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Honig ML, Haba A, O'Leary KMF, Robinson EEA, Madungwe KV, Lin Y, McGuire C, Bühlmann P. Improvement of the Upper Detection Limit of Ionophore-Based H +-Selective Electrodes: Explanation and Elimination of Apparently Super-Nernstian Responses. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9901-9908. [PMID: 38850234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The response range of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) has been described by counterion interference at the lower and Donnan failure at the upper detection limit. This approach fails when the potentiometric response at the upper detection limit exhibits an apparently super-Nernstian response, as has been reported repeatedly for H+-selective electrodes. While also observed when samples contain other anions, super-Nernstian responses at low pH are a problem in particular for samples that contain phthalate, a common component of commercial pH calibration solutions. This work shows that coextraction of H+ and a sample anion into the sensing membrane alone does not explain these super-Nernstian responses, even when membrane-internal diffusion potentials are taken into account. Instead, these super-Nernstian responses are explained by the formation of complexes between that anion and at least two protonated ionophore molecules. As demonstrated by experiments and explained with quantitative phase boundary models, the apparently super-Nernstian responses at low pH can be eliminated by restricting the molecular ratio of ionophore and ionic sites. Notably, this conclusion results in recommendations for the optimization of sensing membranes that, in some instances, will conflict with previously reported recommendations from the ionic site theory for the optimization of the lower detection limit. This mechanistic insight is key to maximizing the response range of these ionophore-based ISEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline L Honig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ariki Haba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie M F O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Emily E A Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kuzivakwashe V Madungwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ye Lin
- Emerson Automation Solutions, 6021 Innovation Boulevard, Shakopee, Minnesota 55379, United States
| | - Chad McGuire
- Emerson Automation Solutions, 6021 Innovation Boulevard, Shakopee, Minnesota 55379, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Choi KR, Honig ML, Bühlmann P. Covalently attached ionophores extend the working range of potentiometric pH sensors with poly(decyl methacrylate) sensing membranes. Analyst 2024; 149:1132-1140. [PMID: 38205703 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The pH working range of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with plasticizer-free poly(decyl methacrylate) sensing membranes is shown to be expanded by covalent attachment of H+ ionophores to the polymeric membrane matrix. In situ photopolymerization not only incorporates the ionophores into the polymer backbone, but at the same time also attaches the sensing membranes covalently to the underlying inert polymer and nanographite solid contact, minimizing sensor drift and preventing failure by membrane delamination. A new pyridine-based H+ ionophore, 3-(pyridine-3-yl)propyl methacrylate, has lower basicity than trialkylamine ionophores and expands the upper detection limit. This reduces in particular the interference from hydrogen phthalate, which is a common component of commercial pH buffers. Moreover, the lower detection limit is improved by replacing the CH2CH2 spacer of previously reported dialkylaminoethyl methacrylates with a (CH2)10 spacer, which increases its basicity. Notably, for the more basic and highly cation-selective ionophore 10-(diisopropylamino)decyl methacrylate, the extent of counterion interference from hydrogen phthalate shifted the upper detection limit to lower pH by nearly one pH unit when the crosslinker concentration was decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangrok R Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Madeline L Honig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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3
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Siamionau AV, Ragoyja EG, Egorov VV. A feasible, fast and reliable method for estimating ion-site association constants in plasticized PVC ion-selective electrode membranes. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340556. [PMID: 36628696 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A feasible, fast and reliable method for estimating ion association constants in PVC plasticized membranes of ion-selective electrodes from potentiometric data has been theoretically and experimentally substantiated. The method is based on the established fact of complete dissociation of salts of quaternary ammonium cations R4N + An‒ (except for those containing methyl substituents at the nitrogen atom) in a membrane plasticized with o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE). Therefore, the boundary potential at the interface of the membrane with an aqueous solution of R4N+ depends only upon the concentrations of the corresponding solution and the ion exchanger in the membrane and is independent of the presence of a lipophilic ionic additive (LIA), which makes it possible to use such ions as reference ones in the internal filling solution. If the ions studied (i+) are capable of forming ion associates with the ion exchanger, then the introduction of LIA into the membrane will lead to a decrease in the concentration of free i+ ions and to a corresponding increase in the boundary potential, from which the ion association constant can be directly calculated. The results obtained agree with the known literature data and the results of quantum chemical calculations. The prospective of applying the proposed method to the study of other membrane compositions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Siamionau
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya str., 14, 220030, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Ekaterina G Ragoyja
- Belarusian State University, 4, Nezavisimosti avenue, 220030, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir V Egorov
- Belarusian State University, 4, Nezavisimosti avenue, 220030, Minsk, Belarus.
