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Qin M, Qian Y, Huang L, Zhong C, Li M, Yu J, Chen H. Extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for analytical evaluation and synthetic preparation of pharmaceutical chemicals. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1110900. [PMID: 36713836 PMCID: PMC9880169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS), due to the unique configuration of its ionization module, enables the effective ionization of trace molecules of interest in samples containing complex matrices with high sensitivity, high selectivity and high responding speed without requiring sample pretreatment, and allows high-energy molecular species to undergo specially designed reactions for advanced functionalization. The typical effects of operating conditions on the analytical performance of extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for various pharmaceutical compounds, pharmaceutical preparations and herbal materials were systematically reviewed. The application prospect of extraction electrospray ionization in molecular functionalization for advanced drug discovery is also briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Qin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for BioSample Analysis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Translational Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Nanchang, Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuqing Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Translational Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Nanchang, Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingdong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Centre for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for BioSample Analysis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,*Correspondence: Huanwen Chen,
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2
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Xavier T, Condon S, Pichon C, Le Gall E, Presset M. Substituted Malonic Acid Half Oxyesters (SMAHOs): Greener Nucleophiles for Organic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Xavier
- ICMPE: Institut de Chimie et des Materiaux Paris-Est C3M FRANCE
| | - Sylvie Condon
- ICMPE: Institut de Chimie et des Materiaux Paris-Est C3M FRANCE
| | | | - Erwan Le Gall
- ICMPE: Institut de Chimie et des Materiaux Paris-Est C3M FRANCE
| | - Marc Presset
- Institut de Chimie et des Materiaux Paris-Est C3M 2-8 Rue Henri Dunant94320 94320 Thiais FRANCE
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3
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Xavier T, Condon S, Pichon C, Le Gall E, Presset M. Preparation of mono-substituted malonic acid half oxyesters (SMAHOs). Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2085-2094. [PMID: 34476015 PMCID: PMC8381853 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of mono-substituted malonic acid half oxyesters (SMAHOs) has been hampered by the sporadic references describing their preparation. An evaluation of different approaches has been achieved, allowing to define the best strategies to introduce diversity on both the malonic position and the ester function. A classical alkylation step of a malonate by an alkyl halide followed by a monosaponification gave access to reagents bearing different substituents at the malonic position, including functionalized derivatives. On the other hand, the development of a monoesterification step of a substituted malonic acid derivative proved to be the best entry for diversity at the ester function, rather than the use of an intermediate Meldrum acid. Both these transformations are characterized by their simplicity and efficiency, allowing a straightforward access to SMAHOs from cheap starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Xavier
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, 2 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Sylvie Condon
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, 2 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Christophe Pichon
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, 2 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Erwan Le Gall
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, 2 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Marc Presset
- Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, 2 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France
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Salvitti C, Bortolami M, Chiarotto I, Troiani A, de Petris G. The Knoevenagel condensation catalysed by ionic liquids: a mass spectrometric insight into the reaction mechanism. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03594k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry was used to study the Knoevenagel condensation catalysed by imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Two pathways were highlighted by intercepting two different reaction intermediates: a base-catalysed and a carbene-catalysed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Bortolami
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, Roma, Italy
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia de Petris
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Zhang X, Pei M, Wu D, Yang S, Le Z. Real-time monitoring of the reaction between aniline and acetonylacetone using extractive electorspray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19279. [PMID: 31848445 PMCID: PMC6917761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work an on-line monitoring method was developed to study the mechanism of acetic acid catalyzed reaction between aniline and acetonylacetone using extractive electorspray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). The signals of reactants, intermediates and various byproducts were continuously detected as a function of reaction time. The chemical assignment of each signal was done via multi-stage collision induced dissociation (CID) analysis, and the reaction mechanism between aniline and acetonylacetone was deduced based on the generated molecular ions and fragment ions. The results indicate that on-line EESI-MS is an effective technique for the real time analysis of chemical reactions. EESI avoids off-line sample pretreatment and provides "soft" ionization, which allows direct analysis of various analytes at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglei Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaorong Pei
