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Mocniak LE, Bitzer ZT, Trushin N, Richie JP. Effects of tobacco nitrate content on free radical levels in mainstream smoke. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:116-123. [PMID: 35961467 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke free radicals play an important role in the development of smoking related adverse health effects. We previously reported that gas phase (GP) radicals vary greatly by cigarette brand and tobacco variety and are highly correlated with levels of NNK in smoke. Since NNK production in tobacco is dependent on nitrate, we proposed that GP radical production may also be associated with tobacco nitrate content. To test this, we examined the relationship between intrinsic nitrate levels in 15 individual tobacco types and the levels of free radicals delivered in mainstream smoke from cigarettes produced from these tobaccos. Intrinsic nitrate levels varied >250-fold among the tobacco types, ranging from <0.1 mg/g tobacco in the Bright Leaf types to 24.1 ± 0.4 mg/g in Light Fire Cured Virginia tobacco. Among the tobacco types tested, GP radicals were highly correlated with nitrate levels (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001). To investigate nitrate-specific changes to free radical production during smoking, different concentrations of exogenous sodium nitrate were added to unsmoked shredded leaves of 4 different tobacco types (Bright Leaf Sweet Virginia, American Virginia, Semi-Oriental 456, and reconstituted). Nitrate addition resulted in dose-dependent increases in GP radicals in the corresponding smoke, supporting our hypothesis that intrinsic nitrate levels are responsible for GP radical production in cigarette smoke. We also observed increases in NNK levels as a function of added nitrate that varied significantly among the 4 tobacco types tested, implying that other tobacco-type related factors may be impacting nicotine nitrosation during pyrolysis. Altogether, these findings have identified tobacco nitrate as a key factor in the production of GP radicals, but to a lesser extent with PP radicals, as well as NNK during combustion and highlight its potential implication as a target for regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne E Mocniak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Wang Y, Liu M, Zhu Y, Cheng K, Da Wu, Liu B, Li F. Identifying the tobacco related free radicals by UPCC-QTOF-MS with radical trapping method in mainstream cigarette smoke. Talanta 2016; 160:106-112. [PMID: 27591593 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco related free radicals (TFRs) in the cigarette smoke are specific classes of hazardous compounds that merit concern. In this study, we developed a hybrid method to identify TFRs directly based on ultra-performance convergence chromatography with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPCC-QTOF MS) combined spin trapping technique. The short-lived TFRs were stabilized successfully in situ through spin trapping procedure and UPCC was applied to facilitate efficient separation of complex derivative products. Coupling of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), UPCC-QTOF MS system enabled us to identify specific potential TFRs with exact chemical formula. Moreover, computational stimulations have been carried out to evaluate the optimized stability of TFRs. This work is a successful demonstration for the application of an advanced hyphenated technique for separation of TFRs with short detection time (less than 7min) and high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Corporation Limited, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Misha Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingjing Zhu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kuan Cheng
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Da Wu
- Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Corporation Limited, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Baizhan Liu
- Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Corporation Limited, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Fengting Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Hu N, Green SA. Acetyl Radical Generation in Cigarette Smoke: Quantification and Simulations. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2014; 95:142-150. [PMID: 25253993 PMCID: PMC4170066 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals are present in cigarette smoke and can have a negative effect on human health. However, little is known about their formation mechanisms. Acetyl radicals were quantified in tobacco smoke and mechanisms for their generation were investigated by computer simulations. Acetyl radicals were trapped from the gas phase using 3-amino-2, 2, 5, 5-tetramethyl-proxyl (3AP) on solid support to form stable 3AP adducts for later analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Simulations were performed using the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM). A range of 10-150 nmol/cigarette of acetyl radical was measured from gas phase tobacco smoke of both commerial and research cigarettes under several different smoking conditions. More radicals were detected from the puff smoking method compared to continuous flow sampling. Approximately twice as many acetyl radicals were trapped when a glass filber particle filter (GF/F specifications) was placed before the trapping zone. Simulations showed that NO/NO2 reacts with isoprene, initiating chain reactions to produce hydroxyl radical, which abstracts hydrogen from acealdehyde to generate acetyl radical. These mechanisms can account for the full amount of acetyl radical detected experimentally from cigarette smoke. Similar mechanisms may generate radicals in second hand smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah A. Green
