1
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Ceballos-Ávila D, Vázquez-Sandoval I, Ferrusca-Martínez F, Jiménez-Sánchez A. Conceptually innovative fluorophores for functional bioimaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 264:116638. [PMID: 39153261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Fluorophore chemistry is at the forefront of bioimaging, revolutionizing the visualization of biological processes with unparalleled precision. From the serendipitous discovery of mauveine in 1856 to cutting-edge fluorophore engineering, this field has undergone transformative evolution. Today, the synergy of chemistry, biology, and imaging technologies has produced diverse, specialized fluorophores that enhance brightness, photostability, and targeting capabilities. This review delves into the history and innovation of fluorescent probes, showcasing their pivotal role in advancing our understanding of cellular dynamics and disease mechanisms. We highlight groundbreaking molecules and their applications, envisioning future breakthroughs that promise to redefine biomedical research and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ceballos-Ávila
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior s/n. Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ixsoyen Vázquez-Sandoval
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior s/n. Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Ferrusca-Martínez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior s/n. Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arturo Jiménez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior s/n. Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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2
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Cotic A, Heinemann FW, Slep LD, Cadranel A. Influence of Donor-Acceptor Interactions on MLCT Hole Reconfiguration in {Ru(bpy)} Chromophores. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400246. [PMID: 38656666 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In MLCT chromophores, internal conversion (IC) in the form of hole reconfiguration pathways (HR) is a major source of dissipation of the absorbed photon energy. Therefore, it is desirable to minimize their impact in energy conversion schemes by slowing them down. According to previous findings on {Ru(bpy)} chromophores, donor-acceptor interactions between the Ru ion and the ligand scaffold might allow to control HR/IC rates. Here, a series of [Ru(tpm)(bpy)(R-py)]2+ chromophores, where tpm is tris(1-pyrazolyl)methane, bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and R-py is a 4-substituted pyridine, were prepared and fully characterized employing electrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry, steady-state absorption/emission spectroscopy and electronic structure computations based on DFT/TD-DFT. Their excited-state decay was monitored using nanosecond and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. HR/IC lifetimes as slow as 568 ps were obtained in DMSO at room temperature, twice as slow as in the reference species [Ru(tpm)(bpy)(NCS)]+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Cotic
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leonardo D Slep
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Physikalische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Sahalianov I, Valiev RR, Ramazanov RR, Baryshnikov G. Neutral vs Charged Luminescent Radicals: Anti-Kasha Emission and the Impact of Molecular Surrounding. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5138-5145. [PMID: 38900960 PMCID: PMC11229066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Organic luminescent materials attract growing interest as an elegant solution for sustainable and inexpensive light-emitting devices. Most of them are neutral-emitting molecules with an implicit restriction of 25% internal quantum efficiency due to a spin-forbidden nature of the T1 → S0 transition. Utilizing organic radicals allows one to overcome such limits by theoretically boosting quantum yield up to 100%. Recently, different light-emitting radicals based on carbonyl- and carboxyl-substituted benzenes were synthesized and stabilized in different polymer matrices or ionic liquids. While some of them were proved to be suitable luminescent materials, the exact theoretical explanation of the nature of their emission is missing. There are two main hypotheses proposed in the literature. The first one suggests that the origin of luminescence is D2 → D0 anti-Kasha emission from anion radicals, while the second theory is based on D1 → D0 Kasha emission from neutral protonated radicals. In this work, we investigate both hypotheses and compare their derivatives with the available experimental data. We used density functional theory and complete-active space perturbation theory to investigate the absorption and emission properties in various aromatic carbonyl radicals. We found that both emission mechanisms can coexist simultaneously, with a dominant emission contribution made by anion radicals because of better agreement between oscillator strengths and radiative rate constants. Our numerical simulations agree with the experimental data and provide theoretical foundations for the fabrication of next-generation light-emitting devices based on luminescent radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Sahalianov
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping,Sweden
| | - R. R. Valiev
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats
1), 00014Helsinki,Finland
| | - R. R. Ramazanov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats
1), 00014Helsinki,Finland
| | - G. Baryshnikov
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping,Sweden
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4
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Pino-Rios R, Báez-Grez R, Szczepanik DW, Solá M. Designing potentially singlet fission materials with an anti-Kasha behaviour. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15386-15392. [PMID: 38747026 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01284d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) compounds offer a promising avenue for improving the performance of solar cells. Using TD-DFT methods, anti-Kasha azulene derivatives that could carry out SF have been designed. For this purpose, substituted azulenes with a donor (-OH) and/or an acceptor group (-CN) have been systematically studied using the S2 ≥ 2T1 formula. We have found that -CN (-OH) substituents on electrophilic (nucleophilic) carbons result in improved SF properties when compared to azulene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Centro de Investigación Medicina de Altura - CEIMA, Universidad Arturo Prat. Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile.
