1
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Peper JMJ, Kalivas JH. Local Modeling by Adapting Source Calibration Models to Analyte Shifted Target Domain Samples Without Reference Values. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024:37028241241557. [PMID: 38840318 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241241557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Spectral multivariate calibration aims to derive models characterizing mathematical relationships between sample analyte amounts and corresponding spectral responses. These models are effective at predicting target domain sample analyte amounts when target samples are within the analyte and spectral calibration source domain. Models fail when target samples shift (analyte amounts and/or spectra) from the original calibration domain model. A total recalibration solution requires acquisition of new sample reference values and spectra. However, obtaining enough reference values to distinguish the target domain may be challenging or expensive. A simpler approach adapts the original model to the target domain using target sample spectra without analyte reference values (unlabeled). Analytical chemists have developed several machine learning algorithms using unlabeled regression domain adaptation processes. Unfortunately, prediction accuracy declines for these methods depending on how much the target domain analyte distribution has shifted from the calibration distribution, and regression transfer learning methods are instead needed. Regression domain adaptation and transfer learning are often referred to as model updating in analytical chemistry, but regression domain adaptation only applies to spectral shifts. The regression transfer learning method presented in this paper named null augmentation regression constant analyte (NARCA) leverages unlabeled repeat spectra of a single target sample to update an original calibration model to the shifted target domain sample. With sample repeat spectra, the analyte amount can be assumed constant or nearly constant for NARCA and because models are formed for one sample, NARCA operates as a local modeling method. The performance of NARCA as a regression transfer learning method is evaluated using five near-infrared data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M J Peper
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
| | - John H Kalivas
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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2
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Kolobaric A, Orrell-Trigg R, Orloff S, Fraser V, Chapman J, Cozzolino D. The Use of a Droplet Collar Accessory Attached to a Portable near Infrared Instrument to Identify Methanol Contamination in Whisky. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8969. [PMID: 37960668 PMCID: PMC10647224 DOI: 10.3390/s23218969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a droplet collar accessory attached to a portable near-infrared (NIR) instrument to characterize the artificial contamination of methanol in commercial whisky samples. Unadulterated samples (n = 12) were purchased from local bottle shops where adulterated samples were created by adding methanol (99% pure methanol) at six levels (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% v/v) to the commercial whisky samples (controls). Samples were analyzed using a drop collar accessory attached to a MicroNIR Onsite instrument (900-1650 nm). Partial least squares (PLS) cross-validation statistics obtained for the prediction of all levels of methanol (from 0 to 5%) addition were considered adequate when the whole adulteration range was used, coefficient of determination in cross-validation (R2cv: 0.95) and standard error in cross of validation (SECV: 0.35% v/v). The cross-validation statistics were R2cv: 0.97, SECV: 0.28% v/v after the 0.5% and 1% v/v methanol addition was removed. These results showed the ability of using a new sample presentation attachment to a portable NIR instrument to analyze the adulteration of whisky with methanol. However, the low levels of methanol adulteration (0.5 and 1%) were not well predicted using the NIR method evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kolobaric
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia; (A.K.); (R.O.-T.); (S.O.); (V.F.)
| | - Rebecca Orrell-Trigg
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia; (A.K.); (R.O.-T.); (S.O.); (V.F.)
| | - Seth Orloff
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia; (A.K.); (R.O.-T.); (S.O.); (V.F.)
| | - Vanessa Fraser
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia; (A.K.); (R.O.-T.); (S.O.); (V.F.)
| | - James Chapman
- Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation(QAAFI), University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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3
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Waffo Tchounga CA, Marini RD, Nnanga Nga E, Ciza Hamuli P, Ngono Mballa R, Hubert P, Ziemons E, Sacré PY. In-Field Implementation of Near-Infrared Quantitative Methods for Analysis of Medicines in Tropical Environments. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1264-1279. [PMID: 37735910 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231201653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is actually a well-established technique that demonstrates its performance in the frame of detection of poor-quality medicines. The use of low-cost handheld NIR spectrophotometers in low-resource contexts can allow an inexpensive and more rapid detection compared to laboratory methods. Considering these points, it was decided to develop, validate, and transfer methods for the quantification of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole tablet samples using a NIR handheld spectrophotometer in transmission mode (NIR-M-T1) coupled to chemometrics such as partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithm. All of the models were validated with the total error approach using an accuracy profile as a decision tool, with ±10% specifications and a risk α set at 5%. Quantitative PLSR models were first validated in Belgium, which is a temperate oceanic climate zone. Second, they were transferred to Cameroon, a tropical climate zone, where issues regarding the prediction of new validation series with the initial models were highlighted. Two augmentation strategies were then envisaged to make the predictive models robust to environmental conditions, incorporating the potential variability linked to environmental effects in the initial calibration sets. The resulting models were then used for in-field analysis of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole tablet samples collected in three cities in Cameroon. The contents results obtained for each sample with the two strategies were close and not statistically different. Nevertheless, the first one is easier to implement and the second is the best regarding model diagnostic measures and accuracy profiles. Two samples were found to be noncompliant in terms of content, and these results were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography taken as the reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Ange Waffo Tchounga
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège (ULiège), CIRM, ViBra-Santé hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Djang'eing'a Marini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège (ULiège), CIRM, ViBra-Santé hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Nnanga Nga
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patient Ciza Hamuli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Lemba, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Rose Ngono Mballa
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments et Expertise (LANACOME), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Philippe Hubert