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4
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Dusiło K, Wojcieszek J, Pepłowski A, Kuczak J, Górski Ł. Silver-ligand complex as an additive in polymeric membranes of screen-printed fluoride-selective electrodes. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Siamionau AV, Egorov VV. Determination of Single-Ion Partition Coefficients between Water and Plasticized PVC Membrane Using Equilibrium-Based Techniques. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12101019. [PMID: 36295778 PMCID: PMC9607055 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An experimentally simple method for the direct determination of single-ion partition coefficients between water and a PVC membrane plasticized with o-NPOE is suggested. The method uses the traditional assumption of equal single-ion partition coefficients for some reference cation and anion, in this case tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) and tetraphenylborate (TPB-). The method is based on an integrated approach, including direct study of some salts' distribution between water and membrane phases, estimation of ion association constants, and measurements of unbiased selectivity coefficients for ions of interest, including the reference ones. The knowledge of distribution coefficients together with ion association constants allows for direct calculation of the multiple of the single-ion partition coefficients for the corresponding cation and anion, while the knowledge of unbiased selectivity coefficients together with ion association constants allows for immediate estimation of the single-ion partition coefficients for any ion under study, if the corresponding value for the reference ion is known. Both potentiometric and extraction studies are inherently equilibrium-based techniques, while traditionally accepted methods such as voltammetry and diffusion are kinetical. The inner coherent scale of single-ion partition coefficients between water and membrane phases was constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V. Siamionau
- Laboratory of the Physical Chemical Investigation Methods, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya Str., 14, 220006 Minsk, Belarus
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir V. Egorov
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya str., 14, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
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6
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Choi KR, Chen XV, Hu J, Bühlmann P. Solid-Contact pH Sensor with Covalent Attachment of Ionophores and Ionic Sites to a Poly(decyl methacrylate) Matrix. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16899-16905. [PMID: 34878238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With a view to improving the sensor lifetime, solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) were prepared with a plasticizer-free and cross-linked poly(decyl methacrylate) matrix, to which only the ionic sites, only the ionophore, or both the ionic sites and ionophore were covalently attached. In earlier work with covalently attached ionophores or ionic sites, it was difficult to discount the presence of ionophores or ionic site impurities that were not covalently attached to the polymer backbone because the reagents used to introduce the ionophore or ionic sites had high hydrophobicities. In this work, we deliberately chose readily available hydrophilic reagents for the introduction of covalently attached H+ ionophores with tertiary amino groups and covalently attached sulfonate groups as ionic sites. This simplified the synthesis and made it possible to thoroughly remove ionophores and ionic sites not covalently attached to the polymer backbone. Our results confirm the expectation that hydrophobic ISE membranes with both covalently attached ionophores and ionic sites have impractically long response times. In contrast, ISEs with either covalently attached H+ ionophores or covalently attached ionic sites responded to pH with quick Nernstian responses and high selectivity. Both conventional plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-based ISEs and the new poly(decyl methacrylate) membranes were exposed to 90 °C heat for 2 h, 10% ethanol for 1 day, or undiluted blood serum for 5 days. In all three cases, the poly(decyl methacrylate) ISEs exhibited properties superior to conventional PVC-based ISEs, confirming the advantages of the covalent attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangrok R Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xin V Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Emerson Automation Solutions, 6021 Innovation Blvd, Shakopee Minnesota 55379, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Zhang Z, Papautsky I. Miniature Ion‐selective Electrodes with Mesoporous Carbon Black as Solid Contact. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhehao Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
- NSF Center for Advanced Design and Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM) Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
- NSF Center for Advanced Design and Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM) Chicago IL 60607 USA
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8
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Jin X, Saha A, Jiang H, Oduncu MR, Yang Q, Sedaghat S, Maize K, Allebach JP, Shakouri A, Glassmaker N, Wei A, Rahimi R, Alam MA. Steady-State and Transient Performance of Ion-Sensitive Electrodes Suitable for Wearable and Implantable Electro-chemical Sensing. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 69:96-107. [PMID: 34101580 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3087444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Potentiometric Ion-selective Electrodes (ISE) are widely used in industrial and clinical settings. The simplicity and small footprint of ISE have encouraged their recent adoption as wearable/implantable sensors for personalized healthcare and precision agriculture, creating a new set of unique challenges absent in traditional ISE. In this paper, we develop a fundamental physics-based model to describe both steady-state and transient responses of ISE relevant for wearable/implantable sensors. The model is encapsulated in a generalized Nernst formula that explicitly accounts for the analyte density, time-dynamics of signal transduction, ion-selective membrane thickness, and other sensor parameters. The formula is validated numerically by self-consistent modeling of multispecies ion-transport and experimentally by interpreting the time dynamics and thickness dependence of thin-film solid-contact and graphene-based ISE sensors for measuring soil nitrate concentration. These fundamental results will support the accelerated development of ISE for wearable/implantable applications.
