1
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Hellgren V, Singh P, Kulkarni A, Bagheri N, Widengren J, Manavalan G, Almqvist F. Photoredox-Catalyzed Radical Coupling of C7-Chloromethyl-Substituted Thiazolino Ring-Fused 2-Pyridones with Quinoxalinones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11802-11810. [PMID: 39051977 PMCID: PMC11334187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
We have developed an Ir(PPy)3 photoredox-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction that allows installation of quinoxalinones at the C7 position of thiazolino ring-fused 2-pyridones (TRPs) under mild conditions. The methodology tolerates various substituted quinoxalinones and biologically relevant substituents on the C8 position of the TRP. The TRP scaffold has large potential in the development of lead compounds, and while the coupled products are interesting from a drug-development perspective, the methodology will be useful for developing more potent and drug-like TRP-based candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hellgren
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pardeep Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Abhilash Kulkarni
- Department
of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niusha Bagheri
- Department
of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jerker Widengren
- Department
of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Fredrik Almqvist
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, UCMR, Umeå
University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Tan Z, Lin M, Liu J, Wu H, Chao H. Cyclometalated iridium(III) tetrazine complexes for mitochondria-targeted two-photon photodynamic therapy. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12917-12926. [PMID: 39028267 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The fast-moving field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has provided fresh opportunities to expand the potential of metallodrugs to combat cancers in a light-controlled manner. As such, in the present study, a series of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes modified with a tetrazine functional group (namely, Ir-ppy-Tz, Ir-pbt-Tz, and Ir-dfppy-Tz) are developed as potential two-photon photodynamic anticancer agents. These complexes target mitochondria but exhibit low toxicity towards HLF primary lung fibroblast normal cells in the dark. When receiving a low-dose one- or two-photon PDT, they become highly potent towards A549 lung cancer cells (with IC50 values ranging from 24.0 nM to 96.0 nM) through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce mitochondrial damage and subsequent apoptosis. Our results indicated that the incorporation of tetrazine with cyclometalated Ir(III) matrices would increase the singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yield (ΦΔ) and, meanwhile, enable a type I PDT mechanism. Ir-pbt-Tz, with the largest two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-section (σ2 = 102 GM), shows great promise in serving as a two-photon PDT agent for phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanru Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Mingwei Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Jiangping Liu
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China.
| | - Huihui Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The East Division of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510700, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 400201, P. R. China
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3
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Das B, Biswas P, Mallick AI, Gupta P. Application of Mono and Trinuclear Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes in Differential Bacterial Imaging and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400646. [PMID: 38652686 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The application of transition metal complexes for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an attractive alternative in mitigating a broad range of bacterial pathogens, including multidrug-resistant pathogens. In view of their photostability, long excited-state lifetimes, and tunable emission properties, transition metal complexes also contribute as bioimaging agents. In the present work, we designed mono and trinuclear cyclometalated iridium (III) complexes to explore their imaging application and antibacterial potential. For this, we used Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), the most prevalent of community-associated (CA) multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria (CA MDR) and Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) as Gram-positive while Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and E. coli as Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to differential bioimaging of these bacteria, we assessed the antibacterial effects of both mono and trinuclear Ir(III) complexes under exposure to 427 nm LED light. The data presented herein strongly suggest better efficacy of trinuclear Ir(III) complex over the mononuclear complex in imparting photoinduced cell death of MRSA. Based on the safety profile of these complexes, we propose that trinuclear cyclometalated iridium(III) complex holds great promise for selective recognition and targeting MDR bacteria with minimal off-target effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
- Present address, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, 13699, New York, US
| | - Prakash Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Amirul Islam Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Parna Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
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4
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Cagan D, Bím D, Kazmierczak NP, Hadt RG. Mechanisms of Photoredox Catalysis Featuring Nickel-Bipyridine Complexes. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9055-9076. [PMID: 38868098 PMCID: PMC11165457 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox catalysis can unlock useful pathways for transforming organic reactants into desirable products, largely due to the conversion of photon energy into chemical potential to drive redox and bond transformation processes. Despite the importance of these processes for cross-coupling reactions and other transformations, their mechanistic details are only superficially understood. In this review, we have provided a detailed summary of various photoredox mechanisms that have been proposed to date for Ni-bipyridine (bpy) complexes, focusing separately on photosensitized and direct excitation reaction processes. By highlighting multiple bond transformation pathways and key findings, we depict how photoredox reaction mechanisms, which ultimately define substrate scope, are themselves defined by the ground- and excited-state geometric and electronic structures of key Ni-based intermediates. We further identify knowledge gaps to motivate future mechanistic studies and the development of synergistic research approaches spanning the physical, organic, and inorganic chemistry communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David
A. Cagan
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Daniel Bím
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The
Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Nathanael P. Kazmierczak
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Xu K, Zheng L, Bao SS, Ma J, Xie X, Zheng LM. Lanthanide-Sensitized Upconversion Iridium Complex via Triplet Energy Transfer. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400671. [PMID: 38803310 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Cyclometalated iridium (Ir) complexes demonstrate impressive capabilities across a range of fields, including biology and photocatalysis, due to their tunable optical characteristics and structure flexibility. However, generating upconversion luminescence of Ir complexes under near-infrared light excitation is challenging. Herein, by employing lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the sensitizer, a new strategy is demonstrated to gain upconversion luminescence of Ir complexes via triplet energy transfer. This design relies on a rationally designed hybrid of core-shell structured NaYbF4:Tb@NaTbF4 UCNPs and new Ir phosphonate complexes, in which UCNPs can migrate upconverted energy to the surface of nanoparticles through Tb3+-mediated energy migration and then sensitize the upconversion luminescence of Ir complexes upon 980 nm excitation. Both experimental and theoretical investigations highlight the significance of triplet energy transfer from excited Tb3+ ions to the triplet state of Ir complexes in the sensitization of upconversion luminescence of Ir complexes. These findings may open exciting avenues for fabricating hybrid Ir materials with new functions and driving the development of UCNP-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lifeng Zheng
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Song-Song Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoji Xie
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Li-Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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6
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Shen S, Nong S, Zhang X, Song J, Meng C, Liu X, Shao L, Li G, Xu L. An ALP-responsive, anionic iridium complex for specific recognition of osteosarcoma cells. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8633-8641. [PMID: 38695060 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Poor cellular permeability greatly hampers the utilization of anionic Ir(III) complexes, though efficiently emissive and remarkably stable, in cell-based diagnosis. To overcome this barrier, we present the development of an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-responsive, anionic, and aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active Ir(III) complex (Ir1) for specific recognition of osteosarcoma cells. Containing phosphate moieties, Ir1 exhibits a net -1 charge, enabling charge repulsion from the cell membrane and resulting in low cellular uptake and good biocompatibility in normal osteoblast cells. Upon ALP-mediated hydrolysis of phosphate groups, the resulting dephosphorylated product, Ir2, demonstrates a positive charge and increased lipophilicity, promoting cellular uptake and activating its AIE properties for specific recognition of osteosarcoma cells that express elevated levels of ALP. This study elucidates the role of ALP as an ideal trigger for enhancing the cellular permeability of phosphate ester-containing Ir(III) complexes, thus expanding the potential of anionic Ir(III) complexes for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, 528458, P.R. China.
| | - Shuli Nong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, 528458, P.R. China.
| | - Xianpeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, 528458, P.R. China.
| | - Jiaqi Song
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Caiting Meng
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Xinling Liu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Guanying Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, 528458, P.R. China.