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Debo Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuiping Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanggao Le
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
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Xavier T, Condon S, Pichon C, Le Gall E, Presset M. Synthesis of α,β-Disubstituted Acrylates via Galat Reaction. Org Lett 2019; 21:6135-6139. [PMID: 31310136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Galat reactions between aldehydes and substituted malonic acids half oxyester were found to be efficiently catalyzed by morpholine in refluxing toluene. This transformation allows the stereoselective synthesis of diverse α,β-disubstituted acrylates in moderate to good yields. This method constitutes an attractive alternative to existing methods in terms of scope and eco-compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Xavier
- Electrochimie et Synthèse Organique, Université Paris Est , ICMPE, (UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC , 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais , France
| | - Sylvie Condon
- Electrochimie et Synthèse Organique, Université Paris Est , ICMPE, (UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC , 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais , France
| | - Christophe Pichon
- Electrochimie et Synthèse Organique, Université Paris Est , ICMPE, (UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC , 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais , France
| | - Erwan Le Gall
- Electrochimie et Synthèse Organique, Université Paris Est , ICMPE, (UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC , 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais , France
| | - Marc Presset
- Electrochimie et Synthèse Organique, Université Paris Est , ICMPE, (UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC , 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais , France
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7
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Fleischer H, Do VQ, Thurow K. Online Measurement System in Reaction Monitoring for Determination of Structural and Elemental Composition Using Mass Spectrometry. SLAS Technol 2019; 24:330-341. [PMID: 30616500 DOI: 10.1177/2472630318813838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of chemical reactions is an important task in chemical engineering, especially in quality control, pharmaceutical and biological processes, or industrial production. The development of new reactions such as catalyst-based procedures requires detailed knowledge about process steps and reaction kinetics. For qualitative and quantitative analysis of reactants and resulting products, proprietary online measurement systems are used, which were designed for special applications. A mobile online reaction monitoring system was developed for a flexible coupling to different mass selective measurement systems for structural (ESI-MS) and elemental (ICP-MS) analysis to determine chemical precursors, reaction products, and internal standard compounds and their elemental composition at any stage of the reaction. Chemical reactions take place in a tempered continuous-flow microreactor. The flow rate in the microreactor can be varied to adjust the residence times in the reactor. An online dilution module was integrated to adapt the concentration of the reaction solutions to the working range of the analyzers. The performance and limitations of the online reaction system were determined using standard solutions and a real chemical reaction. The control software with a graphical user interface enables the adjustment of reaction, sampling, and measurement parameters as well as the system and process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Fleischer
- 1 Institute of Automation, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vinh Quang Do
- 2 Center for Life Science Automation (celisca), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Can Tho University of Technology, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Kerstin Thurow
- 2 Center for Life Science Automation (celisca), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Patel DC, Lyu Y"F, Gandarilla J, Doherty S. Unattended reaction monitoring using an automated microfluidic sampler and on-line liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1004:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Blanazs A, Bristow TWT, Coombes SR, Corry T, Nunn M, Ray AD. Coupling and optimisation of online nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry for process monitoring to cover the broad range of process concentration. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:274-282. [PMID: 27392109 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Real time online monitoring of chemical processes can be carried out by a number of analytical techniques, including optical and vibrational spectroscopies, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). As each technique has unique advantages and challenges, combinations are an attractive option. The combination of a 500-MHz 1 H NMR and a small footprint mass spectrometer to monitor a batch reaction at process concentration was investigated. The mass spectrometer was coupled into the flow path of an online reaction monitoring NMR. Reaction mixture was pumped from a 100-ml vessel to an NMR flow tube before returning to the vessel. Small aliquots were diverted into a sampling make-up flow using an active flow splitter and passed to the mass spectrometer. Advantages of the combination were observed. 