanowicz M. Recent developments in electrochemical flow detections—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 653:36-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Olofsson J, Levin M, Strömberg A, Weber SG, Ryttsén F, Orwar O. Generation of focused electric field patterns at dielectric surfaces. Anal Chem 2007; 77:4667-72. [PMID: 16013887 PMCID: PMC1482473 DOI: 10.1021/ac0502302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We here report on a concept for creating well-defined electric field gradients between the boundaries of capillary electrode (a capillary of a nonconducting material equipped with an interior metal electrode) outlets, and dielectric surfaces. By keeping a capillary electrode opening close to a boundary between a conducting solution and a nonconducting medium, a high electric field can be created close to the interface by field focusing effects. By varying the inner and outer diameters of the capillary, the span of electric field strengths and the field gradient obtained can be controlled, and by varying the slit height between the capillary rim and the surface, or the applied current, the average field strength and gradient can be varied. Field focusing effects and generation of electric field patterns were analyzed using finite element method simulations. We experimentally verified the method by electroporation of a fluorescent dye (fluorescein diphosphate) into adherent, monolayered cells (PC-12 and WSS-1) and obtained a pattern of fluorescent cells corresponding to the focused electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Owe Orwar
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Gayton-Ely M, Pappas TJ, Holland LA. Probing affinity via capillary electrophoresis: advances in 2003–2004. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:570-80. [PMID: 15703915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-3033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses recent advances in capillary electrophoresis of biological-based molecular interaction from a broader perspective, based on applications reported during the period 2003-2004. These capillary electrophoresis-based studies of molecular interactions include affinity capillary electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and free zone electrophoresis. The review is written as a general synopsis of applications and does not cover the theory or protocol involved in the implementation of the analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gayton-Ely
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, P.O.Box 6045, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Saitoh H, Namatame Y, Hirano A, Sugawara M. An excised patch membrane sensor for arachidonic acid released in mouse hippocampal slices under stimulation of L-glutamate. Anal Biochem 2005; 329:163-72. [PMID: 15158474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An excised patch membrane sensor for arachidonic acid (AA) is described, whose response stems from AA-induced channel-type transport of ions across the excised patch membrane. The patch membrane sensor was prepared in situ by excising mouse hippocampal cell membranes with patch pipets having a tip diameter of < 0.5 microm. The sensor responds to AA, giving rise to a channel-type current, and its magnitude (apparent conductance) increased with increasing AA concentration in the range from 10 to 30 nM. The detection limit was 2.1 nM (S/N = 3). The induction of channel-type currents was selective to AA over fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid and AA metabolites such as 12-HETE, 5-HETE, and prostaglandin D(2). The sensor was applied to quantification of AA released from various neuronal regions (CA1, CA3, and DG) of mouse hippocampus under stimulation of 100 microM L-glutamate. The release of AA from each region was observed 1 min after the stimulation and the concentration of AA 5 min after the stimulation varied among the neuronal sites, i.e., 8+/-1 nM (n = 5) for CA1, 15+/-3 nM (n = 3) for CA3, and 6+/-2 nM (n = 9) for DG. The L-glutamate-evoked release of AA was partly inhibited by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists (APV and DNQX) and completely blocked by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor (MAFP), suggesting that the release of AA occurred by glutamate receptor-mediated activation of PLA2. The potential use of the present sensor for detecting local concentration of AA at various neuronal sites is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Saitoh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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Abstract
A single-cell detector is described that combines the natural signal amplification of whole-cell biosensors with the flexibility and specificity of immunological recognition. An immune cell that expresses receptors for the constant region of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is loaded with a Ca(2+)-indicating dye and with antibodies directed against the protein of interest. Introduction of a multivalent protein antigen causes cross-linking of the receptors, which results in a detectable increase in the concentration of cytosolic Ca(2+). Some immune cell lines respond to stimulation with oscillations in their cytosolic Ca(2+) levels that complicate their use as detectors. The human monocytic cell line U-937, when treated with the cytokine interferon-gamma, produces a large, short-lived Ca(2+) signal in response to cross-linking of its high-affinity IgG receptors. U-937 was therefore chosen for development as an immunity-based detector. Human and rabbit antibodies are found to effectively stimulate the cell, causing a prompt and transient response. The cell is able to respond to repeated stimulation, though the response diminishes during rapid stimulation. Ovalbumin can be detected in micromolar concentrations. Possible fundamental constraints on the size of a detectable analyte are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Whelan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
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Kaneta T, Makihara J, Imasaka T. An "optical channel": a technique for the evaluation of biological cell elasticity. Anal Chem 2001; 73:5791-5. [PMID: 11791546 DOI: 10.1021/ac010441g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of an optical channel, a new analytical technique for evaluating the elasticity of biological cells, is described in this study. Two types of erythrocyte cells, i.e., young and old cells, were examined via their introduction into a flowing medium, to which a laser beam was focused in the opposite direction. An erythrocyte cell is trapped in a laser beam by a gradient force, moves in the downstream direction, and is then elongated at the beam waist. The change in shape was measured directly using a microscope equipped with a charge-coupled-device camera. It is probable the main driving force for the cell deformation is a shear stress generated by a medium flow, since an estimate of the gradient force suggests that it is too small to change the shape of an erythrocyte. The average values of the elongation of young and old cells were 2.4+/-0.6 and 2.1+/-0.5, respectively. These values are in reasonably good agreement with values obtained using a rheoscope method. The deformation was measured without any physical contact to the solid surface, and therefore, damage to cells such as these are minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaneta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagan Bayley