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7
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Mishra S, Patra S. Aqueous emissive cyclometalated iridium photoreductants: synthesis, computational analysis and the photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8214-8222. [PMID: 38618673 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00766b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present luminescent mononuclear iridium complexes [1]3+-[4]3+ using NEt3-appended C^N chelating benzimidazole (L1-L4) and semi-flexible phenanthroline-pyrazine-based (phpy) ligands exhibiting photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in the presence of NEt3 in an aqueous medium. The formation of [1]3+-[4]3+ was confirmed by HRMS, 1H-1H COSY, and 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy. The complex [4]3+ is water soluble, whereas the others ([1]3+-[3]3+) are partially soluble. The complexes are luminescent in both CH3CN and H2O media. The DFT study reveals that the HOMO of [1]3+ resides on the C^N chelating benzimidazole and iridium center. However, it moves to the pyrazine-pyridine of the phpy unit in the case of [2]3+-[4]3+. The LUMOs are localized on the phenanthroline unit of phpy for all the complexes. This suggests an important role of the fluorine atom on electron density distribution. Spin density analysis demonstrates that the emission bands of the complexes arise from 3MLLCT states. The complex [4]3+ displays promising photocatalytic activity towards 4-NP photoreduction, whereas complexes [1]3+-[3]3+ exhibit lower reactivity. The mechanistic study suggests that the reaction proceeds through an oxidative quenching pathway, where 4-NP is reduced by accepting an electron from excited [Ir(III)] and gets oxidized to Ir(IV), which comes back to its original Ir(III) state by accepting an electron from the sacrificial electron donor NEt3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyaranjan Mishra
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Jatni, Odisha-752050, India.
| | - Srikanta Patra
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Jatni, Odisha-752050, India.
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8
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Zong C, Kong L, Li C, Xv H, Lv M, Chen X, Li C. Light-harvesting iridium (III) complex-sensitized NiO photocathode for photoelectrochemical bioanalysis. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:223. [PMID: 38556564 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
A novel iridium (III) complex bearing boron dipyrromethene (Bodipy) as the light-harvesting antenna has been synthesized and is firstly employed as photosensitizer to assemble a dye-sensitized NiO photocathode. The assembled photocathode exhibits significantly improved photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. Integrating the prepared photocathode with hybridization chain reaction (HCR)--based signal amplification strategy, a cathodic PEC biosensor is proposed for the detection of microRNA-133a (miRNA-133a). In the presence of the target, HCR is triggered to form long duplex concatamers on the photocathode, which allows numerous manganese porphyrins (MnPP) to bind in the dsDNA groove. With the help of H2O2, MnPP with peroxidase-like activity catalyzes 4--chloro-1-naphthol (4-CN) to produce benzo--4--chlorohexadienone (4-CD) precipitate on the electrode, leading to a significant decrease of photocurrent signal. The decreased photocurrent correlates linearly with the target concentration from 0.1 fM to 1 nM with a detection limit of 66.2 aM (S/N = 3). The proposed PEC strategy exhibits delightful selectivity, reproducibility and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxue Zong
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghui Kong
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Xv
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengwei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Silva RC, Canisares FSM, Saraiva LF, Pires AM, Lima SAM. Featuring long-lifetime deep-red emitting iridium III complexes with high colour purity: insights into the excited state dynamics from spectroscopic and theoretical perspectives. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5466-5477. [PMID: 38414337 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The significant attention drawn to IrIII-complexes in recent years has boosted the development of new compounds with advantageous photophysical features. However, obtaining IrIII deep-red-emitting complexes with long lived excited state, high colour purity and high quantum yield (Φ) remains a challenging task. To address this issue, this study reports the synthesis and photophysical investigation of three novel zwitterionic complexes, [Ir(C^N)2bqdc] (C^N = ppy, phq, and bzq), with ppy = 2-phenylpyridine (Ir-pb), phq = 2-phenylquinoline (Ir-qb), bzq = benzo[h]quinoline (Ir-bb), and bqdc = potassium 2,2'-biquinoline-4,4'-dicarboxylate. These complexes exhibit high quantum yields and long emission lifetimes with high colour purity in the deep-red region. The structural characterisation carried out by usual spectroscopic measurements supports the proposed structures, while the photophysical study unveiled the high contribution of the 3MLCT state to the hybrid emitter state, as endorsed by theoretical investigations. The desired correspondence between the calculations and the experimental data set affirmed the accuracy of the theoretical analysis, which enabled us to establish a relationship between the ground-to-excited-state geometry distortion and the lifetime through the nonradiative decay (knr). Furthermore, these newly synthesized complexes exhibit quenching in the presence of molecular oxygen. In deoxygenated DMSO solution the knr values halve, increasing the quantum yields (34.0, 10.6, and 26.6%) and the lifetimes (1.13, 1.11, and 1.72 μs), while leading to quite pure deep-red emission - CIE coordinates: (0.67, 0.33), (0.60, 0.40;), (0.65, 0.35) for Ir-pb, Ir-qb, and Ir-bb, respectively. These complexes display considerable potential for a wide range of applications, such as photodynamic therapy, due to their attractive photophysical properties, and are among the deep-red-emitting complexes reported in the literature with longer lifetimes and higher Φ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan C Silva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe S M Canisares
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Saraiva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana M Pires
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio A M Lima
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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10
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Kubota K, Endo T, Ito H. Solid-state mechanochemistry for the rapid and efficient synthesis of tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3365-3371. [PMID: 38425515 PMCID: PMC10901499 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05796h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes have received widespread attention as attractive prospective materials for e.g., organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photoredox catalysts, and bioimaging probes. However, their preparation usually requires prolonged reaction times, significant amounts of high-boiling solvents, multistep synthesis, and inert-gas-line techniques. Unfortunately, these requirements represent major drawbacks from both a production-cost and an environmental perspective. Herein, we show that a two-step mechanochemical protocol using ball milling enables the rapid and efficient synthesis of various tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes from relatively cheap iridium(iii) chloride hydrate without the use of significant amounts of organic solvent in air. Notably, a direct one-pot procedure is also demonstrated. The present solid-state approach can be expected to inspire the development of cost-effective and timely production methods for these valuable iridium-based complexes, as well as the discovery of new phosphorescent materials, sensors, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tsubura Endo
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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11