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9
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Kalinichev AV, Pokhvishcheva NV, Peshkova MA. Influence of Electrolyte Coextraction on the Response of Indicator-Based Cation-Selective Optodes. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3558-3567. [PMID: 33074653 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report on systematic investigation of the impact of coextraction of the aqueous electrolyte and anion interference on the response of cation-selective bulk optodes. It is evident that to deliberately manage the properties of chemical sensors and to apply them in routine analysis, one should have exhaustive insight into their operation mechanism. Despite the extensive research in the field of ionophore-based optodes and numerous attempts for their practical application, the understanding of how coextraction of an aqueous electrolyte influences its response characteristics has not been developed thus far. Meanwhile, the electrolyte coextraction determines the detection limits of analogous ion-selective electrodes. A theoretical model based on phase distribution equilibrium is proposed to quantitatively describe the effect of Donnan exclusion failure on the response of polymeric plasticized optodes. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the results obtained with Na+/pH-selective optodes based on a neutral chromoionophore as a model system in solutions containing anions of various lipophilicities (Cl-, NO3-, I-, SCN-, and ClO4-). For the first time, it is shown that coextraction leads to a significant shift of the response range of the optodes as well as to nonmonotonic response curves due to the transition from cationic to anionic response. An approach to estimate the coextraction constants of electrolytes from the optode response curves is proposed. The limitations in the applicability of optodes due to co-ion interference are explored. It is found that neglecting anion interference can cause dramatic errors in the results of analyses with optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Kalinichev
- Chemistry Institute, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskiy prospect, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Pokhvishcheva
- Chemistry Institute, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskiy prospect, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria A. Peshkova
- Chemistry Institute, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskiy prospect, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Unintended Changes of Ion-Selective Membranes Composition-Origin and Effect on Analytical Performance. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100266. [PMID: 32998393 PMCID: PMC7601616 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ion-selective membranes, as used in potentiometric sensors, are mixtures of a few important constituents in a carefully balanced proportion. The changes of composition of the ion-selective membrane, both qualitative and quantitative, affect the analytical performance of sensors. Different constructions and materials applied to improve sensors result in specific conditions of membrane formation, in consequence, potentially can result in uncontrolled modification of the membrane composition. Clearly, these effects need to be considered, especially if preparation of miniaturized, potentially disposable internal-solution free sensors is considered. Furthermore, membrane composition changes can occur during the normal operation of sensors—accumulation of species as well as release need to be taken into account, regardless of the construction of sensors used. Issues related to spontaneous changes of membrane composition that can occur during sensor construction, pre-treatment and their operation, seem to be underestimated in the subject literature. The aim of this work is to summarize available data related to potentiometric sensors and highlight the effects that can potentially be important also for other sensors using ion-selective membranes, e.g., optodes or voltammetric sensors.
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11
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Chen XV, Mousavi MP, Bühlmann P. Fluorous-Phase Ion-Selective pH Electrodes: Electrode Body and Ionophore Optimization for Measurements in the Physiological pH Range. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13621-13629. [PMID: 32566827 PMCID: PMC7301372 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Because of their low polarity and polarizability, fluorous sensing membranes are both hydrophobic and lipophobic and exhibit very high ion selectivities. Here, we report on a new fluorous-membrane ion-selective electrode (ISE) with a wide sensing range centered around physiologically relevant pH values. The fluorophilic tris[perfluoro(octyl)butyl]amine (N[(CH2)4Rf8]3) was synthesized and tested as a new H+ ionophore using a redesigned electrode body that provides excellent mechanical sealing and much improved measurement reliability. In a challenging 1 M KCl background, these fluorous-phase ISEs exhibit a sensing range from pH 2.2 to 11.2, which is one of the widest working ranges reported to date for ionophore-based H+ ISEs. High selectivities against common interfering ions such as K+, Na+, and Ca2+ were determined (selectivity coefficients: logK H, K pot = - 11.6; logK H, Na pot = - 12.4; logK H, Ca pot < - 10.2). The use of the N[(CH2)4Rf8]3 ionophore with its -(CH2)4- spacers separating the amino group from the strongly electron-withdrawing perfluorooctyl groups improved the potentiometric selectivity as compared to the less basic tris[perfluoro(octyl)propyl]amine ionophore. The use of N[(CH2)4Rf8]3 also made the ISE less prone to counter anion failure (i.e., Donnan failure) at low pH than the use of tris[perfluoro(octyl)pentyl]amine with its longer -(CH2)5- spacers, which more effectively shield the amino center from the perfluorooctyl groups. In addition, we exposed both conventional plasticized PVC-phase pH ISEs and fluorous-phase pH ISEs to 10% serum for 5 days. Results show that the PVC-phase ISEs lost selectivity while their fluorous-phase counterparts did not.