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Miquel Solá
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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5
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Wang K, You X, Miao X, Yi Y, Peng S, Wu D, Chen X, Xu J, Sfeir MY, Xia J. Activated Singlet Fission Dictated by Anti-Kasha Property in a Rylene Imide Dye. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13326-13335. [PMID: 38693621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
A key challenge in the search of new materials capable of singlet fission (SF) arises from the primary energy conservation criterion, i.e., the energy of the triplet exciton has to be half that of the singlet (E(S1) ≥ 2E(T1)), which excludes most photostable organic materials from consideration and confines the design strategy to materials with low energy triplet states. One potential way to overcome this energy requirement and improve the triplet energy is to enable a SF channel from higher energy ("hot") excitonic states (Sn) in a process called activated SF. Herein, we demonstrate that efficient activated SF is achieved in a rylene imide-based derivative acenaphth[l, 2-a]acenaphthylene diimide (AADI). This process is enabled by an increase in the energy gap to greater than 1.0 eV between the S3 and S1 states due to the incorporation of an antiaromatic pentalene unit, which leads to the emergence of anti-Kasha properties in the isolated molecule. Transient spectroscopy studies show that AADI undergoes ultrafast SF from higher singlet excited states in thin film, with excitation wavelength-dependent SF yields. The SF yield of ∼200% is observed upon higher energy excitation, and long-lived free triplets persist on the μs time scale suggesting that AADI can be used in SF-enhanced devices. Our results suggest that enlarging the Sn-S1 energy gap is an effective way to turn on the activated SF channel and shed light on the development of novel, stable SF materials with high triplet energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiao You
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaodan Miao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoqian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Jianlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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6
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Valverde D, Ser CT, Ricci G, Jorner K, Pollice R, Aspuru-Guzik A, Olivier Y. Computational Investigations of the Detailed Mechanism of Reverse Intersystem Crossing in Inverted Singlet-Triplet Gap Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38728616 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Inverted singlet-triplet gap (INVEST) materials have promising photophysical properties for optoelectronic applications due to an inversion of their lowest singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) excited states. This results in an exothermic reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) process that potentially enhances triplet harvesting, compared to thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters with endothermic rISCs. However, the processes and phenomena that facilitate conversion between excited states for INVEST materials are underexplored. We investigate the complex potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the excited states of three heavily studied azaphenalene INVEST compounds, namely, cyclazine, pentazine, and heptazine using two state-of-the-art computational methodologies, namely, RMS-CASPT2 and SCS-ADC(2) methods. Our findings suggest that ISC and rISC processes take place directly between the S1 and T1 electronic states in all three compounds through a minimum-energy crossing point (MECP) with an activation energy barrier between 0.11 to 0.58 eV above the S1 state for ISC and between 0.06 and 0.36 eV above the T1 state for rISC. We predict that higher-lying triplet states are not populated, since the crossing point structures to these states are not energetically accessible. Furthermore, the conical intersection (CI) between the ground and S1 states is high in energy for all compounds (between 0.4 to 2.0 eV) which makes nonradiative decay back to the ground state a relatively slow process. We demonstrate that the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) driving the S1-T1 conversion is enhanced by vibronic coupling with higher-lying singlet and triplet states possessing vibrational modes of proper symmetry. We also rationalize that the experimentally observed anti-Kasha emission of cyclazine is due to the energetically inaccessible CI between the bright S2 and the dark S1 states, hindering internal conversion. Finally, we show that SCS-ADC(2) is able to qualitatively reproduce excited state features, but consistently overpredict relative energies of excited state structural minima compared to RMS-CASPT2. The identification of these excited state features elaborates design rules for new INVEST emitters with improved emission quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo Valverde
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Cher Tian Ser
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Gaetano Ricci
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Kemigård, Sweden
| | - Robert Pollice
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St., Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave., Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, 700 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X6, Canada
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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7
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Hunter KE, Mao Y, Chin AW, Zuehlsdorff TJ. Environmentally Driven Symmetry Breaking Quenches Dual Fluorescence in Proflavine. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4623-4632. [PMID: 38647005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic couplings between several electronic excited states are ubiquitous in many organic chromophores and can significantly influence optical properties. A recent experimental study demonstrated that the proflavine molecule exhibits surprising dual fluorescence in the gas phase, which is suppressed in polar solvent environments. Here, we uncover the origin of this phenomenon by parametrizing a linear-vibronic coupling Hamiltonian from spectral densities of system-bath coupling constructed along molecular dynamics trajectories, fully accounting for interactions with the condensed-phase environment. The finite-temperature absorption, steady-state emission, and time-resolved emission spectra are then computed using powerful, numerically exact tensor network approaches. We find that the dual fluorescence in vacuum is driven by a single well-defined coupling mode but is quenched in solution due to dynamic solvent-driven symmetry breaking that mixes the two low-lying electronic states. We expect the computational framework developed here to be widely applicable to the study of non-Condon effects in complex condensed-phase environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye E Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Alex W Chin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
