1
|
Jeromel L, Ogrinc N, Siketić Z, Vavpetič P, Rupnik Z, Bučar K, Jenčič B, Kelemen M, Vencelj M, Vogel-Mikuš K, Kovač J, Heeren RMA, Flinders B, Cuypers E, Barba Ž, Pelicon P. Molecular imaging of humain hair with MeV-SIMS: A case study of cocaine detection and distribution in the hair of a cocaine user. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263338. [PMID: 35333862 PMCID: PMC8956162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hair absorbs numerous biomolecules from the body during its growth. This can act as a fingerprint to determine substance intake of an individual, which can be useful in forensic studies. The cocaine concentration profile along the growth axis of hair indicates the time evolution of the metabolic incorporation of cocaine usage. It could be either assessed by chemical extraction and further analysis of hair bundels, or by direct single hair fibre analysis with mass spectroscopy imaging (MSI). Within this work, we analyzed the cocaine distribution in individual hair samples using MeV-SIMS. Unlike conventional surface analysis methods, we demonstrate high yields of nonfragmented molecular ions from the surface of biological materials, resulting in high chemical sensitivity and non-destructive characterisation. Hair samples were prepared by longitudinally cutting along the axis of growth, leaving half-cylindrical shape to access the interior structure of the hair by the probing ion beam, and attached to the silicon wafer. A focused 5.8 MeV 35Cl6+ beam was scanned across the intact, chemically pristine hair structure. A non-fragmented protonated [M+ H]+ cocaine molecular peak at m/z = 304 was detected and localized along the cross-section of the hair. Its intensity exhibits strong fluctuations along the direction of the hair’s growth, with pronounced peaks as narrow as 50 micrometres, corresponding to a metabolic incorporation time of approx. three hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Ogrinc
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Kovač
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bryn Flinders
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- KU Leuven Toxicology & Pharmacology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Žiga Barba
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Measurements of drugs and metabolites in biological matrices using SFC and SFE-SFC-MS. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
3
|
Extraction of dried oral fluid spots (DOFS) for the identification of drugs of abuse using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
4
|
Multicomponent inverse modeling of supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids, chlorophyll A, ergosterol and lipids from microalgae. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
5
|
Abstract
Alternative matrices are steadily gaining recognition as biological samples for toxicological analyses. Hair presents many advantages over traditional matrices, such as urine and blood, since it provides retrospective information regarding drug exposure, can distinguish between chronic and acute or recent drug use by segmental analysis, is easy to obtain, and has considerable stability for long periods of time. For this reason, it has been employed in a wide variety of contexts, namely to evaluate workplace drug exposure, drug-facilitated sexual assault, pre-natal drug exposure, anti-doping control, pharmacological monitoring and alcohol abuse. In this article, issues concerning hair structure, collection, storage and analysis are reviewed. The mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair are briefly discussed. Analytical techniques for simultaneous drug quantification in hair are addressed. Finally, representative examples of drug quantification using hair are summarized, emphasizing its potentialities and limitations as an alternative biological matrix for toxicological analyses.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sergi M, Napoletano S, Montesano C, Iofrida R, Curini R, Compagnone D. Pressurized-liquid extraction for determination of illicit drugs in hair by LC–MS–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:725-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Favretto D, Vogliardi S, Stocchero G, Nalesso A, Tucci M, Ferrara SD. High performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry and micropulverized extraction for the quantification of amphetamines, cocaine, opioids, benzodiazepines, antidepressants and hallucinogens in 2.5mg hair samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6583-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
8
|
Matrix solid-phase dispersion on column clean-up/pre-concentration as a novel approach for fast isolation of abuse drugs from human hair. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6342-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Optimization of a rapid microwave-assisted extraction method for the simultaneous determination of opiates, cocaine and their metabolites in human hair. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1743-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Using subcritical/supercritical fluid chromatography to separate acidic, basic, and neutral compounds over an ionic liquid-functionalized stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3594-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Barroso M, Dias M, Vieira DN, Queiroz JA, López-Rivadulla M. Development and validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of cocaine and its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3320-3326. [PMID: 18819113 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new, simple and rapid procedure has been developed and validated for the determination of cocaine and its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in human hair samples. After extraction from within the hair matrix by a mixture of methanol/hydrochloric