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Tong J, Liu A, Huang S, Zhou D, Gao Y, Wang Y, Shan GG. Precise ligand engineering of Ir(III)-based photosensitizer with aggregation-induced emission for image-guided photodynamic therapy. LUMINESCENCE 2023. [PMID: 38148616 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which relies on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by a photosensitizer to kill cancer cells, has become a non-invasive approach to combat cancer. However, the conventional aggregation-caused quenching effect, as well as the low ROS generation ability of photosensitizers, restrict their biological applications. In this work, a new Ir(III) complex with a dendritic ligand has been strategically designed and synthesized by ingenious modification of the ancillary ligand of a reported Ir(III) complex (Ir-1). The extended π-conjugation and multiple aromatic donor moieties endow the resulting complex Ir-2 with obvious aggregation-induced emission (AIE) activity and bathochromic emission. In in vitro experiments, importantly, Ir-2 nanoparticles exhibit the excellent photoinduced ROS generation capabilities of O2 •- and 1 O2 , as well as excellent biocompatibility and the lipid droplets (LDs) targeting feature. This study would provide useful guidance to design efficient Ir(III)-based photosensitizers used in biological applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Tong
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ao Liu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Straw-Based Functional Materials, Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Ferroelectric Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry of Shaanxi Province, Baoji, China
| | - Guo-Gang Shan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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12
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Das B, Gupta S, Mondal A, Kalita KJ, Mallick AI, Gupta P. Tuning the Organelle-Specific Imaging and Photodynamic Therapeutic Efficacy of Theranostic Mono- and Trinuclear Organometallic Iridium(III) Complexes. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15550-15563. [PMID: 37950696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The organelle-specific localization of mononuclear and trinuclear iridium(III) complexes and their photodynamic behavior within the cells are described herein, emphasizing their structure-activity relationship. Both the IrA2 and IrB2 complexes possess a pair of phenyl-benzothiazole derived from the -CHO moieties of mononuclear organometallic iridium(III) complexes IrA1 and IrB1, which chelates IrCp*Cl (Cp* = 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene) to afford trinuclear complexes IrA3 and IrB3. Insights into the photophysical and electrochemical parameters of the complexes were obtained by a time-dependent density functional theory study. The synthesized complexes IrA2, IrA3, IrB2, and IrB3 were found to be nontoxic to human MCF7 breast carcinoma cells. However, the photoexcitation of complexes using LED light could effectively trigger intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, leading to cell death. Furthermore, to check the organelle-specific localization of IrA2 and IrB2, we observed that both complexes could selectively localize in the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, trinuclear IrA3 and IrB3 accumulate in the nuclei. The photoexcitation of complexes using LED light could effectively trigger intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhadeep Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Anushka Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Kalyan Jyoti Kalita
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Amirul Islam Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Parna Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, West Bengal, India
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13
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Tu J, Veclani D, Monti F, Mazzanti A, Sambri L, Armaroli N, Baschieri A. Unexpected reactivity of cyclometalated iridium(III) dimers. Direct synthesis of a mononuclear luminescent complex. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14867-14879. [PMID: 37795751 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02689b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
A new synthetic method has been developed for the preparation of unexpected emissive iridium(III) complexes (A and B), directly obtained from the established [Ir(ppy)2(μ-Cl)]2 dimer, under reaction conditions in which such compounds are usually considered stable. Complex A ([Ir(ppy)2(Oppy)], where Hppy = 2-phenylpyridine and HOppy = 2-(o-hydroxyphenyl)pyridine) was obtained from the dimer without the addition of further ancillary ligands in the reaction environment, but in the presence of a basic water environment in 2-ethoxyethanol as solvent at 165 °C. The complex evidences the unexpected insertion of an oxygen atom between the iridium(III) center and the carbon atom of one ppy moiety. Under specific reaction conditions, the mer-[Ir(ppy)3] complex (B) was obtained. The presence of the right amount of water is important to maximize the formation of A relative to B. Both compounds were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS), and the X-ray structure of A was also determined. DFT calculations were used to shed light on the reaction mechanism leading to the unexpected formation of A, suggesting that the Oppy ligand is generated intramolecularly once the [Ir(ppy)2(μ-OH)]2 dimer is formed. The process is probably assisted by a redox reaction involving the second iridium(III) center in the dimer. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of complexes A and B were investigated in comparison with the well-known fac-[Ir(ppy)3] analogue (C). Complex A displays a green emission (λmax = 545 nm) with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of nearly 40%, whereas the oxygen-free counterpart B is poorly emissive, exhibiting an orange emission (λmax = 605 nm) with a PLQY below 10%. These findings may pave the way for the direct synthesis of neutral luminescent complexes with the general formula [Ir(C^N)2(OC^N)], even using dimers with non-commercial or highly substituted C^N ligands, without the need for synthesizing the corresponding hydroxyl-substituted ancillary ligand, which may be hardly obtainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tu
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Veclani
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Filippo Monti
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Letizia Sambri
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Baschieri
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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14
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Liu R, Cheng SC, Ng CO, Xiao Y, Tang KM, Tong KM, Lei NY, Ko CC. An Ir(III) cyclometalate-functionalized molecularly imprinted polymer: photophysics, photochemistry and chemosensory applications. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15071-15077. [PMID: 37812405 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02347h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A luminescent trimethylamine (TMA) sensor, PTMA-Ir, has been designed and synthesized through immobilizing a phosphorescent iridium(III) complex on a TMA-imprinted polymer. Detailed study shows that the quenching of phosphorescence of PTMA-Ir can serve as a reporter for the binding of TMA on the imprinting sites, thus providing a sensitive, selective, and rapid detection of TMA in both aqueous solutions and gaseous states. Loading PTMA-Ir on filter paper produced a deposition T-Ir, the phosphorescence of which is quenched within 5 s upon exposure to TMA vapor with detection limits of 9.0 ± 0.1 ppm under argon and 15.0 ± 0.1 ppm in an air atmosphere. This work provided an effective method for establishing an imprinting polymer-immobilized luminescent amine sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shun-Cheung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-On Ng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yelan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, Research Center for Biosensor and Nanotheranostic, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kin-Man Tang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka-Ming Tong
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ngai-Yu Lei
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-Chiu Ko