1 H NMR was ideal for quantitation of high level components, whereas MS showed a greater capability for detecting those at low level. In preliminary experiments MS produced a limited linear relationship with concentration (0.02% to 2% relative concentration, 0.01 mg/ml-1.25 mg/ml), because of signal saturation at the higher concentrations. NMR was unable to detect components below 0.1% relative to concentration maximum. Optimisation of sample transfer to the MS extended the linearity to 10% relative to the concentration maximum. Therefore, the combination of online NMR and MS allows both qualitative and quantitative analysis of reaction components over the full process range. The application of the combination was demonstrated by monitoring a batch chemical reaction and this is described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Blanazs
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Tony W T Bristow
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Steven R Coombes
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Tom Corry
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Mike Nunn
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Andrew D Ray
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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Lewis C, Ray A, Bristow T, Wren S. Determining the suitability of mass spectrometry for understanding the dissolution processes involved with pharmaceutical tablets. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1107-1114. [PMID: 25981541 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A current challenge for analytical chemists is the development of the measurement systems and approaches required to understand dynamic processes such as tablet dissolution. The design and development of oral tablets could be improved by the availability of detailed information about the rates of release of the individual tablet components. Small footprint mass spectrometry (MS) systems are gaining use for on-line reaction monitoring because of their ability to rapidly determine multiple reactant, intermediate, and product species. We have therefore assessed the utility of such MS systems to the study of dissolution processes. METHODS Aqueous dissolution media containing phosphate and other non-volatile buffer salts were pumped from a standard USPII dissolution vessel through an active splitter and back. The splitter sampled the dissolution stream and diluted it into a make-up flow which was pumped to a small single quadrupole mass spectrometer. Single ion monitoring was used to quantify the ions of interest. Three different bio-relevant dissolution media were studied to gauge the effect of the sample matrix. RESULTS Individual dissolution profiles were obtained from a tablet containing three drugs, and lactose as the soluble filler. This was successfully demonstrated with three different bio-relevant media designed to reflect the pH of the different sections of the human gastro-intestinal tract. Component concentrations as low as 0.06 µg/mL (representing 1% dissolution) were detected. The MS dissolution profiles correlated with the visual observation of tablet dissolution. MS gave linear responses with concentration for the individual components, although analysis of the tablet solution indicated that ion suppression is an area for further investigation. CONCLUSIONS An on-line MS system was used to determine the individual dissolution profiles of three drugs and lactose as they were released from the same tablet. The level of each of these components in solution was determined every 10 seconds, and each had a similar release profile. The dissolution profiles were determined using inorganic buffer solutions at three different bio-relevant pHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew Ray
- AstraZeneca R&D, Pharmaceutical Development, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Tony Bristow
- AstraZeneca R&D, Pharmaceutical Development, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Stephen Wren
- AstraZeneca R&D, Pharmaceutical Development, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
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Monitoring of an esterification reaction by on-line direct liquid sampling mass spectrometry and in-line mid infrared spectrometry with an attenuated total reflectance probe. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 849:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Bristow TWT, Ray AD, O'Kearney-McMullan A, Lim L, McCullough B, Zammataro A. On-line monitoring of continuous flow chemical synthesis using a portable, small footprint mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1794-1802. [PMID: 25106707 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For on-line monitoring of chemical reactions (batch or continuous flow), mass spectrometry (MS) can provide data to (1) determine the fate of starting materials and reagents, (2) confirm the presence of the desired product, (3) identify intermediates and impurities, (4) determine steady state conditions and point of completion, and (5) speed up process optimization. Recent developments in small footprint atmospheric pressure ionization portable mass spectrometers further enable this coupling, as the mass spectrometer can be easily positioned with the reaction system to be studied. A major issue for this combination is the transfer of a sample that is representative of the reaction and also compatible with the mass spectrometer. This is particularly challenging as high concentrations of reagents and products can be encountered in organic synthesis. The application of a portable