- Corresponding author: Dr. Sarah A. Green, Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA, Phone: 906-487-2048, Fax: 906-487-2061 Fax: 906-487-2061,
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Wang HS, Xiao FN, Li ZQ, Ouyang J, Wu ZQ, Xia XH, Zhou GJ. Sensitive determination of reactive oxygen species in cigarette smoke using microchip electrophoresis-localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced fluorescence detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1123-1128. [PMID: 24458305 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive approach to the determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in puffs of cigarette smoke (CS) has been developed. The experimental system consists of a microfluidic chip electrophoresis and a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) device enhanced by localized surface plasmon resonance. Core-shell Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles were prepared and then immobilized on the surface of the microchannel to increase the fluorescence intensity based on localized surface plasmon resonance-enhanced fluorescence (LSPREF) effect. The ROS in puffs of CS were trapped via the oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCHF) that had been loaded on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers in a micro-column. Determination of ROS was based on the amount of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), which is the sole product from DCHF oxidation. With the optimization of the trapping efficiency, we detected about 8.0 pmol of ROS per puff in the mainstream CS. This microchip electrophoresis-SPREF system enables sensitive quantitation of ROS in CS with low consumption of reagent, material, and analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Determination of carbon-centred radicals in mainstream cigarette smoke using spin-labelled fluorophore. Se Pu 2013; 30:590-5. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Blinco JP, Fairfull-Smith KE, Morrow BJ, Bottle SE. Profluorescent Nitroxides as Sensitive Probes of Oxidative Change and Free Radical Reactions. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review on the use of tethered nitroxide–fluorophore molecules as probes of oxidative change and free radical generation and reaction. The proximity of the nitroxide free radical to the fluorophore suppresses the normal fluorescence emission process. Nitroxide free radical scavenging, metabolism or redox chemistry return the system to its natural fluorescent state and so these tethered nitroxide–fluorophore molecules are described as being profluorescent. A survey of profluorescent nitroxides found in the literature is provided as well as background on the mechanism of action and applications of these compounds as fluorometric probes within the fields of biological, materials and environmental sciences.
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Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T, Fiotakis K. Tobacco smoke: involvement of reactive oxygen species and stable free radicals in mechanisms of oxidative damage, carcinogenesis and synergistic effects with other respirable particles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:445-62. [PMID: 19440393 PMCID: PMC2672368 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke contains many toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals, as well as stable and unstable free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the particulate and the gas phase with the potential for biological oxidative damage. Epidemiological evidence established that smoking is one of the most important extrinsic factor of premature morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to investigate oxidative and carcinogenic mechanisms of tobacco and synergistic action with other respirable particles in the respiratory system of smokers. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and spin-trapping techniques were used to study stable free radicals in the cigarette tar, and unstable superoxide anion (O2 (*-)) and hydroxyl (HO(*)) radicals in the smoke Results showed that the semiquinone radical system has the potential for redox recycling and oxidative action. Further, results proved that aqueous cigarette tar (ACT) solutions can generate adducts with DNA nucleobases, particularly the mutagenic 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (a biomarker for carcinogenesis). Also, we observed synergistic effects in the generation of HO(*), through the Fenton reaction, with environmental respirable particles (asbestos fibres, coal dust, etc.) and ambient particulate matter (PM), such as PM(10), PM(2.5) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP). The highest synergistic effects was observed with the asbestos fibres (freshly grounded), PM(2.5) and DEP. Finally, we discuss results from our previous study of conventional cellulose acetate filters and "bio-filters" with hemoglobin impregnated activated carbon, which showed that these filters do not substantially alter the free radical content of smoke in the particulate and in the gaseous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Valavanidis
- Department of Chemistry, Free Radical Research Group, University of Athens, University Campus Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