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège (ULiège), CIRM, ViBra-Santé hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège (ULiège), CIRM, ViBra-Santé hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège (ULiège), CIRM, Research Support Unit in Chemometrics, Liège, Belgium
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Spiers RC, Norby C, Kalivas JH. Physicochemical Responsive Integrated Similarity Measure (PRISM) for a Comprehensive Quantitative Perspective of Sample Similarity Dynamically Assessed with NIR Spectra. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12776-12784. [PMID: 37594455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Determining sample similarity underlies many foundational principles in analytical chemistry. For example, calibration models are unsuitable to predict outliers. Calibration transfer methods assume a moderate degree of sample and measurement dissimilarities between a calibration set and target prediction samples. Classification approaches link target sample similarities to groups of similar class samples. Although similarity is ubiquitous in analytical chemistry and everyday life, quantifying sample similarity is without a straightforward solution, especially when target domain samples are unlabeled and the only known features are measurable, such as spectra (the focus of this paper). The process proposed to assess sample similarity integrates spectral similarity information with contextual considerations among source analyte contents, model, and analyte predictions. This hybrid approach named the physicochemical responsive integrated similarity measure (PRISM) amplifies hidden-but-essential physicochemical properties encoded within respective spectra. PRISM is tested on four near-infrared (NIR) data sets for four diverse application areas to show efficacy. These applications are the assessment of prediction reliability and model updating for model generalizability, outlier detection, and basic matrix matching evaluation. Discussion is provided on adapting PRISM to classification problems. Results indicate that PRISM collects large amounts of similarity information and effectively integrates it to produce a quantitative similarity evaluation between the target sample and a source domain. The approach is also useful for biological samples with additional physiochemical variations. While PRISM is dynamically tested on NIR data, parts of PRISM were previously applied to other data types, and PRISM should be applicable to other measurement systems perturbed by matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Spiers
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
| | - Callan Norby
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
| | - John H Kalivas
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
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Sarwar A, McSweeney C, Timmermans J, Moore E. Identifying pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment's surface roughness and mitigating robustness concerns when using specular reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for rapid cleaning verification. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Chong MWS, McGlone T, Chai CY, Briggs NEB, Brown CJ, Perciballi F, Dunn J, Parrott AJ, Dallin P, Andrews J, Nordon A, Florence AJ. Temperature Correction of Spectra to Improve Solute Concentration Monitoring by In Situ Ultraviolet and Mid-Infrared Spectrometries toward Isothermal Local Model Performance. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:3096-3105. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene W. S. Chong
- EPSRC Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and Centre for Process Analytics and Control Technology (CPACT), University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Thomas McGlone
- EPSRC Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Ching Yee Chai
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Naomi E. B. Briggs
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Cameron J. Brown
- EPSRC Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Francesca Perciballi
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Jaclyn Dunn
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and Centre for Process Analytics and Control Technology (CPACT), University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Andrew J. Parrott
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and Centre for Process Analytics and Control Technology (CPACT), University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Paul Dallin
- Clairet Scientific, 17/18 Scirocco Close, Moulton Park Industrial Estate, Northampton NN3 6AP, U.K
| | - John Andrews
- Clairet Scientific, 17/18 Scirocco Close, Moulton Park Industrial Estate, Northampton NN3 6AP, U.K
| | - Alison Nordon
- EPSRC Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and Centre for Process Analytics and Control Technology (CPACT), University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Alastair J. Florence
- EPSRC Future Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
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Alvarenga TI, Hopkins DL, Morris S, McGilchrist P, Fowler SM. Intramuscular fat prediction of the semimembranosus muscle in hot lamb carcases using NIR. Meat Sci 2021; 181:108404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Krause J, Grüger H, Gebauer L, Zheng X, Knobbe J, Pügner T, Kicherer A, Gruna R, Längle T, Beyerer J. SmartSpectrometer-Embedded Optical Spectroscopy for Applications in Agriculture and Industry. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21134476. [PMID: 34208883 PMCID: PMC8271752 DOI: 10.3390/s21134476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing digitization of industry and agriculture can benefit significantly from optical spectroscopy. In many cases, optical spectroscopy enables the estimation of properties such as substance concentrations and compositions. Spectral data can be acquired and evaluated in real time, and the results can be integrated directly into process and automation units, saving resources and costs. Multivariate data analysis is needed to integrate optical spectrometers as sensors. Therefore, a spectrometer with integrated artificial intelligence (AI) called SmartSpectrometer and its interface is presented. The advantages of the SmartSpectrometer are exemplified by its integration into a harvesting vehicle, where quality is determined by predicting sugar and acid in grapes in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Krause
- Fraunhofer IOSB, Karlsruhe, Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.K.); (R.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Heinrich Grüger
- Fraunhofer IPMS, Institute for Photonic Microsystems, 01109 Dresden, Germany; (H.G.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Lucie Gebauer
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (L.G.); (X.Z.); (A.K.)
| | - Xiaorong Zheng
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (L.G.); (X.Z.); (A.K.)
| | - Jens Knobbe
- Fraunhofer IPMS, Institute for Photonic Microsystems, 01109 Dresden, Germany; (H.G.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Tino Pügner
- Fraunhofer IPMS, Institute for Photonic Microsystems, 01109 Dresden, Germany; (H.G.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Anna Kicherer
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (L.G.); (X.Z.); (A.K.)
| | - Robin Gruna
- Fraunhofer IOSB, Karlsruhe, Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.K.); (R.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Thomas Längle
- Fraunhofer IOSB, Karlsruhe, Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.K.); (R.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Jürgen Beyerer
- Fraunhofer IOSB, Karlsruhe, Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.K.); (R.G.); (T.L.)