acid (2:1) at 65 degrees C for 3 h, and sample cleanup by mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE), the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 5% chlorotrimethylsilane. Using a sample size of only 20 mg of hair, limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) were, respectively, 20 and 50 pg/mg for cocaine, and 15 and 50 pg/mg for benzoylecgonine, achieving the cut-off values proposed by the Society of Hair Testing for the analysis of these compounds in hair. The method was found to be linear (weighing factor of 1/x) between the LOQ and 20 ng/mg for both compounds, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9974 to 0.9996 for cocaine; and from 0.9981 to 0.9994 for benzoylecgonine. Intra- and interday precision and accuracy were in conformity with the criteria normally accepted in bioanalytical method validation. The sample cleanup step presented a mean absolute recovery greater than 90% for both compounds. The developed method may be useful in forensic toxicology laboratories for the analysis of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in hair samples, taking into account its speed (only 3 h are required for the extraction of the analytes from within the matrix, whereas 5 h or even overnight extractions have been reported) and the low limits achieved (using a single quadrupole mass spectrometer, which is available in most laboratories).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Barroso
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal - Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Phipps RJ, Smith JJ, Darwin WD, Cone EJ. Chapter 2 Current methods for the separation and analysis of cocaine analytes. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(06)06002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
Míguez-Framil M, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Bermejo-Barrera P, López P, Tabernero MJ, Bermejo AM. Improvements on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Human Hair for Illicit Drug Determination by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:8564-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac071337n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Míguez-Framil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Patricia López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Jesús Tabernero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana María Bermejo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Musshoff F, Madea B. Analytical pitfalls in hair testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1475-94. [PMID: 17486322 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on possible pitfalls in hair testing procedures. Knowledge of such pitfalls is useful when developing and validating methods, since it can be used to avoid wrong results as well as wrong interpretations of correct results. In recent years, remarkable advances in sensitive and specific analytical techniques have enabled the analysis of drugs in alternative biological specimens such as hair. Modern analytical procedures for the determination of drugs in hair specimens - mainly by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) - are reviewed and critically discussed. Many tables containing information related to this topic are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schiavone S, Marsili R, Iuliano G, Ghizzoni O, Chiarotti M. Cocaine Analysis in Hair: Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) Versus Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2007.10757156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
17
|
Bogdanov AV, Glazkov IN, Polenova TV, Marutsenko IV, Revel’skii IA. Determination of organic compounds in human hair. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
Musshoff F, Madea B. New trends in hair analysis and scientific demands on validation and technical notes. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 165:204-15. [PMID: 16814972 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on basic aspects of method development and validation of hair testing procedures. Quality assurance is a major issue in drug testing in hair resulting in new recommendations, validation procedures and inter-laboratory comparisons. Furthermore recent trends in research concerning hair analysis are discussed, namely mechanisms of drug incorporation and retention, novel analytical procedures (especially ones using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and alternative sample preparation techniques like solid-phase microextraction (SPME)), the determination of THC-COOH in hair samples, hair testing in drug-facilitated crimes, enantioselective hair testing procedures and the importance of hair analysis in clinical trials. Hair testing in analytical toxicology is still an area in need of further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pragst F, Balikova MA. State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 370:17-49. [PMID: 16624267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 748] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hair differs from other materials used for toxicological analysis because of its unique ability to serve as a long-term storage of foreign substances with respect to the temporal appearance in blood. Over the last 20 years, hair testing has gained increasing attention and recognition for the retrospective investigation of chronic drug abuse as well as intentional or unintentional poisoning. In this paper, we review the physiological basics of hair growth, mechanisms of substance incorporation, analytical methods, result interpretation and practical applications of hair analysis for drugs and other organic substances. Improved chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques with increased selectivity and sensitivity and new methods of sample preparation have improved detection limits from