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Shee M, Zhang D, Banerjee M, Roy S, Pal B, Anoop A, Yuan Y, Singh NDP. Interrogating bioinspired ESIPT/PCET-based Ir(iii)-complexes as organelle-targeted phototherapeutics: a redox-catalysis under hypoxia to evoke synergistic ferroptosis/apoptosis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9872-9884. [PMID: 37736623 PMCID: PMC10510766 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03096b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Installing proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in Ir-complexes is indeed a newly explored phenomenon, offering high quantum efficiency and tunable photophysics; however, the prospects for its application in various fields, including interrogating biological systems, are quite open and exciting. Herein, we developed various organelle-targeted Ir(iii)-complexes by leveraging the photoinduced PCET process to see the opportunities in phototherapeutic application and investigate the underlying mechanisms of action (MOAs). We diversified the ligands' nature and also incorporated a H-bonded benzimidazole-phenol (BIP) moiety with π-conjugated ancillary ligands in Ir(iii) to study the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process for tuning dual emission bands and to tempt excited-state PCET. These visible or two-photon-NIR light activatable Ir-catalysts generate reactive hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) and simultaneously oxidize electron donating biomolecules (1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or glutathione) to disrupt redox homeostasis, downregulate the GPX4 enzyme, and amplify oxidative stress and lipid peroxide (LPO) accumulation. Our homogeneous photocatalytic platform efficiently triggers organelle dysfunction mediated by a Fenton-like pathway with spatiotemporal control upon illumination to evoke ferroptosis poised with the synergistic action of apoptosis in a hypoxic environment leading to cell death. Ir2 is the most efficient photochemotherapy agent among others, which provided profound cytophototoxicity to 4T1 and MCF-7 cancerous cells and inhibited solid hypoxic tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniklal Shee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal-721302 India
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus Guangzhou 511442 PR China
| | - Moumita Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal-721302 India
| | - Samrat Roy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Bipul Pal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Anakuthil Anoop
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal-721302 India
| | - Youyong Yuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus Guangzhou 511442 PR China
| | - N D Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal-721302 India
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16
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Xie KA, Bednarova E, Joe CL, Lin C, Sherwood TC, Simmons EM, Lainhart BC, Rovis T. Orange Light-Driven C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling via Spin-Forbidden Ir(III) Metallaphotoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19925-19931. [PMID: 37642382 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the development and characterization of a library of Ir(III) photocatalysts capable of undergoing spin-forbidden excitation (SFE) under orange light irradiation (595 nm). These catalysts were successfully applied to the construction of synthetically valuable C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds inaccessible with existing methods of low-energy light-driven dual nickel/photoredox catalysis, demonstrating the synthetic utility of this photocatalyst family. The photocatalysts are capable of accessing both oxidatively and reductively activated coupling partners, illustrated through deaminative arylation and potassium alkyl trifluoroborate cross-coupling reactions with aryl halides. We demonstrate diverse substrate scopes of both cross-coupling paradigms under mild conditions in the first example of low-energy light-driven C(sp2)-C(sp3) metallaphotoredox coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Eva Bednarova
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Candice L Joe
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Chenxi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Trevor C Sherwood
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brendan C Lainhart
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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17
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Zhu R, Dai P, Yang J, Zhou J, Zhang J, Zhang KY, Li Y, Liu S, Lo KKW, Zhao Q. Dual-emissive Iridium(III) Complexes as Phosphorescent Probes with Orthogonal Responses to Analyte Binding and Oxygen Quenching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309178. [PMID: 37503796 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorescent probes often show sensitive response toward analytes at a specific wavelength. However, oxygen quenching usually occurs at the same wavelength and thus hinders the accurate detection of analytes. In this study, we have developed dual-emissive iridium(III) complexes that exhibit phosphorescence responses to copper(II) ions at a wavelength distinct from that where oxygen quenching occurs. The complexes displayed colorimetric phosphorescence response in aqueous solutions under different copper(II) and oxygen conditions. In cellular imaging, variation in oxygen concentration over a large range from 5 % to 80 % can modulate the intensity and lifetime of green phosphorescence without affecting the response of red phosphorescence toward intracellular copper(II) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongji Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peiling Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kenneth Yin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | | | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Fabrication and Application of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
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18
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Kumar P, Pérez-Escribano M, van Raamsdonk DME, Escudero D. Phosphorescent Properties of Heteroleptic Ir(III) Complexes: Uncovering Their Emissive Species. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7241-7255. [PMID: 37597243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we assess the computational machinery to calculate the phosphorescence properties of a large pool of heteroleptic [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ complexes (where N^N is an ancillary ligand and C^N is a cyclometalating ligand) including their phosphorescent rates and their emission spectra. Efficient computational protocols are next proposed. Specifically, different flavors of DFT functionals were benchmarked against DLPNO-CCSD(T) for the phosphorescence energies. The transition density matrix and decomposition analysis of the emitting triplet excited state enable us to categorize the studied complexes into different cases, from predominant triplet ligand-centered (3LC) character to predominant charge-transfer (3CT) character, either of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT), ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (3LLCT), or a combination of the two. We have also calculated the vibronically resolved phosphorescent spectra and rates. Ir(III) complexes with predominant 3CT character are characterized by less vibronically resolved bands as compared to those with predominant 3LC character. Furthermore, some of the complexes are characterized by close-lying triplet excited states so that the calculation of their phosphorescence properties poses additional challenges. In these scenarios, it is necessary to perform geometry optimizations of higher-lying triplet excited states (i.e., Tn). We demonstrate that in the latter scenarios all of the close-lying triplet species must be considered to recover the shape of the experimental emission spectra. The global analysis of computed emission energies, shape of the computed emission spectra, computed rates, etc. enable us to unambiguously pinpoint for the first time the triplet states involved in the emission process and to provide a general classification of Ir(III) complexes with regard to their phosphorescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Daniel Escudero