- Vision and Fusion Laboratory (IES), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Correspondence:
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9
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Mallet A, Charnier C, Latrille É, Bendoula R, Steyer JP, Roger JM. Unveiling non-linear water effects in near infrared spectroscopy: A study on organic wastes during drying using chemometrics. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 122:36-48. [PMID: 33482574 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the context of organic waste management, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is being used to offer a fast, non-destructive, and cost-effective characterization system. However, cumbersome freeze-drying steps of the samples are required to avoid water's interference on near infrared spectra. In order to better understand these effects, spectral variations induced by dry matter content variations were obtained for a wide variety of organic substrates. This was made possible by the development of a customized near infrared acquisition system with dynamic highly-resolved simultaneous scanning of near infrared spectra and estimation of dry matter content during a drying process at ambient temperature. Using principal components analysis, the complex water effects on near infrared spectra are detailed. Water effects are shown to be a combination of both physical and chemical effects, and depend on both the characteristics of the samples (biochemical type and physical structure) and the moisture content level. This results in a non-linear relationship between the measured signal and the analytical characteristic of interest. A typology of substrates with respect to these water effects is provided and could further be efficiently used as a basis for the development of local quantitative calibration models and correction methods accounting for these water effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mallet
- INRAE, Univ Montellier, LBE, 102 Av des Etangs, Narbonne F-11100, France; INRAE, UMR ITAP, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; BIOENTECH Company, F-11100 Narbonne, France; ChemHouse Research Group, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Éric Latrille
- INRAE, Univ Montellier, LBE, 102 Av des Etangs, Narbonne F-11100, France; ChemHouse Research Group, Montpellier, France
| | - Ryad Bendoula
- INRAE, UMR ITAP, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Roger
- INRAE, UMR ITAP, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; ChemHouse Research Group, Montpellier, France
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10
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Lee G, Lee K. Feature selection using distributions of orthogonal PLS regression vectors in spectral data. BioData Min 2021; 14:7. [PMID: 33482872 PMCID: PMC7821640 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-021-00240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feature selection, which is important for successful analysis of chemometric data, aims to produce parsimonious and predictive models. Partial least squares (PLS) regression is one of the main methods in chemometrics for analyzing multivariate data with input X and response Y by modeling the covariance structure in the X and Y spaces. Recently, orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) has been widely used in processing multivariate data because OPLS improves the interpretability of PLS models by removing systematic variation in the X space not correlated to Y. The purpose of this paper is to present a feature selection method of multivariate data through orthogonal PLS regression (OPLSR), which combines orthogonal signal correction with PLS. The presented method generates empirical distributions of features effects upon Y in OPLSR vectors via permutation tests and examines the significance of the effects of the input features on Y. We show the performance of the proposed method using a simulation study in which a three-layer network structure exists in compared with the false discovery rate method. To demonstrate this method, we apply it to both real-life NIR spectra data and mass spectrometry data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonseok Lee
- Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kichun Lee
- Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
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11
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Kałka AJ, Turek AM. Compensation of temperature effects on spectra through evolutionary rank analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 245:118770. [PMID: 32956931 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectra measured in various ranges of temperature are usually slightly different from each other in shape and position of the bands. Although the displayed inconsistencies are rather small, yet may lead to incorrect analysis and interpretation of the collected spectrothermal data. Thus the unspecific spectral effects induced by temperature, in particular the thermal shifts and broadening of the bands, have to be compensated. In the paper, a simple two-step method of thermospectral dataset uniformisation is presented. Thermally induced 'movement' of the bands is approximated as a linear function of the difference of temperatures, so the co-shifting of the spectra is done linearly. Thermal broadening is mimicked by convoluting the low-temperature signal (spectrum) with a Gaussian or Lorentzian spreading filter. Proper widths (values of FWHM) of these filters, used to uniform the whole dataset, are assumed to depend on the difference of temperatures, in a form of one-parameter functions. This assumption, which has been empirically confirmed, is a fundamental premise of the method of Partial Compensation for Thermal Broadening (PCTB). Optimal values of the parameters of all the functions, used to compensate both thermal shifting and broadening, are found by the Evolutionary Rank Analysis (ERA) applied on an evolving data matrix. Efficiency of the proposed approach was verified on the UV-Vis thermospectral dataset of one-component model systems. In addition, since the method is aimed at making uniformed the thermospectral datasets of multi-component systems with similar spectral properties of individual components, the two-component conformer system of t-APE (trans-1-(2'-anthryl)-2-phenylethene) has also been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej J Kałka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland
| | - Andrzej M Turek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland.