the ng/mg range to below pg/mg. These technical advances have substantially enhanced the ability to detect numerous drugs and other poisons in hair. For example, it was possible to detect previous administration of a single very low dose in drug-facilitated crimes. In addition to its potential application in large scale workplace drug testing and driving ability examination, hair analysis is also used for detection of gestational drug exposure, cases of criminal liability of drug addicts, diagnosis of chronic intoxication and in postmortem toxicology. Hair has only limited relevance in therapy compliance control. Fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide in hair have proven to be suitable markers for alcohol abuse. Hair analysis for drugs is, however, not a simple routine procedure and needs substantial guidelines throughout the testing process, i.e., from sample collection to results interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Pragst
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Hittorfstr. 18, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Srogi K. Hair Analysis as Method for Determination of Level of Drugs and Pharmaceutical in Human Body: Review of Chromatographic Procedures. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710500476821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
21
|
Characterization of Surface Organic Components of Human Hair by On-Line Supercritical Fluid Extraction—Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry: A Feasibility Study and Comparison with Human Identification Using Mitochondrial DNA Sequences. J Forensic Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs2002193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Ellington E, Bastida J, Viladomat F, Codina C. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of colchicine and related alkaloids from seeds of Colchicum autumnale L. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2003; 14:164-169. [PMID: 12793464 DOI: 10.1002/pca.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A method for the extraction of the alkaloids colchicine, 3-demethylcolchicine and colchicoside from seeds of Colchicum autumnale by supercritical carbon dioxide has been established. Several parameters such as pressure, temperature, percentage of modifier and extraction time have been examined. Two extraction steps with constant carbon dioxide density (0.90 g/mL) and flux (1.5 mL/min) were required to extract the alkaloids in 110 min using 3% methanol as modifier. The quantitative determination of the alkaloids was performed by HPLC; the percentages of recovery were higher than 98% for the three alkaloids. This extraction procedure was compared with a conventional method involving maceration and sonication, and the same levels of alkaloids were obtained in each case. The supercritical carbon dioxide method is, however, very efficient, more rapid and more environmentally friendly than conventional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Ellington
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Edaphology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Supercritical-fluid extraction of bilobalide and ginkgolides fromGinkgo biloba leaves by use of a mixture of carbon dioxide, methanol, and water. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Brachet A, Christen P, Veuthey JL. Focused microwave-assisted extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:162-169. [PMID: 12099107 DOI: 10.1002/pca.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves was performed by focused microwave-assisted extraction (FMAE). Cocaine extraction was optimised with respect to the nature of the extracting solvent, the particle size distribution, the moisture of the sample, the applied microwave power and the radiation time. A central composite design was used to optimise the two latter parameters and to assess the robustness of the extraction method around the best conditions. FMAE generated extracts similar to those obtained by conventional solid-liquid extraction but in a more efficient manner, i.e. 30 s were sufficient to extract cocaine quantitatively from leaves. Analyses of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in coca leaves was carried out by capillary GC-FID and GC-MS for peak identification, as well as by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Brachet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Bd. d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Supercritical fluid extraction and liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric analysis of stevioside fromStevia rebaudiana leaves. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
26
|
Brachet A, Rudaz S, Mateus L, Christen P, Veuthey JL. Optimisation of accelerated solvent extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20011101)24:10/11<865::aid-jssc865>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
27
|
Brewer WE, Galipo RC, Sellers KW, Morgan SL. Analysis of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, codeine, and morphine in hair by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide modified with methanol. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2371-6. [PMID: 11403274 DOI: 10.1021/ac000871r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 modified with methanol (10%) was employed for the extraction of cocaine from human hair. Extraction conditions were developed by using designed experiments to characterize the effects of pressure, temperature, and percent methanol on the recovery of cocaine from hair. When compared to the conventional acid hydrolysis method for hair analysis, SFE was faster and gave higher recoveries. Amounts of cocaine, benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite), codeine, and morphine in a hair standard reference material were determined by SFE-gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and found to be in agreement with reported levels. Analyses of hair from forensic case studies are also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E Brewer