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Su Y, Ran P, Hui J, Ma W, Chen Z, Zhu H, Yang YM. Organic and Inorganic Metal Halide Tandem Scintillator for Dual-Energy Flat-Panel X-ray Imaging. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6179-6186. [PMID: 37379516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Traditional indirect flat-panel X-ray imaging (FPXI) uses inorganic scintillators with high-Z elements, which lack spectral information about X-ray photons and reflect only integrated X-ray intensity. To address this issue, we developed a stacked scintillator structure that combines organic and inorganic materials. This structure allows X-ray energies to be distinguished in a single shot by using a color or multispectral visible camera. However, the resolution of the resulting dual-energy image is primarily limited by the top scintillator layer. We inserted a layer of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) between the double scintillators. This layer limits the lateral propagation of scintillation light, improves imaging resolution, and acts as a filter for X-rays. Our research demonstrates the advantages of stacked organic-inorganic scintillator structures for dual-energy X-ray imaging and provides novel and practical applications for relatively low-Z organic scintillators with high internal X-ray-to-light conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Juan Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yang Michael Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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20
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Wang Y, Huang Y, Chen S, Gao J, Zhang Y, Duan YC, Deng P. Construction of Robust Iridium(III) Complex-Based Photosensitizer for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7212-7219. [PMID: 37139601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Developing a photosensitizer with high efficiency and long-term stability for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is highly desirable yet remains a challenge. Herein, a novel Ir(III) complex-based photosensitizer (Ir3) bearing coumarin and triphenylamine groups is designed. Ir3 exhibits record activity and durability among reported transition metal complexes for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, with a TON of 198,363 and a duration of 214 h. The excellent photocatalytic performance of Ir3 can be attributed to the synergistic effect of coumarin and triphenylamine, which improves the visible light absorption, charge separation, and electron transfer capacity of photosensitizers. This is an efficient and long-lived Ir(III) photosensitizer constructed on the basis of a synergistic approach, which could provide a new insight for the development of high-performance Ir(III) photosensitizers at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ying-Chen Duan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Pengyang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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21
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Glykos D, Plakatouras JC, Malandrinos G. Bis(2-phenylpyridinato,-C2′,N)[4,4′-bis(4-Fluorophenyl)-6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine] Iridium(III) Hexafluorophosphate. MOLBANK 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/m1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A new bis cyclometallated Ir(III) phosphor, [Ir(ppy)2L]PF6 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, L = 4,4′-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine was prepared and structurally characterized in the solid state (X-ray diffraction) and solution (1 and 2D NMR spectroscopy). The compound exhibited yellow photoluminescence (λem = 562 nm). The quantum yield Φ was solvent-dependent (5% in acetonitrile and 19% in dichloromethane solutions, respectively).
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22
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Yu H, Yu B, Song Y, Hai P. Recent advances of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes for optical oxygen sensing. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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23
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Baschieri A, Aleotti F, Matteucci E, Sambri L, Mancinelli M, Mazzanti A, Leoni E, Armaroli N, Monti F. A Pyridyl-1,2-azaborine Ligand for Phosphorescent Neutral Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2456-2469. [PMID: 36696253 PMCID: PMC9906742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel 1,2-azaborine (i.e., 4-methyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-2,1-borazaronaphthalene, 1a) has been synthesized and used for the first time as a B-N alternative to common cyclometalating ligands to obtain neutral phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes (i.e., 2a, 3, and 4) of general formula [Ir(C∧N)2(N∧NB)], where C∧N indicates three different cyclometalating ligands (Hppy = 2-phenylpyridine; Hdfppy = 2-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)pyridine; Hpqu = 2-methyl-3-phenylquinoxaline). Moreover, the azaborine-based complex 2a was compared to the isoelectronic C═C iridium(III) complex 2b, obtained using the corresponding 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)pyridine ligand 1b. Due to the dual cyclometalation mode of such C═C ligand, the isomeric complex 2c was also obtained. All new compounds have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), and the X-ray structure of 2a was determined. The electronic properties of both ligands and complexes were investigated by electrochemical, density functional theory (DFT), and photophysical methods showing that, compared to the naphthalene analogues, the azaborine ligand induces a larger band gap in the corresponding complexes, resulting in increased redox gap (basically because of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) stabilization) and blue-shifted emission bands (e.g., λmax = 523 vs 577 nm for 2a vs 2b, in acetonitrile solution at 298 K). On the other hand, the 3LC nature of the emitting state is the same in all complexes and remains centered on the pyridyl-borazaronaphthalene or its C═C pyridyl-naphthalene analogue. As a consequence, the quantum yields of such azaborine-based complexes are comparable to those of the more classical C═C counterparts (e.g., photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) = 16 vs 22% for 2a vs 2b, in acetonitrile solution at 298 K) but with enhanced excited-state energy. This proves that such type of azaborine ligands can be effectively used for the development of novel classes of photoactive transition-metal complexes for light-emitting devices or photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baschieri
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy,
| | - Flavia Aleotti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elia Matteucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Letizia Sambri
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Mancinelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Leoni
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy,Laboratorio
Tecnologie dei Materiali Faenza, ENEA, Via Ravegnana 186, 48018 Faenza, RA, Italy
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Monti
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy,
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Tong J, Yang X, Song X, Liang J, Huang S, Mao H, Akhtar M, Liu A, Shan GG, Li G. AIE-active Ir(III) complexes as type-I dominant photosensitizers for efficient photodynamic therapy. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1105-1112. [PMID: 36602243 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03404b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a photosensitizer (PS) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) including type I oxygen free radicals and type II 1O2 is pivotal for photodynamic therapy. Luminescent Ir(III) complexes are effective PSs with high 1O2 generation ability owing to their high intersystem crossing ability and effective energy transfer to 3O2. However, so far, reports on type I ROS based on ˙OH generation induced by Ir(III) PS are still rare. In this work, four novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active Ir(III) PSs, namely MFIriqa, MFIrqa, SFIriqa, and SFIrqa have been designed and synthesized, which show highly efficient emission in the aggregated state. Cell imaging experiment results indicate that all four Ir(III) PSs can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio of imaging by reducing the interference from the background due to their fascinating AIE properties. Importantly, in vitro, Ir(III) PSs MFIrqa, SFIriqa, and SFIrqa nanoparticles show obvious photodynamic activity toward cancer cells upon irradiation accompanied by type I ˙OH generation, which may be attributed to the unique excited-state characteristics of Ir(III) complexes. This work will provide guidance for the construction of a type I photosensitizer based on the AIE-active Ir(III) complex, which offers great advantages for potential clinical applications under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Tong
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyue Yang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | | | - Jie Liang
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, P. R. China.