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12
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Li X, Zhai J, Xie X. The Hofmeister Anion Effect on Ionophore‐based Ion‐selective Nanospheres Containing Solvatochromic Dyes. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoang Li
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
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13
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Siwiec K, Górski Ł. The application of germanium(IV)-porphyrins as fluoride-selective ionophores for polymeric membrane electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Electrochemical Properties of Nitrate-Selective Electrodes: The Dependence of Resistance on the Solution Concentration. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18072062. [PMID: 29958411 PMCID: PMC6069089 DOI: 10.3390/s18072062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of ion-exchanger-based solvent polymeric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs)—bulk and interfacial resistance, capacitance, and polarization under a galvanostatic current step—are studied, with a nitrate ISE based on tetradecylammonium nitrate (TDANO3) as a model system. The study is performed by chronopotentiometric and impedance measurements, and focuses on the dependence of the aforementioned properties on the concentration of NO3− anions in solution. The impacts from the bulk and the interfacial charge transfer to the overall membrane resistance are revealed. It is shown that the bulk resistance of the membranes decreases over an increase of NO3− concentration within the range of a Nernstian potentiometric response of the ISE. This fact, also reported earlier for K+- and Ca2+-selective ISEs, is not in line with current views of the mechanism of the ISE response, or of the role of ion exchange in particular. The origin of this effect is unclear. Estimates are made for the concentration of ionized species (NO3− and TDA+) and, respectively, for the TDANO3 association constant, as well as for the species diffusion coefficients in the membrane.
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15
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Kondratyeva YO, Solovyeva EV, Khripoun GA, Mikhelson KN. Non-constancy of the bulk resistance of ionophore-based ion-selective electrode: A result of electrolyte co-extraction or of something else? Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Qi B, Guo X, Gao Y, Li D, Luo J, Li H, Eghtesadi SA, He C, Duan C, Liu T. Strong Co-Ion Effect via Cation−π Interaction on the Self-Assembly of Metal–Organic Cationic Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12020-12026. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qi
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yunyi Gao
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Dong Li
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Jiancheng Luo
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Seyed Ali Eghtesadi
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Cheng He
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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van de Velde L, d'Angremont E, Olthuis W. Solid contact potassium selective electrodes for biomedical applications – a review. Talanta 2016; 160:56-65. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
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18
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Impact of the Electrolyte Co-Extraction to the Response of the Ionophore-based Ion-Selective Electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Solid contact potassium selective electrodes for biomedical applications - a review. Talanta 2016; 160:56-65. [PMID: 27591587 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) are used in several biomedical applications, including laboratory sensing of potassium concentration in blood and urine samples. For on-site determination of potassium concentration and usage in other applications such as determination of extracellular potassium concentration, miniaturization of the sensors is required. To that extent, solid contacts have proven to be an adequate substitute of liquid contacts as inner layer for ion-to-electron transduction, allowing industrial production of miniaturized ISEs. This review paper covers relevant developments of solid-state ISEs in the past decade, critically compares current potassium ISEs and discusses future prospects for biomedical applications. Performances of three main types of solid contact materials in potassium sensing are compared, namely polypyrrole, polythiophenes and conducting nanomaterials. With these new materials, numerous improvements in stability, selectivity and time response of solid-state ISEs have been made. Current developments are new operational methods of sensing, flexible miniaturized sensors and multi-electrode designs able to measure electrolyte concentrations in one-drop blood samples or transmembrane ionic flows.
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20
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Ogawara S, Carey JL, Zou XU, Bühlmann P. Donnan Failure of Ion-Selective Electrodes with Hydrophilic High-Capacity Ion-Exchanger Membranes. ACS Sens 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ogawara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jesse L. Carey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xu U. Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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21
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Mikhelson KN, Peshkova MA. Advances and trends in ionophore-based chemical sensors. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Peshkova MA, Koltashova ES, Khripoun GA, Mikhelson KN. Improvement of the upper limit of the ISE Nernstian response by tuned galvanostatic polarization. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Woźnica E, Wójcik MM, Wojciechowski M, Mieczkowski J, Bulska E, Maksymiuk K, Michalska A. Improving the Upper Detection Limit of Potentiometric Sensors. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Chen LD, Zou XU, Bühlmann P. Cyanide-Selective Electrode Based on Zn(II) Tetraphenylporphyrin as Ionophore. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9192-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301910c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li D. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