- Toxicology Department, South Carolina Law Enforcement Division, Columbia 29210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chapter two Supercritical fluid extraction of alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-8210(01)80016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
29
|
Brachet A, Christen P, Gauvrit JY, Longeray R, Lantéri P, Veuthey JL. Experimental design in supercritical fluid extraction of cocaine from coca leaves. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2000; 43:353-66. [PMID: 10869687 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(00)00062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An optimisation procedure for the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of cocaine from the leaves of Erythroxylum coca var. coca was investigated by means of experimental design. After preliminary experiments where the SFE rate-controlling mechanism was determined, a central composite design was applied to evaluate interactions between selected SFE factors such as pressure, temperature, nature and percentage of the polar modifier, as well as to optimise these factors. Predicted and experimental contents of cocaine were compared and robustness of the extraction method estimated by drawing response surfaces. The analysis of cocaine in crude extracts was carried out by capillary GC equipped with a flame ionisation detector (GC-FID), as well as by capillary GC coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for peak identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Brachet
- University of Geneva, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, 20 bd. d'Yvoy, CH-1211, 4, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Radcliffe C, Maguire K, Lockwood B. Applications of supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography in forensic science. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2000; 43:261-72. [PMID: 10869681 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(00)00058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid technology is a rapidly expanding analytical technique. Here we give a brief insight into the background of supercritical fluid technology and how supercritical fluid extraction and supercritical fluid chromatography work in analysis. The applications of these two techniques in forensic science are known to be important. The main area of forensic use of supercritical fluid technology is in the sample preparation and separation of drugs of abuse particularly opiates, cannabinoids, cocaine and sedatives. Supercritical fluid technology can be used for both time-of-death-related drug analysis and for obtaining information relating to long term drug abuse. We also give a review of the use of supercritical fluids in two other major forensic areas, fingerprinting and the extraction and separation of explosives from both bombing events and gunshot residues. Overall we show that supercritical fluid technology is fast becoming a major part of forensic investigations and that it is an invaluable analysis technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Radcliffe
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Greater, Manchester, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Choi YH, Kim J, Kim YC, Yoo KP. Selective extraction of ephedrine fromEphedra sinica using mixtures of CO2, diethylamine, and methanol. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02497302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Choi YH, Chin YW, Kim J, Jeon SH, Yoo KP. Strategies for supercritical fluid extraction of hyoscyamine and scopolamine salts using basified modifiers. J Chromatogr A 1999; 863:47-55. [PMID: 10591463 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The supercritical fluid extraction behaviors of hyoscyamine and scopolamine were investigated and found to be highly dependent upon the chemical nature of the compounds. Free bases of hyoscyamine and scopolamine were freely soluble in supercritical CO2 with increasing temperature and pressure; however, the salts of these alkaloids were not soluble under any experimental conditions. It was found that alkaline modifiers such as methanol basified with diethylamine could enhance the solubilities and extraction yields of these alkaloids from plant matrices as compared to other modifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nakahara Y. Hair analysis for abused and therapeutic drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 733:161-80. [PMID: 10572981 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on basic aspects and recent studies of hair analysis for abused and therapeutic drugs and is discussed with 164 references. Firstly, biology of hair and sampling of hair specimens have been commented for the sake of correct interpretation of the results from hair analysis. Then the usual washing methods of hair samples and the extraction methods for drugs in hair have been shown and commented on. Analytical methods for each drug have been discussed by the grouping of three analytical methods, namely immunoassay, HPLC-CE and GC-MS. The outcomes of hair analysis studies have been reviewed by dividing into six groups; morphine and related, cocaine and related, amphetamines, cannabinoids, the other abused drugs and therapeutic drugs. In addition, reports on stability of drugs in the living hair and studies on drug incorporation into hair and dose-hair concentration relationships have been reviewed. Applications of hair analysis to the estimation of drug history, discrimination between OTC drug use and illegal drug use, drug testing for acute poisoning, gestational drug exposure and drug compliance have also been reviewed. Finally, the promising prospects of hair analysis have been described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakahara