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Huiting Mao
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Mansoor Akhtar
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Ao Liu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Guo-Gang Shan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Guangfu Li
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry and National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
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25
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Bejoymohandas KS, Kim HU, Sohn S, Choi W, Jung S, Monti F, Park T. Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes with Benzothiophene-Quinoline Ligands for Deep-Red Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:43-55. [PMID: 36547377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three new cationic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes equipped with differently substituted benzo[b]thiophen-2-ylquinoline cyclometalating ligands and with a sterically demanding tert-butyl-substituted 2,2'-bipyridine ancillary ligand were synthesized and structurally characterized by NMR and X-ray diffraction techniques. To tune the electronic properties of such complexes, the quinoline moiety of the cyclometalating ligands was kept pristine or equipped with electron-withdrawing phenyl and -CF3 substituents, leading to complexes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. A complete electrochemical and photophysical investigation, supported by density functional theory calculations, permits a deep understanding of their electronic properties. The emission of all complexes arises from ligand-centered triplet states in the spectral range between 625 and 950 nm, with excited-state lifetimes between 2.10 and 6.32 μs at 298 K. The unsubstituted complex (1) exhibits the most blue-shifted emission in polymeric matrix at 298 K (λmax = 667 nm, photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) = 0.25 and τ = 5.32 μs). The phenyl-substituted complex (2) displays the highest photoluminescent quantum yields (up to 0.30 in polymeric matrix), while the CF3-substituted counterpart (3) shows the most red-shifted emission, peaking at approx. 720 nm, but with lower quantum yields (e.g., 0.10 in polymeric matrix at 298 K). Complexes 1 and 2 were tested in single-layer nondoped light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEECs), using a nozzle-printing technique; both devices display deep-red electroluminescence with an external quantum efficiency close to 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kochan Sathyaseelan Bejoymohandas
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Hae Un Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Sohn
- Department of Semiconductor Energy Engineering, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanuk Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjune Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Filippo Monti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Taiho Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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26
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Evaluation of a trinuclear heteroleptic bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complex as a photoredox catalyst for visible light-mediated hydrothiolation reactions. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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27
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Chih YR, Lin YT, Yin CW, Chen YJ. High Intrinsic Phosphorescence Efficiency and Density Functional Theory Modeling of Ru(II)-Bipyridine Complexes with π-Aromatic-Rich Cyclometalated Ligands: Attributions of Spin-Orbit Coupling Perturbation and Efficient Configurational Mixing of Singlet Excited States. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48583-48599. [PMID: 36591186 PMCID: PMC9798779 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of π-aromatic-rich cyclometalated ruthenium(II)-(2,2'-bipyridine) complexes ([Ru(bpy)2(πAr-CM)]+) in which πAr-CM is diphenylpyrazine or 1-phenylisoquinoline were prepared. The [Ru(bpy)2(πAr-CM)]+ complexes had remarkably high phosphorescence rate constants, k RAD(p), and the intrinsic phosphorescence efficiencies (ιem(p) = k RAD(p)/(νem(p))3) of these complexes were found to be twice the magnitudes of simply constructed cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes ([Ru(bpy)2(sc-CM)]+), where νem(p) is the phosphorescence frequency and sc-CM is 2-phenylpyridine, benzo[h]quinoline, or 2-phenylpyrimidine. Density functional theory (DFT) modeling of the [Ru(bpy)2(CM)]+ complexes indicated numerous singlet metal-to-ligand charge transfers for 1MLCT-(Ru-bpy) and 1MLCT-(Ru-CM), excited states in the low-energy absorption band and 1ππ*-(aromatic ligand) (1ππ*-LAr) excited states in the high-energy band. DFT modeling of these complexes also indicated phosphorescence-emitting state (Te) configurations with primary MLCT-(Ru-bpy) characteristics. The variation in ιem(p) for the spin-forbidden Te (3MLCT-(Ru-bpy)) excited state of the complex system that was examined in this study can be understood through the spin-orbit coupling (SOC)-mediated sum of intensity stealing (∑SOCM-IS) contribution from the primary intensity of the low-energy 1MLCT states and second-order intensity perturbation from the significant configuration between the low-energy 1MLCT and high-energy intense 1ππ*-LAr states. In addition, the observation of unusually high ιem(p) magnitudes for these [Ru(bpy)2(πAr-CM)]+ complexes can be attributed to the values for both intensity factors in the ∑SOCM-IS formalism being individually greater than those for [Ru(bpy)2(sc-CM)]+ ions.
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Leahy CA, Vura-Weis J. Femtosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of an Iridium Photocatalyst Reveals Oxidation State and Ligand Field Specific Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9510-9518. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare A. Leahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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29
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Busto N, Vigueras G, Cutillas N, García B, Ruiz J. Inert cationic iridium(III) complexes with phenanthroline-based ligands: application in antimicrobial inactivation of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9653-9663. [PMID: 35713595 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00752e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of a new series of heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes of the type [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)][PF6] (C^N = deprotonated 2-phenylbenzimidazole-κN, κC; N^N = phen (Ir1), dpq (Ir2), dppz (Ir3), dppn (Ir4), and dppz-idzo (Ir5)) was studied towards two Gram positive (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram negative (Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) multidrug-resistant bacterial strains of clinical interest. Although the complexes were inactive towards Gram negative bacteria, their effectiveness against Gram positive strains was remarkable, especially for Ir1 and Ir2, the most bactericidal complexes that were even more active (10 times) than the fluoroquinolone antibiotic norfloxacin and displayed no toxicity in human kidney cells (HEK293). Mechanistic studies revealed that the cell wall and membrane of MRSA S. aureus remained intact on treatment with these compounds and that DNA was not their main target. It is important to note that the complexes were able to induce ROS generation, this being the feature key to their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Busto
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001, Burgos, Spain. .,Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de Burgos, Hospital Militar, Paseo de los Comendadores, s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Gloria Vigueras
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Cutillas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Begoña García
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
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30
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Di Girolamo A, Monti F, Mazzanti A, Matteucci E, Armaroli N, Sambri L, Baschieri A. 4-Phenyl-1,2,3-triazoles as Versatile Ligands for Cationic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8509-8520. [PMID: 35609179 PMCID: PMC9490865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Five cationic iridium(III)
complexes (1–5) were synthesized
exploiting two triazole-based cyclometalating
ligands, namely, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole
(A) and the corresponding mesoionic carbene 1,3-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (B). From the combination
of these two ligands and the ancillary one, i.e., 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine (for 1–3) or tert-butyl isocyanide (for 4 and 5), not only the typical bis-heteroleptic complexes
but also the much less explored tris-heteroleptic analogues (2 and 5) could be synthesized. The redox and
emission properties of all of the complexes are effectively fine-tuned
by the different ligands: (i) cyclometalating ligand A induces a stronger highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) stabilization
compared to B and leads to complexes with progressively
narrower HOMO–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and
redox gaps, and lower emission energy; (ii) complexes 1–3, equipped with the bipyridine ancillary ligand,
display fully reversible redox processes and emit from predominantly
metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states with high emission quantum
yields, up to 60% in polymeric matrix; (iii) complexes 4 and 5, equipped with high-field isocyanide ligands,
display irreversible redox processes and high-energy emission from
strongly ligand-centered triplets with long emission lifetimes but
relatively low quantum yields (below 6%, both in room-temperature
solution and in solid state). This work demonstrates the versatility
of phenyl-triazole derivatives as cyclometalating ligands with different
chelation modes (i.e., C∧N and C∧C:) for the synthesis of photoactive iridium(III) complexes with
highly tunable properties. Triazole-based
cyclometalating ligands serving as both standard
C∧N chelators (as in 4-phenyl-triazole) and C∧C: carbene ones (as in 4-phenyl-triazolylidene) have
been used to synthesize a series of cationic iridium(III) complexes.