| | - Xu U. Zou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota
55455, United States
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25
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Zhang T, Lai CZ, Fierke MA, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Advantages and Limitations of Reference Electrodes with an Ionic Liquid Junction and Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Carbon as Solid Contact. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7771-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- College of Chemical
Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Chun-Ze Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Melissa A. Fierke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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26
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Makra I, Jágerszki G, Bitter I, Gyurcsányi RE. Nernst–Planck/Poisson model for the potential response of permselective gold nanopores. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Pesavento M, D'Agostino G, Biesuz R, Alberti G, Profumo A. Ion Selective Electrode for Dopamine Based on a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Miyake M, Chen LD, Pozzi G, Bühlmann P. Ion-selective electrodes with unusual response functions: simultaneous formation of ionophore-primary ion complexes with different stoichiometries. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1104-11. [PMID: 22128799 PMCID: PMC3264767 DOI: 10.1021/ac202761x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the selectivity of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) depends on the stoichiometry of the complexes between its ionophore and the target and interfering ions. It is all the more surprising that the possibility for the simultaneous occurrence of multiple target ion complexes with different complex stoichiometries was mostly ignored in the past. Here, we report on the simultaneous formation of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of a fluorophilic crown ether in fluorous ISE membranes and how this results in what looks like super-Nernstian responses. These increased response slopes are not caused by mass transfer limitations and can be readily explained with a phase boundary model, a finding that is supported by experimentally determined complex formation constants and excellent fits of response curves. Not only Cs(+) but also the smaller ions Li(+), Na(+), K(+), and NH(4)(+) form 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with the fluorophilic crown ether, with cumulative formation constants of up to 10(15.0) and 10(21.0) for of the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, respectively. Super-Nernstian responses of the type observed with these electrodes are probably not particularly rare but have lacked in the past an adequate discussion in the literature, remaining ignored or misinterpreted. Preliminary calculations also predict sub-Nernstian responses and potential dips of a similar origin. The proper understanding of such phenomena will facilitate the development of new ISEs based on ionophores that form complexes of higher stoichiometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Li D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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30
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Kerric G, Parra EJ, Crespo GA, Xavier Rius F, Blondeau P. Nanostructured assemblies for ion-sensors: functionalization of multi-wall carbon nanotubes with benzo-18-crown-6 for Pb2+ determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Chen LD, Mandal D, Pozzi G, Gladysz JA, Bühlmann P. Potentiometric sensors based on fluorous membranes doped with highly selective ionophores for carbonate. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20869-77. [PMID: 22070518 PMCID: PMC3244523 DOI: 10.1021/ja207680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Manganese(III) complexes of three fluorophilic salen derivatives were used to prepare ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with ionophore-doped fluorous sensing membranes. Because of their extremely low polarity and polarizability, fluorous media are not only chemically very inert but also solvate potentially interfering ions poorly, resulting in a much improved discrimination of such ions. Indeed, the new ISEs exhibited selectivities for CO(3)(2-) that exceed those of previously reported ISEs based on nonfluorous membranes by several orders of magnitude. In particular, the interference from chloride and salicylate was reduced by 2 and 6 orders of magnitude, respectively. To achieve this, the selectivities of these ISEs were fine-tuned by addition of noncoordinating hydrophobic ions (i.e., ionic sites) into the sensing membranes. Stability constants of the anion-ionophore complexes were determined from the dependence of the potentiometric selectivities on the charge sign of the ionic sites and the molar ratio of ionic sites and the ionophore. For this purpose, a previously introduced fluorophilic tetraphenylborate and a novel fluorophilic cation with a bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium group, (R(f6)(CH(2))(3))(3)PN(+)P(R(f6)(CH(2))(3))(3), were utilized (where R(f6) is C(6)F(13)). The optimum CO(3)(2-) selectivities were found for sensing membranes composed of anionic sites and ionophore in a 1:4 molar ratio, which results in the formation of 2:1 complexes with CO(3)(2-) with stability constants up to 4.1 × 10(15). As predicted by established theory, the site-to-ionophore ratios that provide optimum potentiometric selectivity depend on the stoichiometries of the complexes of both the primary and the interfering ions. However, the ionophores used in this study give examples of charges and stoichiometries previously neither explicitly predicted by theory nor shown by experiment. The exceptional selectivity of fluorous membranes doped with these carbonate ionophores suggests their use not only for potentiometric sensing but also for other types of sensors, such as the selective separation of carbonate from other anions and the sequestration of carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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32