| | - Tim J Zuehlsdorff
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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8
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Franz J, Oelschlegel M, Zobel JP, Hua SA, Borter JH, Schmid L, Morselli G, Wenger OS, Schwarzer D, Meyer F, González L. Bifurcation of Excited-State Population Leads to Anti-Kasha Luminescence in a Disulfide-Decorated Organometallic Rhenium Photosensitizer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146. [PMID: 38598687 PMCID: PMC11046484 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
We report a rhenium diimine photosensitizer equipped with a peripheral disulfide unit on one of the bipyridine ligands, [Re(CO)3(bpy)(S-Sbpy4,4)]+ (1+, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, S-Sbpy4,4 = [1,2]dithiino[3,4-c:6,5-c']dipyridine), showing anti-Kasha luminescence. Steady-state and ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopies complemented by nonadiabatic dynamics simulations are used to disclose its excited-state dynamics. The calculations show that after intersystem crossing the complex evolves to two different triplet minima: a (S-Sbpy4,4)-ligand-centered excited state (3LC) lying at lower energy and a metal-to-(bpy)-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state at higher energy, with relative yields of 90% and 10%, respectively. The 3LC state involves local excitation of the disulfide group into the antibonding σ* orbital, leading to significant elongation of the S-S bond. Intriguingly, it is the higher-lying 3MLCT state, which is assigned to display luminescence with a lifetime of 270 ns: a signature of anti-Kasha behavior. This assignment is consistent with an energy barrier ≥ 0.6 eV or negligible electronic coupling, preventing reaction toward the 3LC state after the population is trapped in the 3MLCT state. This study represents a striking example on how elusive excited-state dynamics of transition-metal photosensitizers can be deciphered by synergistic experiments and state-of-the-art calculations. Disulfide functionalization lays the foundation of a new design strategy toward harnessing excess energy in a system for possible bimolecular electron or energy transfer reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Franz
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Oelschlegel
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shao-An Hua
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Borter
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck-Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucius Schmid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St.-Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Morselli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St.-Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St.-Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck-Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International
Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Research
Platform for Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Li TY, Zheng SJ, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4332-4392. [PMID: 38546341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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10
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Fraiponts M, Maes W, Champagne B. Earth Mover's Charge Transfer Distance: A General and Robust Approach for Describing Excited State Locality. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2751-2760. [PMID: 38407044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A novel approach for assessing the extent of electron displacement in optical transitions is proposed by implementing the Earth Mover's Distance (EMD) method, which quantifies the spatial dissimilarity between ground and excited state electron density distributions. In contrast to previous descriptors, this index provides a representative and intuitively understandable distance under a robust and computationally efficient scheme for all possible forms of locality, even in the most difficult to dissect topological cases. The theoretical differences among the existing indices and our method are first illustrated with the help of a simplified model system, followed by a benchmarking of several partial atomic charge models using experimentally relevant push-pull compounds with diverse symmetries. These same molecules are finally employed to further demonstrate the principal advantages of the EMD index and its capabilities in rationalizing charge transfer phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Fraiponts
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LCT), Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
- Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LCT), Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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11
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Gazdag T, Meiszter E, Mayer PJ, Holczbauer T, Ottosson H, Maurer AB, Abrahamsson M, London G. An Exploration of Substituent Effects on the Photophysical Properties of Monobenzopentalenes. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300737. [PMID: 38284145 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Monobenzopentalenes have received moderate attention compared to dibenzopentalenes, yet their accessibility as stable, non-symmetric structures with diverse substituents could be interesting for materials applications, including molecular photonics. Recently, monobenzopentalene was considered computationally as a potential chromophore for singlet fission (SF) photovoltaics. To advance this compound class towards photonics applications, the excited state energetics must be characterized, computationally and experimentally. In this report we synthesized a series of stable substituted monobenzopentalenes and provided the first experimental exploration of their photophysical properties. Structural and opto-electronic characterization revealed that all derivatives showed 1H NMR shifts in the olefinic region, bond length alternation in the pentalene unit, low-intensity absorptions reflecting the ground-state antiaromatic character and in turn the symmetry forbidden HOMO-to-LUMO transitions of ~2 eV and redox amphotericity. This was also supported by computed aromaticity indices (NICS, ACID, HOMA). Accordingly, substituents did not affect the fulfilment of the energetic criterion of SF, as the computed excited-state energy levels satisfied the required E(S1)/E(T1)>2 relationship. Further spectroscopic measurements revealed a concentration dependent quenching of the excited state and population of the S2 state on the nanosecond timescale, providing initial evidence for unusual photophysics and an alternative entry point for singlet fission with monobenzopentalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Gazdag