Accordingly, unusual tris-heteroleptic complexes could be obtained
by simultaneously exploiting both chelation modes. These ligands allow
fine tuning of the properties of the related complexes, which exhibit
luminescence all the way from blue to red and quantum yields up to
60% in a diluted polymeric matrix at 298 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Girolamo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Filippo Monti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Elia Matteucci
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Letizia Sambri
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Andrea Baschieri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Bologna 40129, Italy
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31
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Bizzarri C. Homogeneous systems containing earth‐abundant metal complexes for photoactivated CO2‐reduction: recent advances. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Tuning the emission maxima of iridium systems using benzimidazole-based cyclometallating framework. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Arsenault NE, Xu Z, Wolf MO. Lewis Pair-Functionalized Pt(II) Complexes with Tunable Emission Color and Triplet-State Properties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2804-2812. [PMID: 35099929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two emissive Pt(II) complexes containing dynamic "flexible" Lewis pair (FlexLP) ligands are reported. The FlexLP ligand encompasses a diphenylphosphine oxide Lewis base and a dimesitylborane Lewis acid attached to a bithiophene scaffold, which can switch between an open unbound Lewis pair and a bound P-O-B Lewis adduct depending on the hydrogen bond-donating (HBD) strength of the solvent. [Pt(FlexLP)2] contains two FlexLP ligands, and [Pt(FlexLP)(Py)] contains one FlexLP ligand and one pyrene ligand. UV-vis absorption and fluorescence studies demonstrate that the FlexLP ligands switch between the open Lewis pair and the closed Lewis adduct in MeOH, a strong HBD solvent, and acetone, a weak HBD solvent, respectively, and exhibit tunable emission color depending on the acetone/MeOH solvent ratio. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals a large difference in the triplet-state lifetime depending on the conformation of the FlexLP ligands for both complexes. In the closed form, the triplet-state lifetimes of the two complexes are over an order of magnitude longer compared to that of the complexes in the open conformation. Calculations of optimized geometries suggest that this difference in triplet-state lifetime is due to a difference in the thiophene-thiophene torsion angle between the two conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael O Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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34
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DiLuzio S, Connell TU, Mdluli V, Kowalewski JF, Bernhard S. Understanding Ir(III) Photocatalyst Structure-Activity Relationships: A Highly Parallelized Study of Light-Driven Metal Reduction Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1431-1444. [PMID: 35025486 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput synthesis and screening methods were used to measure the photochemical activity of 1440 distinct heteroleptic [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ complexes for the photoreduction of Sn(II) and Zn(II) cations to their corresponding neutral metals. Kinetic data collection was carried out using home-built photoreactors and measured initial rates, obtained through an automated fitting algorithm, spanned between 0-120 μM/s for Sn(0) deposition and 0-90 μM/s for Zn(0) deposition. Photochemical reactivity was compared to photophysical properties previously measured such as deaerated excited state lifetime and emission spectral data for these same complexes; however, no clear correlations among these features were observed. A formal photochemical rate law was then developed to help elucidate the observed reactivity. Initial rates were found to be directly correlated to the product of incident photon flux with three reaction elementary efficiencies: (1) the fraction of light absorbed by the photocatalyst, (2) the fraction of excited state species that are quenched by the electron donor, and (3) the cage escape efficiency. The most active catalysts exhibit high efficiencies for all three steps, and catalyst engineering requirements to maximize these elementary efficiencies were postulated. The kinetic treatment provided the mechanistic information needed to decipher the observed structure/function trends in the high-throughput work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen DiLuzio
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Timothy U Connell
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Velabo Mdluli
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jakub F Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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35
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Hara K, Morimoto A, Matsudaira K, Suzuki S, Yagi S, Fujiki M, Imai Y. External Magnetic Field Driven, Ambidextrous Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence from Organic Light Emitting Diodes Containing Racemic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577–8502 Japan
| | - Ami Morimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599–8531 Japan
| | - Kana Matsudaira
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577–8502 Japan
| | - Satoko Suzuki
- JASCO Corporation 2967-5 Ishikawa, Hachioji Tokyo 192–8537 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka 599–8531 Japan
| | - Michiya Fujiki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma Nara 630–0192 Japan
| | - Yoshitane Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577–8502 Japan
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36
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García-Santos WH, Ordóñez-Hernández J, Farfán-Paredes M, Castro-Cruz HM, Macías-Ruvalcaba NA, Farfán N, Cordero-Vargas A. Dibromo-BODIPY as an Organic Photocatalyst for Radical-Ionic Sequences. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16315-16326. [PMID: 34726403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new dibrominated 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) is reported as a new metal-free photocatalyst. This BODIPY showed similar optoelectronic, electrochemical, and performance properties to those of Ru(bpy)3Cl2, one of the most common photocatalysts in a known radical-ionic transformation, such as the formation of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds. Moreover, additional sequences in which the generated oxonium ion is trapped by an internal nucleophile were developed using this BODIPY photocatalyst. These new sequences allowed the straightforward preparation of γ-alkoxylactones, monoprotected 1,4-ketoaldehydes, and dihydrofurans. This new catalyst, the methodology, and the forged functional groups could be important tools in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H García-Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P., México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Javier Ordóñez-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P., México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Mónica Farfán-Paredes
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Hiram M Castro-Cruz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Norma A Macías-Ruvalcaba
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Norberto Farfán
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Alejandro Cordero-Vargas
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P., México, D.F. 04510, México
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Ilic S, Cairnie DR, Bridgewater CM, Morris AJ. Investigation into dual emission of a cyclometalated iridium complex: The role of ion-pairing. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Nabavizadeh SM, Molaee H, Haddadi E, Niroomand Hosseini F, Hoseini SJ, Abu-Omar MM. Tetranuclear rollover cyclometalated organoplatinum-rhenium compounds; C-I oxidative addition and C-C reductive elimination using a rollover cycloplatinated dimer. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15015-15026. [PMID: 34609403 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02086b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The novel tetranuclear Pt(IV)-Re(VII) complex [Pt2Me4(OReO3)2(PMePh2)2(µ-bpy-2H)], 4, is synthesized through the reaction of silver perrhenate with a new rollover cycloplatinated(IV) complex [Pt2Me4I2(PMePh2)2(µ-bpy-2H)], 3. In complex 4, while 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) acts as a linker between two Pt metal centers, oxygen acts as a mono-bridging atom between Pt and Re centers through an unsupported Pt(IV)-O-Re(VII) bridge. The precursor rollover cycloplatinated(IV) complex 3 is prepared by the MeI oxidative addition reaction of the rollover cycloplatinated(II) complex [Pt2Me2(PMePh2)2(µ-bpy-2H)], 2. Complex 2 shows a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer band in the visible region, which was used to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of its double MeI oxidative addition reaction. Based on the experimental findings, the classical SN2 mechanism was suggested for both steps and supported by computational studies. All complexes are fully characterized using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Attempts to grow crystals of the rollover cycloplatinated(IV) dimer 3 yielded a new dimer rollover cyclometalated complex [Pt2I2(PMePh2)2(µ-bpy-2H)], 5, presumably from the C-C reductive elimination of ethane. The identity of complex 5 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Masoud Nabavizadeh
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran.