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Ivanova NM, Bart TY, Grekovich AL, Mikhelson KN. Calcium-Selective Electrodes for Measurements in the Presence of Anionic Surfactants. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Kavanagh A, Byrne R, Diamond D, Radu A. A two-component polymeric optode membrane based on a multifunctional ionic liquid. Analyst 2011; 136:348-53. [PMID: 20959937 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work details the use of a 2-component optode membrane which is capable of generating three distinct colours in the presence of Cu(2+) and Co(2+) ions. It has been found that the ionic liquid (IL) trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanamide [P(6,6,6,14)][DCA] can act as plasticizer, ligand and transducer dye when used in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes, which significantly simplifies the optode membrane cocktail. Upon exposure to an aqueous Cu(2+) solution, a yellow colour is generated within the membrane, while exposure to an aqueous Co(2+) solution generates a blue colour. Exposure to a solution containing both ions produces a green colour. Vibrational spectroscopy has been used to investigate the molecular basis of the IL-metal ion the binding mechanism. Analytical characteristics of the membranes including the effect of interfering ions, binding constants and the limit of detection for both ions have been estimated. Finally the case of simultaneous dual-analyte recognition is presented based on two distinct absorption maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kavanagh
- CLARITY, The Centre for Sensor Web Technologies, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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34
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Zahran EM, Gavalas V, Valiente M, Bachas LG. Can Temperature Be Used To Tune the Selectivity of Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes? Anal Chem 2010; 82:3622-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902867d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Zahran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vasileios Gavalas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonidas G. Bachas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, and Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Abstract
The coordinative properties of perfluoro-15-crown-5 with monocations were investigated using (19)F NMR spectroscopy and ion-selective electrodes with perfluoro-15-crown-5 as the matrix of their sensor membranes and the fluorophilic tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate as ion exchanger site. The results show that perfluoro-15-crown-5 interacts weakly but significantly with Na(+) and K(+). Assuming 1:1 stoichiometry, the formal complexation constants were determined to be 5.5 and 1.7 M(-1), respectively. This weak binding is consistent with the strong electron withdrawing nature of the many fluorine atoms in the perfluorocrown ether. While perfluorinated crown ethers have been known to form host-guest complexes with the anions O(2) (-) and F(-) in the gas phase, this is the first study that quantitatively confirms cation binding to a perfluorocrown ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ze Lai
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Molly E. Reardon
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Paul G. Boswell
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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36
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Egorov V, Lyaskovski P, Il'inchik I, Soroka V, Nazarov V. Estimation of Ion-Pairing Constants in Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride) Membranes Using Segmented Sandwich Membranes Technique. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Lai CZ, Koseoglu SS, Lugert EC, Boswell PG, Rábai J, Lodge TP, Bühlmann P. Fluorous polymeric membranes for ionophore-based ion-selective potentiometry: how inert is Teflon AF? J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1598-1606. [PMID: 19133768 PMCID: PMC3227678 DOI: 10.1021/ja808047x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorous media are the least polar and polarizable condensed phases known. Their use as membrane materials considerably increases the selectivity and robustness of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). In this research, a fluorous amorphous perfluoropolymer was used for the first time as a matrix for an ISE membrane. Electrodes for pH measurements with membranes composed of poly[4,5-difluoro-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxole]-co-poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (87% dioxole monomer content; known as Teflon AF2400) as polymer matrix, a linear perfluorooligoether as plasticizer, sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate providing for ionic sites, and bis[(perfluorooctyl)propyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamine as H+ ionophore were investigated. All electrodes had excellent potentiometric selectivities, showed Nernstian responses to H+ over a wide pH range, exhibited enhanced mechanical stability, and maintained their selectivity over at least 4 weeks. For membranes of low ionophore concentration, the polymer affected the sensor selectivity noticeably at polymer concentrations exceeding 15%. Also, the membrane resistance increased quite strongly at high polymer concentrations, which cannot be explained by the Mackie-Meares obstruction model. The selectivities and resistances depend on the polymer concentration because of a functional group associated with Teflon AF2400, with a concentration of one functional group per 854 monomer units of the polymer. In the fluorous environment of these membranes, this functional group binds to Na+, K+, Ca2+, and the unprotonated ionophore with binding constants of 10(3.5), 10(1.8), 10(6.8), and 10(4.4) M(-1), respectively. Potentiometric and spectroscopic evidence indicates that these functional groups are COOH groups formed by the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid fluoride (COF) groups originally present in Teflon AF2400. The use of higher ionophore concentrations removes the undesirable effect of these COOH groups almost completely. Alternatively, the C(=O)F groups can be eliminated chemically, or they can be used to readily introduce new functionalities.