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Bartalis J, Zhao YL, Flora JW, Paine JB, Wooten JB. Carbon-centered radicals in cigarette smoke: acyl and alkylaminocarbonyl radicals. Anal Chem 2009; 81:631-41. [PMID: 19093757 DOI: 10.1021/ac801969f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The widely accepted mechanism of formation for carbon-centered radicals in the gas-phase cigarette smoke involves reactions of NO(2) and alkadienes. However, specific examples of such radicals have never been isolated from fresh cigarette smoke or their structure determined. We have identified two previously unrecognized classes of carbon-centered radicals, alkylaminocarbonyl and acyl radicals, that are unrelated to radicals that form by NO(x) chemistry. The combined abundance of these mainstream smoke radicals is significantly higher than the alkyl radicals previously quantified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) solution spin-trapping methods. The new radicals were trapped directly from smoke with either 3-amino-proxyl (3AP) or 3-cyano-proxyl radical on a solid support and identified by combination of chemical synthesis, deuterium labeling, high-resolution mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. 3AP-R adducts were quantified both by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/FLD). Seven acyl and 11 alkylaminocarbonyl radicals were identified in the whole smoke of cigarettes made from single tobacco varieties and blended tobacco research cigarettes. The overall yield of these radicals was measured to be 168-245 nmol/cigarette from machine-smoked cigarettes under Federal Trade Commission (FTC) conditions. The yield was significantly reduced when the gas-phase smoke was separated from whole smoke by filtration through a 0.1 microm Cambridge filter pad or upon aging whole smoke in an inert tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Bartalis
- Philip Morris USA Postgraduate Research Program, Philip Morris Interdisciplinary Network of Emerging Science and Technology (INEST), and Philip Morris USA Research and Technology Center, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
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Abstract
Radicals in cigarette smoke have been proposed to contribute to the harm caused by cigarette smoking. For the first time, using HPLC and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of stable radical adducts, we have identified specific radical species in cigarette smoke: 7 acyl and 11 alkylaminocarbonyl radicals. Their combined abundance measured in fresh whole smoke from a single 2R4F cigarette is approximately 225 nmol (1.4 x 10(17) radicals). The fiberglass Cambridge filter pad conventionally employed to separate the gas phase from mainstream smoke was found to reduce the apparent yield of these radicals, introducing artifacts of measurement. The long-accepted steady-state mechanism for the formation of carbon-centered radicals in cigarette smoke involving NO2 chemistry cannot account for these newly identified radicals, and it does not in general appear to be a major source of carbon-centered radicals in fresh mainstream cigarette smoke. Consequently, we suggest that the precise nature of radicals in cigarette smoke warrants reexamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Bartalis
- Philip Morris USA Postgraduate Research Program, P.O. Box 26583, Richmond, Virginia 23261, USA
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Heidbrink JL, Amegayibor FS, Kenttämaa HI. Gas-phase radical-radical recombination reactions of nitroxides with substituted phenyl radicals. INT J CHEM KINET 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.10189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
To study the effect of occupational exposure, smoking, and drinking on lymphocyte DNA damage in bus manufacturing workers, 346 employees (106 women and 240 men) from six job categories (welders, mechanics, painters, and assembling, auxiliary and managerial workers) in a bus manufacturing factory in Guangzhou were included. Significant differences of tail moment among the six job categories were found (P=0.003) with adjustment for age and gender. Smoking increased tail moment significantly (3.14 (2.89-3.40) versus 2.79 microm (2.63-2.97), P=0.023). Analysis of covariance showed that occupational exposure (P=0.001) and smoking (P=0.019) had significant effect on tail moment after adjusting for all factors, whereas age and gender had no effect on DNA damage. Stratified analysis showed that painters (P=0.002), auxiliary workers (P=0.011), and mechanics (P=0.044) had larger tail moments than managerial workers after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, and drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Q Zhu
- Department of Community Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, PR China.
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Morsy MA, Khaled MM. Direct electron paramagnetic resonance study of tobacco. 1. Manganese(ii) as a marker. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:683-6. [PMID: 11262012 DOI: 10.1021/jf0010937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three categories of tobacco products were studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy: Cuban cigar brand name Montecristo, four international trademark cigarettes, and three types of Middle Eastern tobacco blends called Al-Moassal or Jurak. The Montecristo Cuban cigar is used as standard of high-quality tobacco. Mainly two EPR signals from all of the studied samples are observed: a very weak sharp EPR signal superimposed on a broad signal. The broad EPR signal is attributed to a manganese(II) complex. The intensity of the manganese(II) EPR signal is found to be related to the quality of the tobacco content. The sharp signal, which is characteristic of semiquinone radicals, is observed at room temperature, and its intensity increases drastically with temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Morsy
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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