| | - Hajar Molaee
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran.
| | - Elahe Haddadi
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran.
| | | | - S Jafar Hoseini
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran.
| | - Mahdi M Abu-Omar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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Sengupta P, Das R, Dhibar P, Paul P, Bhattacharya S. Rhodium and Iridium Mediated C-H and O-H Bond Activation of Two Schiff Base Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Properties of the Organometallic Complexes. Front Chem 2021; 9:696460. [PMID: 34434917 PMCID: PMC8380818 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.696460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction of [Rh(PPh3)3Cl] with two Schiff base ligands, viz. N-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2-aldimine (H2L1) and N-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)thiophene-2-aldimine (H2L2), in refluxing toluene affords organorhodium complexes of type [Rh(PPh3)2(L)Cl] (L = L1 and L2). Similar reaction with [Ir(PPh3)3Cl] yields organoiridium complexes of type [Ir(PPh3)2(L) (H)] (L = L1 and L2). Crystal structures of [Rh(PPh3)2(L1)Cl] and [Ir(PPh3)2(L2) (H)] have been determined, where the imine ligands are found to bind to the metal centers as CNO-donors. Structures of [Rh(PPh3)2(L2)Cl] and [Ir(PPh3)2(L1) (H)] have been optimized by density functional theory method. Formation of the organometallic complexes is believed to proceed via C-H and O-H bond activation of the imine ligands. All four complexes show intense absorptions in the visible and ultraviolet regions. Cyclic voltammetry on the complexes shows an oxidation on the positive side of SCE and a reduction on the negative side. The organoiridium complexes are found to efficiently catalyze Suzuki-type C-C cross coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.,Henkel Limited, Hemel Hempstead, United Kingdom
| | - Rituparna Das
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Papu Dhibar
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Piyali Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.,Department of Chemistry and Environment, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India
| | - Samaresh Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Otaif HY, Adams SJ, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Beames JM, Pope SJA. Bis-cyclometalated iridium( iii) complexes with terpyridine analogues: syntheses, structures, spectroscopy and computational studies. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39718-39727. [PMID: 35494133 PMCID: PMC9044569 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07213g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two ligands based upon a 2,6-disubstituted pyridine bridge introduce bis-quinoxalinyl units in a fashion that yields analogues to the archetypal terdentate ligand, 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine. The ligands were synthesised from the key intermediate 2,6-bis(bromoacetyl)pyridine: a new, high-yielding route is described for this reagent. Two ligand variants (differentiated by H/Me substituents on the quinoxaline ring) were explored as coordinating moieties for iridium(iii) in the development of luminescent complexes. Computational studies (DFT approaches employing B3LYP, B3LYP/LANL2DZ, and M062X/LANL2DZ levels) were used to investigate the geometric and coordination mode preferences of the new ligands and two possibilities arose from theoretical investigations: [Ir(N^N^N)2]3+ and [Ir(N^N^C)2]+, with the former predicted to be more energetically favourable. Upon synthesis and isolation of the Ir(iii) complexes, X-ray crystallographic studies revealed coordination spheres that were cyclometalated, the structures both showing a [Ir(N^N^C)2]PF6 arrangement. Further spectroscopic characterization via NMR confirmed the ligand arrangements in the complexes, and photophysical studies, supported by DFT, showed that a mixture of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and intra-ligand charge transfer (ILCT) character is likely to contribute to the emission features of the complexes, which phosphoresce orange-red (λem = 580–618 nm). The emission wavelength was influenced by the substituents on the quinoxaline ring (H vs. Me), thereby implying further tuneability is possible with future ligand iterations. Bis-terdentate Ir(iii) complexes incorporate two cyclometalated N^N^C bis-quinoxalinyl type ligands derived from the condensation of 2,6-bis(bromoacetyl)pyridine and different o-phenylenediamines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleema Y. Otaif
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Samuel J. Adams
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Peter N. Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, England
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, England
| | - Joseph M. Beames
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Simon J. A. Pope
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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Kapturkiewicz A, Kamecka A. Luminescence properties of [Ir(C^N) 2(N^N)] + complexes: relations between DFT computation results and emission band-shape analysis data. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29308-29322. [PMID: 35492067 PMCID: PMC9040651 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescence properties of two series of [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ complexes bearing deprotonated 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole or 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole as cyclometalating C^N ligands and different α-diimines (2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline and their derivatives) as ancillary N^N ligands have been studied in acetonitrile solutions at room temperature and in 77 K methanol/ethanol (1 : 1) matrices. Ligand and temperature induced changes in the nature of the emissive 3*[Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ species result in well-pronounced changes in their emission properties like emission wavelength, emission quantum yields and emission lifetimes. Depending on the nature of the coordinated C^N and N^N ligands and/or the measurement temperature, the investigated luminophores exhibit emissions arising from the intraligand transitions localized within the N^N ligand or from the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transitions involving the Ir(C^N)2+ and N^N moieties as confirmed by means of the DFT computations. The computed DFT energies of the excited 3*[Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ states and outer/inner reorganization energies associated with the S0 ← 3*[Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ transitions remain in nice agreement with those available from the performed emission band-shape analyses. The observed agreement implies ordinary DFT computations at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ/6-31G(d,p) level of theory, even performed neglecting the spin–orbit phenomena, as enough accurate in the quantitative prediction of the most important parameters characterizing the investigated [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ luminophores. For two series of [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ luminophores, the computed DFT quantities remain in nice agreement with those available from the emission band-shape analyses.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kapturkiewicz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Anna Kamecka
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
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