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Eckard PR, Taylor LT. Modifier and Additive Effects in the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride from Spiked-Sand and Suphedrine Tablets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19990801)22:8%3c469::aid-jhrc469%3e3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Forensic Science Bureau, New Jersey State Police, West Trenton 08625, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Singh G, Arora V, Fenn PT, Mets B, Blair IA. A validated stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the trace analysis of cocaine and its major metabolites in plasma. Anal Chem 1999; 71:2021-7. [PMID: 10361501 DOI: 10.1021/ac981060e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A validated method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitation of cocaine and its major metabolites (ecgonine methyl ester, benzoylecgonine, and norcocaine) in rat plasma. The method is based upon the use of stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/tandem mass spectrometry. Previously reported methods do not have the sensitivity and specificity that can be attained with this method. Plasma samples required no cleanup apart from protein precipitation, and no derivatization was required. Selected reaction monitoring was performed on the transitions of m/z 200 to m/z 182 (ecgonine methyl ester), m/z 290 to m/z 168 (benzoylecgonine), m/z 304 to m/z 182 (cocaine), and m/z 290 to m/z 168 (norcocaine). The standard curves were linear over the range from 2 ng/mL (benzoylecgonine, cocaine, and norcocaine) or 5 ng/mL (ecgonine methyl ester) to 1000 ng/mL in rat plasma. The lower limit of quantitation (LLQ) for benzoylecgonine, cocaine, and norcocaine was 2 ng/mL, and for ecgonine methyl ester, the LLQ was 5 ng/mL for plasma. This simple, rapid, reliable, and sensitive method of quantitation had excellent accuracy and precision for the four analytes. The method was sensitive enough to permit a detailed study of the pharmacokinetics of cocaine and its metabolites after administration of a bolus intravenous dose to rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Machnik M, Geyer H, Horning S, Breidbach A, Delahaut P, Schänzer W. Long-term detection of clenbuterol in human scalp hair by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 723:147-55. [PMID: 10080642 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A method for the detection of clenbuterol in human scalp hair by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) is described. The sample preparation involved chemical digestion of the protein structure, which was achieved by incubating the hair with 1 M KOH at 70 degrees C. A single extraction step with tert.-butyl methyl ether provided approximately 90% of the analyte, which was dried and derivatized with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) to yield clenbuterol N,O-bis-trimethylsilyl (TMS). Hair was collected from four pregnant women who were therapeutically treated with Spiropent (clenbuterol-HCl) and from the infant of one female patient. Hair samples were taken during the application time and two to six months after completion of clenbuterol administration. The detection limit of the method was approximately 4 ng clenbuterol/g hair when 25 mg hair material were processed and 2 ng/g for 50 mg hair samples (corresponds to 4 pg per injection). The method allows clenbuterol to be measured retrospectively for up to at least six months. The levels of clenbuterol determined in hair ranged from 2 to 236 ng/g. No clenbuterol was found in the hair of the infant, which was taken five and a half months after delivery. To improve sample preparation, an additional purification step via immuno affinity chromatography (IAC) was integrated. The IAC purified extracts showed reduced biological background interference and an improved limit of detection (0.8 ng/g).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Machnik
- Institut für Biochemie, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wainhaus SB, Tzanani N, Dagan S, Miller ML, Amirav A. Fast analysis of drugs in a single hair. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1998; 9:1311-1320. [PMID: 9835076 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(98)00108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the fast screening of cocaine and 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) in a single hair, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), is described. The analyses are conducted in less than 10 min with minimal sample preparation. The novel method combines the ChromatoProbe direct sample introduction device for intrainjector thermal extraction, fast GC separation, a supersonic molecular beam GC/MS interface and hyperthermal surface ionization (HSI). The technique has been successfully employed for the detection of cocaine in as little as a 1-mm section of hair using selected ion monitoring (SIM). Unambiguous full scan mass spectra of cocaine and 6-MAM were obtained on a single hair for cocaine and heroin users, respectively. HSI was found to be almost 3 orders of magnitude more selective than electron impact ionization for cocaine compared with the major hair constituents, with a minimum detected concentration of approximately 10 ppb in the SIM mode. Results obtained for 12 drugs users showed full qualitative agreement with similar results using rigorous solvent extraction followed by electrospray-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. However, quantitative studies showed only partial agreement. No false positives were observed for 10 drugs free subjects. This method enables fast drug monitoring along the hair length which permits time correlation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Wainhaus
- School of Chemistry, Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|