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12
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ten Kate AJ, Gerretzen J, van Manen HJ, Kontogeorgis GM, Bargeman G. Methodology to Predict Thermodynamic Data from Spectroscopic Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoon J.B. ten Kate
- Research, Development & Innovation, Nouryon Chemicals B.V., Zutphenseweg 10, P.O. Box 10, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Gerretzen
- Research, Development & Innovation, Nouryon Chemicals B.V., Zutphenseweg 10, P.O. Box 10, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan van Manen
- Research, Development & Innovation, Nouryon Chemicals B.V., Zutphenseweg 10, P.O. Box 10, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios M. Kontogeorgis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gerrald Bargeman
- Research, Development & Innovation, Nouryon Chemicals B.V., Zutphenseweg 10, P.O. Box 10, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
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Luan X, Liu J, Liu F. Multilevel LASSO-based NIR temperature-correction modeling for viscosity measurement of bisphenol-A. ISA TRANSACTIONS 2020; 107:206-213. [PMID: 32741585 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Temperature variation will affect the prediction accuracy when using the near-infrared (NIR) analytical model to measure the viscosity of bisphenol-A. In order to correct the effect of temperature on the prediction performance of NIR model, a multilevel least-absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) is proposed in this paper. The multilevel LASSO algorithm combines LASSO with the multilevel simultaneous component analysis (MLSCA) to enhance the robustness of the model under temperature changes and external disturbances. MLSCA is applied to decompose the molecular spectral data into two parts. One part denotes the property caused by temperature, the other means the changes of concentration. LASSO, a sparse regression model, is used to select the variables and perform the regularization to further enhance the robustness and interpretability of the model. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in measuring bisphenol-A viscosity, which provides a more stable prediction result compared with the existing ones without temperature corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Luan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Institute of Automation, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Institute of Automation, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Institute of Automation, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
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14
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Nondestructive measurement of pectin polysaccharides using hyperspectral imaging in mulberry fruit. Food Chem 2020; 334:127614. [PMID: 32711282 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pectin polysaccharide is an important phytochemical with potential biomedical applications. It is commonly measured by time-consuming destructive chemical methods. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using visible and near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI) techniques to rapidly measure pectin polysaccharides in intact mulberry fruits. Based on spatial information provided by HSI images, the representative spectrum of each whole mulberry was accurately extracted without background. The effects of storage temperature on two varieties of mulberries for model establishment were studied. The performances of two spectral ranges obtained by Si and InGaAs CCD detectors for pectin prediction were compared. The best predictions were obtained from dilute alkali soluble pectin and total soluble pectin in Dashi mulberry fruit stored at room temperature, with residual predictive deviation values of 2.317 and 1.935, respectively. Our results show that HSI is a promising alternative to the chemical method to rapidly and nondestructively measure the pectin content.
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Non-Destructive Soluble Solids Content Determination for 'Rocha' Pear Based on VIS-SWNIR Spectroscopy under 'Real World' Sorting Facility Conditions. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235165. [PMID: 31779085 PMCID: PMC6929082 DOI: 10.3390/s19235165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report a method to determine the soluble solids content (SSC) of 'Rocha' pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. Rocha) based on their short-wave NIR reflectance spectra (500-1100 nm) measured in conditions similar to those found in packinghouse fruit sorting facilities. We obtained 3300 reflectance spectra from pears acquired from different lots, producers and with diverse storage times and ripening stages. The macroscopic properties of the pears, such as size, temperature and SSC were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. For the spectral analysis, we implemented a computational pipeline that incorporates multiple pre-processing techniques including a feature selection procedure, various multivariate regression models and three different validation strategies. This benchmark allowed us to find the best model/preproccesing procedure for SSC prediction from our data. From the several calibration models tested, we have found that Support Vector Machines provides the best predictions metrics with an RMSEP of around 0.82 ∘ Brix and 1.09 ∘ Brix for internal and external validation strategies respectively. The latter validation was implemented to assess the prediction accuracy of this calibration method under more 'real world-like' conditions. We also show that incorporating information about the fruit temperature and size to the calibration models improves SSC predictability. Our results indicate that the methodology presented here could be implemented in existing packinghouse facilities for single fruit SSC characterization.
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16
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Kuda-Malwathumullage CPS, Small GW. Temperature correction strategy for improving concentration predictions with near-infrared spectra of aqueous-based samples. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1095:20-29. [PMID: 31864623 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Concentration predictions from near-infrared spectra are used across a range of application areas. When aqueous samples are employed, the extreme temperature sensitivity of underlying water absorption bands can lead to significant errors in predicted analyte concentrations, even when efforts are made to control sample temperatures. To address this issue, a temperature-correction procedure was developed on the basis of modeling the systematic error that occurs in predicted concentrations as a function of variation in sample temperature. With this approach, a quantitative calibration model was developed for samples at a fixed temperature. This model was subsequently applied to the spectra of a second set of samples with known analyte concentrations collected under conditions of varying temperature. Using either measured temperatures or those estimated from a spectral temperature prediction model, a least-squares polynomial fit was performed between concentration residuals and temperature. Going forward, for a given sample temperature, the polynomial model was used to estimate the concentration residual at that temperature. The estimated residual was then used to correct the predicted concentration. For spectra collected in the 5000-4000 cm-1 near-infrared region, this methodology was tested for samples of glucose in buffer and mixture samples of glucose and lactate in buffer over the temperature range of 20.0-40.5 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary W Small
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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17