mass spectrometer for on-line characterization of flow chemical synthesis has been evaluated by coupling a Microsaic 4000 MiD to the Future Chemistry Flow Start EVO chemistry system. Specifically, the Hofmann rearrangement has been studied using the on-line mass spectrometry approach. Sample transfer from the flow reactor is achieved using a mass rate attenuator (MRA) and a sampling make-up flow from a high pressure pump. This enables the appropriate sample dilution, transfer, and preparation for electrospray ionization. The capability of this approach to provide process understanding is described using an industrial pharmaceutical process that is currently under development. The effect of a number of key experimental parameters, such as the composition of the sampling make-up flow and the dilution factor on the mass spectrometry data, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W T Bristow
- AstraZeneca, Pharmaceutical Development, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 2NA, UK,
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Bain RM, Pulliam CJ, Cooks RG. Accelerated Hantzsch electrospray synthesis with temporal control of reaction intermediates. Chem Sci 2014; 6:397-401. [PMID: 28694938 PMCID: PMC5485237 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02436b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex chemical reactions can occur in electrosprayed droplets on the millisecond time scale. The Hantzsch synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines was studied in this way using on-line mass spectral analysis to optimize conditions and characterize the product mixture. Changing the distance between the nanospray source and the MS inlet allowed exploration of reaction progress as a function of droplet time-of-flight. Desolvation of the charged microdroplets is associated with transformation from starting material to intermediates and eventually to product as the distance is increased. Results of the on-line experiments require a termination step that discontinuously completes the desolvation process and allows the generated gaseous ions to be used to characterize the state of the system at a particular time. The intermediates seen correspond to those known to occur in the bulk solution-phase reaction. Off-line collection of the sprayed reaction mixture allowed the recovery of 250 mg h-1 of desired reaction product from a single sprayer, permitting characterization by NMR and other standard methods. A thin film version of the accelerated reaction is described and it could be controlled through the temperature of the collection surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bain
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-765-494-5263
| | - Christopher J Pulliam
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-765-494-5263
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-765-494-5263.,Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47909 , USA
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14
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Browne DL, Wright S, Deadman BJ, Dunnage S, Baxendale IR, Turner RM, Ley SV. Continuous flow reaction monitoring using an on-line miniature mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1999-2010. [PMID: 22847699 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A recently developed miniature electrospray ionisation mass spectrometer has been coupled to a preparative flow chemistry system in order to monitor reactive intermediates and competing reaction paths, screen starting materials, and optimise reaction conditions. Although ideally suited to the application, mass spectrometers have rarely been used in this way, as traditional instruments are too bulky to be conveniently coupled to flow chemistry platforms. METHODS A six-port switching valve fitted with a 5 μL loop was used to periodically sample the flow stream leaving the reactor coil. Mass spectra corresponding to the sample loop contents were observed approximately 10 s after activating the valve. High fluidic pressure was maintained throughout to ensure that gaseous products remained in solution. As an illustrative example of how this apparatus can be employed, the generation of benzyne and its subsequent reaction with furan were investigated. Benzyne was prepared via diazotisation of anthranilic acid using tert-butyl nitrite. RESULTS Unexpectedly, the explosive diazotised intermediate was detected by the mass spectrometer at low coil temperatures or short residence times. The optimum reactor temperature and residence time for production of the desired Diels-Alder product are 50 °C and 3-5 min, respectively. There are competing reaction pathways leading to the formation of acridone and several other by-products. CONCLUSIONS On-line mass spectrometry allowed the flow conditions to be quickly tuned for safe operation and optimal generation of the desired product. The validity of this approach was corroborated by off-line liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of flow samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan L Browne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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15