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 440 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32605-1200
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11
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Guetens G, Van Cauwenberghe K, De Boeck G, Maes R, Tjaden UR, van der Greef J, Highley M, van Oosterom AT, de Bruijn EA. Nanotechnology in bio/clinical analysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 739:139-50. [PMID: 10744322 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is being exploited now in different fields of analytical chemistry: Single cell analysis; in chip/micro machined devices; hyphenated technology and sampling techniques. Secretory vesicles can be chemically and individually analyzed with a combination of optical trapping, capillary electrophoresis separation, and laser induced fluorescence detection. Attoliters (10(-18) l) can be introduced into the tapered inlets of separation capillaries. Chip technology has come of age in the field of genomics, allowing faster analyses, and will fulfil an important role in RNA and peptide/protein analysis. The introduction of nanotechnology in LC-MS and CE-MS has resulted in new findings in the study of DNA adduct formation caused by carcinogenic substances, including anticancer drugs. Sample handling and introduction also can benefit from nanotechnology: The downscaling of sample volumes to the picoliter level has resulted in zeptomole (10(-21)) detection limits in the single-shot mass spectrum of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guetens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Sitaram BR, Keah HH, Hearn MT. Studies on the relationship between structure and electrophoretic mobility of alpha-helical and beta-sheet peptides using capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1999; 857:263-73. [PMID: 10536845 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The electrophoretic behaviour of a series of 33 different synthetic peptides has been investigated using free solution high-performance capillary zonal electrophoretic (HPCZE) methods. The dependency of the electrophoretic mobility, mu(em), on the peptide charge, q, and on the charge-to-size ratio parameter, zeta, determined according to several electromobility models, have been examined. Significant divergences from linearity in the mu(em) vs. q or the mu(em) vs. zeta plots were noted for several peptides, possibly due to the proclivity of specific arrangements of their amino acid sequences to assume preferred alpha-helical or beta-sheet conformational features rather than random coil structures under the HPCZE conditions. These results provide further demonstration of the facility of HPCZE procedures to probe the effects of compositional, sequential and conformational differences of closely-related peptides and their consequences on their physicochemical behaviour in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Sitaram
- Centre for Bioprocess Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Orwar O, Jardemark K, Farre C, Jacobson I, Moscho A, Shear JB, Fishman HA, Lillard SJ, Zare RN. Voltage-clamp biosensors for capillary electrophoresis. Methods Enzymol 1999; 294:189-208. [PMID: 9916228 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(99)94012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Orwar
- Department of Chemistry, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Jardemark K, Farre C, Jacobson I, Zare RN, Orwar O. Screening of receptor antagonists using agonist-activated patch clamp detection in chemical separations. Anal Chem 1998; 70:2468-74. [PMID: 9666721 DOI: 10.1021/ac971147k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a capillary electrophoresis-patch clamp detection system optimized for screening of antagonists and inhibitors of ligand-gated ion channels. In this system, highly selective receptor agonists are delivered through the electrophoresis capillary to the cell surface where they continuously activate a receptor, resulting in increased steady-state transmembrane currents. Thus, receptor selection and biosensor functionality is simply achieved by selection of an appropriate agonist. The antagonists are fractionated in the same electrophoresis capillary and inhibit the agonist-evoked response, resulting in transiently decreased steady-state transmembrane currents. Specifically, a mixture containing 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, that reversibly blocks alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate and kainate receptors, and 6,7-dichloro-3-hydroxy-2-quinoxaline-carboxylate, a broad-spectrum glutamate receptor antagonist, were separated and detected by kainate-activated patch-clamped interneurons freshly dissociated from rat brain olfactory bulb. In addition, Mg2+ that reversibly blocks the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in a voltage-dependent way was detected using the same cell detector system when activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate and the co-agonist glycine. The presented method offers new possibilities for drug screening and for identifying endogenous receptor antagonists and to determine their mode of action on any ionotropic receptor system of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jardemark
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Fishman HA, Greenwald DR, Zare RN. Biosensors in chemical separations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1998; 27:165-98. [PMID: 9646866 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.27.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identification of biomolecules in complex biological mixtures represents a major challenge in biomedical, environmental, and chemical research today. Chemical separations with traditional detection schemes such as absorption, fluorescence, refractive index, conductivity, and electrochemistry have been the standards for definitive identifications of many compounds. In many instances, however, the complexity of the biomixture exceeds the resolution capability of chemical separations. Biosensors based on molecular recognition can dramatically improve the selectivity of and provide biologically relevant information about the components. This review describes how coupling chemical separations with online biosensors solves challenging problems in sample analysis by identifying components that would not normally be detectable by either technique alone. This review also presents examples and principles of combining chemical separations with biosensor detection that uses living systems, whole cells, membrane receptors, enzymes, and immunosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, California 94305, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 South 14th Street, CHEM 277, Birmingham, Alabama 36294
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