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Jaworski A, Wikiel H, Wikiel K. Temperature Compensation by Embedded Temperature Variation Method for an AC Voltammeric Analyzer of Electroplating Baths. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Wikiel
- Technic, Inc.; 47 Molter St. Cranston, Rhode Island 02910 USA
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18
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Noor P, Khanmohammadi M, Roozbehani B, Bagheri Garmarudi A. Evaluation of ATR-FTIR spectrometry in the fingerprint region combined with chemometrics for simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in complex hydrocarbon mixtures. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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19
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Campos MI, Antolin G, Debán L, Pardo R. Assessing the influence of temperature on NIRS prediction models for the determination of sodium content in dry-cured ham slices. Food Chem 2018; 257:237-242. [PMID: 29622205 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Temperature fluctuations are a key factor in the development of prediction models using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In the present study, this influence has been investigated and a methodology has been proposed to reduce the effect of sample temperature on NIRS model prediction of the sodium content in dry-cured ham slices. Spectra were taken directly from the slices using a remote measurement probe (for non-contact analysis) at three different temperature ranges: -12 °C to -5°C, -5°C to 10 °C and 10 °C to 20 °C. Local and global temperature compensation methods were established. Partial-least squares (PLS) regression was used as a chemometrics tool to perform the calibrations. The results showed that local models were sensitive to changes in temperature, while a global temperature model using sample spectra over the entire temperature range showed good prediction ability, reducing the error caused by temperature fluctuations to acceptable levels for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Campos
- CARTIF Technology Center, Agrofood and Sustainable Processes Division, Parque Tecnológico de Boecillo, 205, 47151 Valladolid, Spain; Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, P° de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Gregorio Antolin
- CARTIF Technology Center, Agrofood and Sustainable Processes Division, Parque Tecnológico de Boecillo, 205, 47151 Valladolid, Spain; Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology Department, E.I.I. (School of Industrial Engineering), University of Valladolid, P° del Cauce 59, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis Debán
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, P° de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pardo
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, P° de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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20
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Zhang B, Dai D, Huang J, Zhou J, Gui Q, Dai F. Influence of physical and biological variability and solution methods in fruit and vegetable quality nondestructive inspection by using imaging and near-infrared spectroscopy techniques: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2099-2118. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1300789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Zhang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dejian Dai
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jichao Huang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qifa Gui
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fang Dai
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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21
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Marconati M, Haiduc A, Berrut S, Mora F, Santomaso AC, Cavinato M. In-line characterization of ground oilseeds concentration in solid-liquid dispersions in the food industry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Skou PB, Berg TA, Aunsbjerg SD, Thaysen D, Rasmussen MA, van den Berg F. Monitoring Process Water Quality Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Regression with Prediction Uncertainty Estimation. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:410-421. [PMID: 27899431 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816654165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reuse of process water in dairy ingredient production-and food processing in general-opens the possibility for sustainable water regimes. Membrane filtration processes are an attractive source of process water recovery since the technology is already utilized in the dairy industry and its use is expected to grow considerably. At Arla Foods Ingredients (AFI), permeate from a reverse osmosis polisher filtration unit is sought to be reused as process water, replacing the intake of potable water. However, as for all dairy and food producers, the process water quality must be monitored continuously to ensure food safety. In the present investigation we found urea to be the main organic compound, which potentially could represent a microbiological risk. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in combination with multivariate modeling has a long-standing reputation as a real-time measurement technology in quality assurance. Urea was quantified Using NIRS and partial least squares regression (PLS) in the concentration range 50-200 ppm (RMSEP = 12 ppm, R2 = 0.88) in laboratory settings with potential for on-line application. A drawback of using NIRS together with PLS is that uncertainty estimates are seldom reported but essential to establishing real-time risk assessment. In a multivariate regression setting, sample-specific prediction errors are needed, which complicates the uncertainty estimation. We give a straightforward strategy for implementing an already developed, but seldom used, method for estimating sample-specific prediction uncertainty. We also suggest an improvement. Comparing independent reference analyses with the sample-specific prediction error estimates showed that the method worked on industrial samples when the model was appropriate and unbiased, and was simple to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Skou
- 1 Spectroscopy and Chemometrics section, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thilo A Berg
- 2 Dairy, Meat and Plant technology section, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Morten A Rasmussen
- 1 Spectroscopy and Chemometrics section, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- 5 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frans van den Berg
- 1 Spectroscopy and Chemometrics section, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Jaworski A, Wikiel H, Wikiel K. Temperature Compensation by Calibration Transfer for an AC Voltammetric Analyzer of Electroplating Baths. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Wikiel
- Technic, Inc.; 47 Molter St. Cranston RI 02910 USA
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24
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McLachlan H, Ni XW. An Investigation into Parameters Affecting Crystal Purity of Urea in a Stirred Tank and an Oscillatory Baffled Crystallizer. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2016.1154851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah McLachlan
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallization (CMAC), Centre for Oscillatory Baffled Reactor Applications (COBRA), School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xiong-Wei Ni
- EPSRC Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallization (CMAC), Centre for Oscillatory Baffled Reactor Applications (COBRA), School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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25