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Zhu Z, Bartmess JE, McNally ME, Hoffman RM, Cook KD, Song L. Quantitative real-time monitoring of chemical reactions by autosampling flow injection analysis coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7547-54. [PMID: 22881719 DOI: 10.1021/ac3017136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although qualitative and/or semiquantitative real-time monitoring of chemical reactions have been reported with a few mass spectrometric approaches, to our knowledge, no quantitative mass spectrometric approach has been reported so far to have a calibration valid up to molar concentrations as required by process control. This is mostly due to the absence of a practical solution that could well address the sample overloading issue. In this study, a novel autosampling flow injection analysis coupled with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (FIA/APCI-MS) system, consisting of a 1 μL automatic internal sample injector, a postinjection splitter with 1:10 splitting ratio, and a detached APCI source connected to the mass spectrometer using a 4.5 in. long, 0.042 in. inner diameter (ID) stainless-steel capillary, was thus introduced. Using this system together with an optional FIA solvent modifier, e.g., 0.05% (v/v) isopropylamine, a linear quantitative calibration up to molar concentration has been achieved with 3.4-7.2% relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 4 replicates. As a result, quantitative real-time monitoring of a model reaction was successfully performed at the 1.63 M level. It is expected that this novel autosampling FIA/APCI-MS system can be used in quantitative real-time monitoring of a wide range of reactions under diverse reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqian Zhu
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
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16
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Åberg O, Lindhe Ö, Hall H, Hellman P, Kihlberg T, Långström B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of [carboxyl-11C]eprosartan. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Zhu L, Gamez G, Chen HW, Huang HX, Chingin K, Zenobi R. Real-time, on-line monitoring of organic chemical reactions using extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2993-2998. [PMID: 18763264 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) for real-time monitoring of organic chemical reactions was demonstrated for a well-established pharmaceutical process reaction and a widely used acetylation reaction in the presence of a nucleophilic catalyst, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4-DMAP). EESI-MS provides real-time information that allows us to determine the optimum time for terminating the reaction based on the relative intensities of the precursors and products. In addition, tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis via EESI-MS permits on-line validation of proposed reaction intermediates. The simplicity and rapid response of EESI-MS make it a valuable technique for on-line characterization and full control of chemical and pharmaceutical reactions, resulting in maximized product yield and minimized environmental costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Real-time monitoring of a pharmaceutical process reaction using a membrane interface combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fabris D. Mass spectrometric approaches for the investigation of dynamic processes in condensed phase. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2005; 24:30-54. [PMID: 15389863 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) offers many advantages over other established spectroscopic techniques employed for the investigation of processes in condensed phase. The sensitivity, specificity, and speed afforded by MS-based methods enable to obtain very valuable insights into the mechanism of complex dynamic processes. Off-line methods rely on quenching to halt the progress of the reaction of interest and allow for the implementation of a broad range of analytical procedures for sample fractionation, isolation, or desalting. On the contrary, on-line methods are designed to carry out the real-time monitoring of dynamic processes through a continuous uninterrupted analysis of reaction mixtures, with the only caveat that the sample solutions be directly amenable to the available ionization technique. The utilization of rapid mixing devices in direct connection with a mass spectrometer or included in off-line schemes provides access to the initial moments of a reaction, which can offer very important information about the reaction mechanism. This report summarizes the different off- and on-line strategies developed to study chemical and biochemical reactions in solution and obtain kinetic/mechanistic information. The merits of the various experimental designs, the characteristics of the different instrumental setups, and the factors affecting time resolution are discussed with the aid of specific examples, which highlight the contributions of MS to the different facets of the investigation of dynamic processes in condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fabris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.
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Workman J, Creasy KE, Doherty S, Bond L, Koch M, Ullman A, Veltkamp DJ. Process analytical chemistry. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2705-18. [PMID: 11432699 DOI: 10.1021/ac010364p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Workman
- Analytical Science & Technology, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wisconsin 54956, USA
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Adamczyk M, Gebler JC, Mattingly PG, Wu J. Evidence of nucleophilic addition to chemiluminescent N-sulfonylacridinium-9-carboxamides from electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:2112-2115. [PMID: 11114017 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20001130)14:22<2112::aid-rcm139>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Addition of nucleophiles to the chemiluminescent acridinium-9-carboxamide 1 resulted in the formation of the acridan adduct 7. The relative ratio of 1/7 present in solution could be determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for a number of nucleophiles that are commonly employed during the use of 1 as a label in medical diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adamczyk
- Abbott Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6106, USA.
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