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38
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Boswell PG, Szíjjártó C, Jurisch M, Gladysz JA, Rábai J, Bühlmann P. Fluorophilic Ionophores for Potentiometric pH Determinations with Fluorous Membranes of Exceptional Selectivity. Anal Chem 2008; 80:2084-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Boswell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Csongor Szíjjártó
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Markus Jurisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - József Rábai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, and Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
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39
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Koseoglu S, Lai CZ, Ferguson C, Bühlmann P. Response Mechanism of Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on a Guanidine Ionophore: An Apparently ‘Two-Thirds Nernstian’ Response Slope. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Schazmann B, O'malley S, Nolan K, Diamond D. Development of a Calix[4]arene Sensor for Soft Metals Based on Nitrile Functionality. Supramol Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270600837173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schazmann
- a School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University , Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Shane O'malley
- a School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University , Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Kieran Nolan
- a School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University , Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dermot Diamond
- a School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University , Dublin 9, Ireland
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41
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Santos EMG, Araújo AN, Couto CMCM, Montenegro MCBSM. Construction and evaluation of PVC and sol-gel sensor membranes based on Mn(III)TPP-Cl. Application to valproate determination in pharmaceutical preparations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:867-75. [PMID: 16328243 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The construction and general performance of new valproate-selective electrodes based on manganese(III) tetraphenylporphyrin [Mn(III)TPP-Cl], as an ionophore, are presented. The ionophore was incorporated into PVC and ceramic membranes (sol-gel) based on methyltriethoxysilane. The influence of membrane composition and pH and the effect of lipophilic cationic and anionic additives in PVC membranes were investigated concerning their influence on the slope, response time, selectivity and lifetime of the electrodes. The PVC membrane without additive and the sol-gel membrane presented slopes and practical limits of detection of -60.8 mV dec(-1) and 5x10(-6) mol l(-1) and -60.3 mV dec(-1) and 1x10(-4) mol l(-1), respectively. The sol-gel membranes displayed higher selectivity for valproate when compared with PVC membranes. These two types of electrodes were coupled to a sequential-injection analysis (SIA) system for the direct determination of valproate in pharmaceutical formulations. The association of Mn(III)TPP-Cl with the sol-gel support inserted in a SIA system provided potentiometric sensors with an analytical range of 1x10(-3)-5x10(-2) mol l(-1), with a sample rate of 55 samples per hour and a sample and carrier consumption of 140 and 2,500 microl per determination, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília M G Santos
- REQUIMTE, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (U P), Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4099-030, Porto, Portugal
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42
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Gabrielli C, Hemery P, Letellier P, Masure M, Perrot H, Rahmi MI, Turmine M. Investigation of ion-selective electrodes with neutral ionophores and ionic sites by EIS. I. Theory. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Amemiya S, Bühlmann P, Odashima K. A Generalized Model for Apparently “Non-Nernstian” Equilibrium Responses of Ionophore-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes. 1. Independent Complexation of the Ionophore with Primary and Secondary Ions. Anal Chem 2003; 75:3329-39. [PMID: 14570181 DOI: 10.1021/ac026471g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A generalized model that describes apparently "non-Nernstian" equilibrium responses of ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is presented. It is formulated for primary and secondary ions of any charges that enter the membrane phase and independently form complexes with the ionophore, respectively. Equations for the phase boundary potential model were solved numerically to obtain whole response curves as a function of the sample activity of the primary ion, and analytical solutions could be obtained for apparently non-Nernstian response sections in these response curves. Ionophore-based ISEs can give three types of apparently non-Nernstian equilibrium responses, i.e., apparently "super-Nernstian", "inverted-Nernstian", and "sub-Nernstian" responses. The values of the response slopes depend on the charge numbers of the primary and secondary ions and on the stoichiometries of their complexes with the ionophore. The theoretical predictions for super-Nernstian responses agree well with the experimental results obtained with ISEs based on acidic ionophores or metalloporphyrin ionophores. Also, theoretical response curves with inverted-Nernstian slopes were found to be similar in character to the pH responses of Ca2+-selective electrodes based on organophosphate ionophores, which have been known to exhibit a so-called "potential dip". The quantitative understanding of apparently non-Nernstian response slopes presented here provides an insight into ionophore-analyte complexation processes in ISE membranes and should be helpful for the design of new ionophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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44
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Johnson RD, Bachas LG. Ionophore-based ion-selective potentiometric and optical sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 376:328-41. [PMID: 12734632 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2002] [Revised: 03/15/2003] [Accepted: 03/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and optodes with a focus on the fundamental mechanisms, response characteristics, and recognition elements (ionophores) described to date for these sensors. The topics covered review the most frequently encountered ideas about ionophore-based sensors, including the theoretical and experimental parameters that influence response, typical ionophore structures, useful membrane compositions, and applications. Since these sensors are applicable in a number of fields, such as clinical, environmental, and process monitoring, as well as more novel approaches such as microfluidic-based systems and micro/nanoprobes, this article provides descriptions that are oriented toward a more general audience. Furthermore, a large portion of this review describes the ionophore component itself in hopes of inspiring ideas in readers of how novel molecular architectures with new ionic targets or improved selectivity can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Daniel Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40505-0055, USA
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45
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Sokalski T, Lingenfelter P, Lewenstam A. Numerical Solution of the Coupled Nernst−Planck and Poisson Equations for Liquid Junction and Ion Selective Membrane Potentials. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026406a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sokalski