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Li Z, Zhou M, Luo Y, Li G, Lin L. Quantitative determination based on the differences between spectra-temperature relationships. Talanta 2016; 155:47-52. [PMID: 27216655 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the Near-infrared (NIR) spectral measurement it is not always possible to keep the experimental conditions constant. The fluctuations in external variables, such as temperature, will result in a nonlinear shift and a broadening of the spectral bands. In this study, the temperature-induced spectral variation coefficient (TSVC) was obtained by using loading space standardization (LSS). The relationship between TSVC and normalized squared temperature was quantitatively analyzed and applied to the quantitative determination of the compositions in mixtures. NIR spectra of peanut-soy-corn oil mixtures measured at seven temperatures were analyzed. It was found that, the relationship between TSVC and normalized squared temperature can be established by using LSS. Furthermore, the quantitative determination of the compositions in a mixture can be achieved by using the difference between the relationships, i.e., the slope of the relationship. The calibration curves between slope and composition volume are found to be reliable with the correlation coefficients (R(2)) as high as 0.9992. Quantitative determination by the calibration curves were also validated. Therefore, the method can be an effective tool for investigating the effect of temperature and quantitatively analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yongshun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangdong 510665, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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26
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Zhou G, Grosser S, Sun L, Graffius G, Prasad G, Moment A, Spartalis A, Fernandez P, Higgins J, Wabuyele B, Starbuck C. Application of On-Line NIR for Process Control during the Manufacture of Sitagliptin. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Zhou
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shane Grosser
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lei Sun
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gabriel Graffius
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ganeshwar Prasad
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Aaron Moment
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Angela Spartalis
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Paul Fernandez
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John Higgins
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Busolo Wabuyele
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cindy Starbuck
- Global Science, Technology and Commercialization, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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27
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Shan R, Zhao Y, Fan M, Liu X, Cai W, Shao X. Multilevel analysis of temperature dependent near-infrared spectra. Talanta 2015; 131:170-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Pojić M, Rakić D, Lazić Z. Chemometric optimization of the robustness of the near infrared spectroscopic method in wheat quality control. Talanta 2014; 131:236-42. [PMID: 25281098 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A chemometric approach was applied for the optimization of the robustness of the NIRS method for wheat quality control. Due to the high number of experimental (n=6) and response variables to be studied (n=7) the optimization experiment was divided into two stages: screening stage in order to evaluate which of the considered variables were significant, and optimization stage to optimize the identified factors in the previously selected experimental domain. The significant variables were identified by using fractional factorial experimental design, whilst Box-Wilson rotatable central composite design (CCRD) was run to obtain the optimal values for the significant variables. The measured responses included: moisture, protein and wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation value and deformation energy. In order to achieve the minimal variation in responses, the optimal factor settings were found by minimizing the propagation of error (POE). The simultaneous optimization of factors was conducted by desirability function. The highest desirability of 87.63% was accomplished by setting up experimental conditions as follows: 19.9°C for sample temperature, 19.3°C for ambient temperature and 240V for instrument voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Pojić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Dušan Rakić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zivorad Lazić
- BASF Catalysts LLC, Technical Center, 108 Briarcliff Rd. Gordon, GA 31031, USA
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29
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Yulia M, Suhandy D, Ogawa Y, Kondo N. Investigation on the influence of temperature in l-ascorbic acid determination using FTIR-ATR terahertz spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eaef.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Rapid Determination of Olive Oil Chlorophylls and Carotenoids by Using Visible Spectroscopy. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Simone E, Saleemi A, Nagy Z. Application of quantitative Raman spectroscopy for the monitoring of polymorphic transformation in crystallization processes using a good calibration practice procedure. Chem Eng Res Des 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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33
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Schaefer C, Clicq D, Lecomte C, Merschaert A, Norrant E, Fotiadu F. A Process Analytical Technology (PAT) approach to control a new API manufacturing process: development, validation and implementation. Talanta 2013; 120:114-25. [PMID: 24468350 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical companies are progressively adopting and introducing Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and Quality-by-Design (QbD) concepts promoted by the regulatory agencies, aiming the building of the quality directly into the product by combining thorough scientific understanding and quality risk management. An analytical method based on near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was developed as a PAT tool to control on-line an API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) manufacturing crystallization step during which the API and residual solvent contents need to be precisely determined to reach the predefined seeding point. An original methodology based on the QbD principles was designed to conduct the development and validation of the NIR method and to ensure that it is fitted for its intended use. On this basis, Partial least squares (PLS) models were developed and optimized using chemometrics methods. The method was fully validated according to the ICH Q2(R1) guideline and using the accuracy profile approach. The dosing ranges were evaluated to 9.0-12.0% w/w for the API and 0.18-1.50% w/w for the residual methanol. As by nature the variability of the sampling method and the reference method are included in the variability obtained for the NIR method during the validation phase, a real-time process monitoring exercise was performed to prove its fit for purpose. The implementation of this in-process control (IPC) method on the industrial plant from the launch of the new API synthesis process will enable automatic control of the final crystallization step in order to ensure a predefined quality level of the API. In addition, several valuable benefits are expected including reduction of the process time, suppression of a rather difficult sampling and tedious off-line analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Schaefer
- UCB Pharma, Analytical Development Chemicals, Avenue de l'Industrie, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium; Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, CNRS, UMR 7313, École Centrale Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case A62, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France.
| | - David Clicq
- UCB Pharma, Analytical Development Chemicals, Avenue de l'Industrie, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Clémence Lecomte
- UCB Pharma, Chemical Process Development, Avenue de l'Industrie, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Alain Merschaert
- UCB Pharma, Chemical Process Development, Avenue de l'Industrie, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Edith Norrant
- UCB Pharma, Innovation & Technology Development, Avenue de l'Industrie, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Fotiadu
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, CNRS, UMR 7313, École Centrale Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case A62, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
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34
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Panteleimonov AV, Kholin YV. Algorithm of object identification in qualitative chemical analysis based on fuzzy similarity criteria. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Assessing the temperature influence on the soluble solids content of watermelon juice as measured by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Kubelka J. Multivariate Analysis of Spectral Data with Frequency Shifts: Application to Temperature Dependent Infrared Spectra of Peptides and Proteins. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9588-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402083p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kubelka
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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37
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On-line near infrared spectroscopy as a Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tool to control an industrial seeded API crystallization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Dingari NC, Barman I, Saha A, McGee S, Galindo LH, Liu W, Plecha D, Klein N, Dasari RR, Fitzmaurice M. Development and comparative assessment of Raman spectroscopic classification algorithms for lesion discrimination in stereotactic breast biopsies with microcalcifications. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:371-81. [PMID: 22815240 PMCID: PMC4094342 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcalcifications are an early mammographic sign of breast cancer and a target for stereotactic breast needle biopsy. Here, we develop and compare different approaches for developing Raman classification algorithms to diagnose invasive and in situ breast cancer, fibrocystic change and fibroadenoma that can be associated with microcalcifications. In this study, Raman spectra were acquired from tissue cores obtained from fresh breast biopsies and analyzed using a constituent-based breast model. Diagnostic algorithms based on the breast model fit coefficients were devised using logistic regression, C4.5 decision tree classification, k-nearest neighbor (k -NN) and support vector machine (SVM) analysis, and subjected to leave-one-out cross validation. The best performing algorithm was based on SVM analysis (with radial basis function), which yielded a positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 96% for cancer diagnosis. Importantly, these results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy provides adequate diagnostic information for lesion discrimination even in the presence of microcalcifications, which to the best of our knowledge has not been previously reported.
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39
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Zhao C, Gao F. Multiset Independent Component Regression (MsICR) Based Statistical Data Analysis and Calibration Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3023302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial
Control Technology, Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007 China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240
| | - Furong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial
Control Technology, Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007 China
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40
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Ottaway J, Farrell JA, Kalivas JH. Spectral Multivariate Calibration without Laboratory Prepared or Determined Reference Analyte Values. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1509-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302705m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Ottaway
- Department
of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
| | - Jeremy A. Farrell
- Department
of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
| | - John H. Kalivas
- Department
of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
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41
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Fu Q, Wang J, Lin G, Suo H, Zhao C. Short-wave near-infrared spectrometer for alcohol determination and temperature correction. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:728128. [PMID: 22649750 PMCID: PMC3356901 DOI: 10.1155/2012/728128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A multichannel short-wave near-infrared (SW-NIR) spectrometer module based on charge-coupled device (CCD) detection was designed. The design relied on a tungsten lamp enhanced by light emitting diodes, a fixed grating monochromator and a linear CCD array. The main advantages were high optical resolution and an optimized signal-to-noise ratio (0.24 nm and 500, resp.) in the whole wavelength range of 650 to 1100 nm. An application to alcohol determination using partial least squares calibration and the temperature correction was presented. It was found that the direct transfer method had significant systematic prediction errors due to temperature effect. Generalized least squares weighting (GLSW) method was utilized for temperature correction. After recalibration, the RMSEP found for the 25°C model was 0.53% v/v and errors of the same order of magnitude were obtained at other temperatures (15, 35 and 40°C). And an r(2) better than 0.99 was achieved for each validation set. The possibility and accuracy of using the miniature SW-NIR spectrometer and GLSW transfer calibration method for alcohol determination at different temperatures were proven. And the analysis procedure was simple and fast, allowing a strict control of alcohol content in the wine industry.
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Asadpour-Zeynali K, Soheili-Azad P. Simultaneous polarographic determination of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol by differential pulse polarography method and support vector regression. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1089-1096. [PMID: 21484298 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A differential pulse polarography (DPP) for the simultaneous determination of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol was proposed. It was found that under optimum experimental conditions (pH = 5, scan rate = 5 mV/s, pulse amplitude = -50 mV), 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol had well-defined polarographic reduction waves with peak potentials at -317 and -406 mV, respectively. In the mixture of two compounds overlapping polarographic peaks were observed. In this study, support vector regression (SVR) was applied to resolve the overlapped polarograms. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the performance of SVR and partial least square (PLS) on data set. The results demonstrated that SVR is a better well-performing alternative for the analysis and modeling of DPP data than the commonly applied PLS technique. The proposed method was used for the determination of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol in industrial waste water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Asadpour-Zeynali
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666 16471, Iran.