- Process Chemistry Group, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02093 Warsaw, Poland, and Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, University of Mining and Metallurgy, 30059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Peter Lingenfelter
- Process Chemistry Group, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02093 Warsaw, Poland, and Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, University of Mining and Metallurgy, 30059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewenstam
- Process Chemistry Group, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02093 Warsaw, Poland, and Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, University of Mining and Metallurgy, 30059 Cracow, Poland
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Santos EMG, Couto CMCM, Montenegro MCBSM, Neves MGPMS, Rebelo SLH, Cavaleiro JAS, Reis BF. Ion-selective electrodes based on metalloporphyrins for gibberellic acid determination in agricultural products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:511-6. [PMID: 12610702 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-002-1717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2002] [Revised: 11/10/2002] [Accepted: 11/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the construction, evaluation and analytical application of electrodes selective to the gibberellate anion for the determination of gibberellic acid in agricultural products. Several types of PVC membrane electrodes without internal reference solution were prepared using the manganese(III) complex of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) as ionophore and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), as plasticizer. The incorporation of lipophilic chemical species as additives, was also carried out aiming the evaluation of the response characteristics of the electrodes. To accomplish the analysis of commercial agricultural products a selective membrane composed of 28.0% (w/w) of PVC, 66.0% (w/w) of plasticizer and 6% (w/w) of ionophore was used, with no additive. This potentiometric unit presented a linear response between 10(-4) and 10(-1) mol L(-1) in gibberellate, a slope of about -69 mV dec(-1) and a reproducibility of about +/-1 mV day(-1). The potentiometric analysis of gibberellic acid in commercial products was carried out by direct potentiometry and the results obtained were compared with those provided by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília M G Santos
- CEQUP/Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4050-047, Porto, Portugal
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Ceresa A, Qin Y, Peper S, Bakker E. Mechanistic insights into the development of optical chloride sensors based on the [9]mercuracarborand-3 ionophore. Anal Chem 2003; 75:133-40. [PMID: 12530829 DOI: 10.1021/ac026055w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent sensing microspheres based on perhaps the most selective and practically useful chloride ionophore known, the recently reported [9]mercuracarborand-3 (MC-3), have been prepared and optimized for physiological measurements. In initial work, this ionophore was shown to yield functional optical sensing films in combination with an electrically neutral chromoionophore, ETH 5418. Unfortunately, however, these optodes suffered from unacceptably high levels of sodium interference under physiological conditions. To better understand the sensing mechanism, optical and potentiometric binding experiments were used to characterize the stoichiometry and the complex formation constants for this ionophore. It was found that the preferred stoichiometry is 1:2, rather than 1:1 as assumed earlier. The 1:2 complex is extremely stable (logbeta2 = 13.4), but a relatively strong 1:1 complex also exists (log K1 = 9.9). These characteristics were used to fabricate chloride optodes that make use of the stepwise ion-ionophore decomplexation equilibrium, by adding a calculated amount of lipophilic anion exchanger to the polymer film. Such optodes showed dramatically reduced sodium interference while maintaining the excellent selectivity of the traditional formulation. The optimized composition also shifted the measuring range to physiological conditions, making them useful for the assessment of chloride in undiluted and 10-fold-diluted blood at pH 7.4. After necessary alterations of the particle preparation procedure and sensor formulation, the new insights were used to fabricate mass-produced optical sensing microspheres with characteristics essentially identical to those of the optode sensing films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ceresa
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Malinowska E, Górski Ł, Wojciechowska D, Reinoso-García MM, Verboom W, Reinhoudt DN. Potentiometric studies of complexation properties of tetrafunctionalized resorcinarene-based cavitands. NEW J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b305032g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sakly N, Touzi H, Ouada H, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Marie E, Chevalier Y. Electrical characterization of a new polymeric ion-exchanging membrane for the chemical detection of anions. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(02)00055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Qin Y, Bakker E. Evaluation of the separate equilibrium processes that dictate the upper detection limit of neutral ionophore-based potentiometric sensors. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3134-41. [PMID: 12141674 DOI: 10.1021/ac0156159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The upper detection limit of polar ionophore-based ion-selective electrode membranes is predicted by utilizing the coextraction constant of dissociated electrolyte, the stability constant of the ionophore, and the membrane composition. The coextraction constant of dissociated electrolytes into the polar poly(vinyl chloride) membrane plasticized with o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (PVC-NPOE) is here measured by a novel approach. The sandwich membrane technique is utilized, with one membrane segment containing a lipophilic cation exchanger and the other containing an anion exchanger. This yields information about the coextraction constant and the free ion concentrations of the electrolyte in the two segments. Predictions correlate quantitatively with the upper detection limit observed for ion-selective electrodes based on the ionophores valinomycin, tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraethyl ester, and calcimycin. The difficulties of the prediction of the upper detection limit for nonpolar poly(vinyl chloride) membranes plasticized with bis(2-ethylhexyl sebacate) (PVC-DOS) due to ion association are discussed in detail. A thermodynamic cycle experiment with a series of sandwich membranes shows that the principal processes governing the upper detection limit of PVC-DOS membranes are identical to those for the PVC-NPOE membranes. However, the stability of the ion pairs between the ionophore-metal ion complexes and the extracted anion are different from that of ion pairs formed between the same anion and the lipophilic anion exchanger. This makes it difficult to quantitatively predict the upper detection limit on the basis of simple apparent coextraction and complexation data alone. The approach reported herein is useful not only for mechanistic purposes but also to shed light onto the many cases where coextraction effects need to be understood but are not directly experimentally accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
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