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43
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Postma G, Krooshof P, Buydens L. Opening the kernel of kernel partial least squares and support vector machines. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 705:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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44
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Dingari NC, Barman I, Kang JW, Kong CR, Dasari RR, Feld MS. Wavelength selection-based nonlinear calibration for transcutaneous blood glucose sensing using Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:087009. [PMID: 21895336 PMCID: PMC3162621 DOI: 10.1117/1.3611006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
While Raman spectroscopy provides a powerful tool for noninvasive and real time diagnostics of biological samples, its translation to the clinical setting has been impeded by the lack of robustness of spectroscopic calibration models and the size and cumbersome nature of conventional laboratory Raman systems. Linear multivariate calibration models employing full spectrum analysis are often misled by spurious correlations, such as system drift and covariations among constituents. In addition, such calibration schemes are prone to overfitting, especially in the presence of external interferences that may create nonlinearities in the spectra-concentration relationship. To address both of these issues we incorporate residue error plot-based wavelength selection and nonlinear support vector regression (SVR). Wavelength selection is used to eliminate uninformative regions of the spectrum, while SVR is used to model the curved effects such as those created by tissue turbidity and temperature fluctuations. Using glucose detection in tissue phantoms as a representative example, we show that even a substantial reduction in the number of wavelengths analyzed using SVR lead to calibration models of equivalent prediction accuracy as linear full spectrum analysis. Further, with clinical datasets obtained from human subject studies, we also demonstrate the prospective applicability of the selected wavelength subsets without sacrificing prediction accuracy, which has extensive implications for calibration maintenance and transfer. Additionally, such wavelength selection could substantially reduce the collection time of serial Raman acquisition systems. Given the reduced footprint of serial Raman systems in relation to conventional dispersive Raman spectrometers, we anticipate that the incorporation of wavelength selection in such hardware designs will enhance the possibility of miniaturized clinical systems for disease diagnosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narahara Chari Dingari
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Laser Biomedical Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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45
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Investigation of the specificity of Raman spectroscopy in non-invasive blood glucose measurements. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2871-80. [PMID: 21509482 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although several in vivo blood glucose measurement studies have been performed by different research groups using near-infrared (NIR) absorption and Raman spectroscopic techniques, prospective prediction has proven to be a challenging problem. An important issue in this case is the demonstration of causality of glucose concentration to the spectral information, especially as the intrinsic glucose signal is smaller compared with that of the other analytes in the blood-tissue matrix. Furthermore, time-dependent physiological processes make the relation between glucose concentration and spectral data more complex. In this article, chance correlations in Raman spectroscopy-based calibration model for glucose measurements are investigated for both in vitro (physical tissue models) and in vivo (animal model and human subject) cases. Different spurious glucose concentration profiles are assigned to the Raman spectra acquired from physical tissue models, where the glucose concentration is intentionally held constant. Analogous concentration profiles, in addition to the true concentration profile, are also assigned to the datasets acquired from an animal model during a glucose clamping study as well as a human subject during an oral glucose tolerance test. We demonstrate that the spurious concentration profile-based calibration models are unable to provide prospective predictions, in contrast to those based on actual concentration profiles, especially for the physical tissue models. We also show that chance correlations incorporated by the calibration models are significantly less in Raman as compared to NIR absorption spectroscopy, even for the in vivo studies. Finally, our results suggest that the incorporation of chance correlations for in vivo cases can be largely attributed to the uncontrolled physiological sources of variations. Such uncontrolled physiological variations could either be intrinsic to the subject or stem from changes in the measurement conditions.
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46
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Quantitative determination by temperature dependent near-infrared spectra: a further study. Talanta 2011; 85:420-4. [PMID: 21645719 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative spectra-temperature relationship (QSTR) between near-infrared (NIR) spectra and temperature has been studied in our previous work (Talanta, 2010, 82, 1017-1021). In this study, applicability of the QSTR model for quantitative determination is further studied using the spectra of aqueous ethanol samples in the temperature range of 31-40°C and the concentration range of 1-99%. The results show that QSTR model can be built by using the spectra in a small temperature range and the quantitative analysis can be achieved by only two spectra at different temperatures. Moreover, calibration curves for different concentration ranges (1-5%, 20-70%, 95-99%, v/v) are investigated by using linear and nonlinear curve fitting, respectively. Both of the linear and nonlinear curves are found to be applicable within these concentration ranges. Therefore, the temperature dependent NIR spectra may provide a new way for quantitative determination and may have high potential in bio-fluids analysis or industrial practices.
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47
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Barman I, Kong CR, Dingari NC, Dasari RR, Feld MS. Development of robust calibration models using support vector machines for spectroscopic monitoring of blood glucose. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9719-26. [PMID: 21050004 PMCID: PMC3057474 DOI: 10.1021/ac101754n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sample-to-sample variability has proven to be a major challenge in achieving calibration transfer in quantitative biological Raman spectroscopy. Multiple morphological and optical parameters, such as tissue absorption and scattering, physiological glucose dynamics and skin heterogeneity, vary significantly in a human population introducing nonanalyte specific features into the calibration model. In this paper, we show that fluctuations of such parameters in human subjects introduce curved (nonlinear) effects in the relationship between the concentrations of the analyte of interest and the mixture Raman spectra. To account for these curved effects, we propose the use of support vector machines (SVM) as a nonlinear regression method over conventional linear regression techniques such as partial least-squares (PLS). Using transcutaneous blood glucose detection as an example, we demonstrate that application of SVM enables a significant improvement (at least 30%) in cross-validation accuracy over PLS when measurements from multiple human volunteers are employed in the calibration set. Furthermore, using physical tissue models with randomized analyte concentrations and varying turbidities, we show that the fluctuations in turbidity alone causes curved effects which can only be adequately modeled using nonlinear regression techniques. The enhanced levels of accuracy obtained with the SVM based calibration models opens up avenues for prospective prediction in humans and thus for clinical translation of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Barman
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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48
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Zhao C, Gao F. Multiblock-Based Qualitative and Quantitative Spectral Calibration Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie100892y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Furong Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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49
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Barrett M, McNamara M, Hao H, Barrett P, Glennon B. Supersaturation tracking for the development, optimization and control of crystallization processes. Chem Eng Res Des 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Kunz MR, Kalivas JH, Andries E. Model Updating for Spectral Calibration Maintenance and Transfer Using 1-Norm Variants of Tikhonov Regularization. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3642-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902881m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ross Kunz
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, and Department of Mathematics, Central New Mexico Community College, and Center for Advanced Research Computing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
| | - John H. Kalivas
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, and Department of Mathematics, Central New Mexico Community College, and Center for Advanced Research Computing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
| | - Erik Andries
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, and Department of Mathematics, Central New Mexico Community College, and Center for Advanced Research Computing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
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