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Enikő Meiszter
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter J Mayer
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Chemical Crystallography Research Laboratory and Stereochemistry Research Group, Institute for Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
| | - Andrew B Maurer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Gábor London
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
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12
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Kisszékelyi P, Mudráková B, Cigáň M, Šebesta R. Persistent guaiazulene arylmethylium ions as electrophilic traps for metal enolates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3339-3342. [PMID: 38440813 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00208c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Guaiazulene-stabilized cations reacted with metal enolates affording carbonyl compounds with an azulene moiety. Metal enolates generated by asymmetric conjugate addition of organometallic reagents led to enantioenriched products. Additionally, guaiazulene-substituted cations efficiently react with silyl enol ethers. DFT calculations allowed estimation of the electrophilicities of the carbocations. Reaction progress was monitored by a decrease in the reactant's Vis-light absorption and an increase in the product's anti-Kasha emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Kisszékelyi
- Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovakia.
| | - Brigita Mudráková
- Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovakia.
| | - Marek Cigáň
- Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovakia.
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava 842 15, Slovakia.
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13
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Tarakanov PA, Neganova ME, Mishchenko DV, Bondarenko SD, Sergeeva IA, Krot AR, Goryachev NS, Simakov AO, Kukharsky MS, Pukhov SA, Pushkarev VE. Low-symmetry A 3 B-type 6H-1,4-diazepinoporphyrazines with anti-Kasha effect as promising photosensitizers. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38167792 DOI: 10.1111/php.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of tribenzo[g,l,q]-6H-1,4-diazepino[2,3-b]porphyrazines has been synthesized. A temperature-dependent steric effect was applied in the mixed Linstead macrocyclization of phthalonitrile and 5,7-bis(2'-arylethenyl)-6-propyl-6H-1,4-diazepine-2,3-dicarbonitrile to achieve high yield of low-symmetry A3 B-type Mg(II) tribenzo[g,l,q]-6H-1,4-diazepino[2,3-b]porphyrazinate. The analysis of photophysical and photochemical properties of the obtained complexes showed the anti-Kasha effect: the ultrafast spin changes successfully compete with the IC. TD-DFT calculations showed that the presence of 1,4-diazepine heterocycle in the porphyrazine structure leads to the formation of additional charge-transfer triplet state T2 . We propose, it could participate in the pumping of T1x state alongside with T1y state (these states are degenerate in D4h symmetry) and, therefore, increase singlet oxygen (1 Δg ) generation. Stable micellar nanoparticles have been obtained based on the tribenzo[g,l,q]-6H-1,4-diazepino[2,3-b]porphyrazine Mg(II) and Zn(II) complexes using polyvinylpyrrolidone. The nanoparticles effectively interact with model biological structures (FBS and brain homogenate), leading to disaggregation of the macrocycles. They also exhibit pronounced phototoxic effects in MCF-7 cells upon red light irradiation. We propose that enhancement in PDT activity could be explained by their increased resistance to aggregation due to the presence of n-propyl substituent directly attached to the C6 position of the 1,4-diazepine moiety. The demonstrated results show the promising potential of tribenzo-6H-1,4-diazepinoporphyrazines as heavy atom-free photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Tarakanov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Denis V Mishchenko
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC PCPMC RAS), Chernogolovka, Russia
- Scientific and Educational Center in Chernogolovka of Moscow Region State University, Mytishchi, Russia
- Department of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey D Bondarenko
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC PCPMC RAS), Chernogolovka, Russia
- Department of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Sergeeva
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey R Krot
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay S Goryachev
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC PCPMC RAS), Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Anton O Simakov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Michail S Kukharsky
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sergey A Pukhov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Victor E Pushkarev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), Chernogolovka, Russia
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14
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Veys K, Bousquet MHE, Jacquemin D, Escudero D. Modeling the Fluorescence Quantum Yields of Aromatic Compounds: Benchmarking the Machinery to Compute Intersystem Crossing Rates. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:9344-9357. [PMID: 38079612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The from-first-principles calculation of fluorescence quantum yields (FQYs) and lifetimes of organic dyes remains very challenging. In this article, we extensively test the machinery to calculate FQYs. Specifically, we perform an extensive analysis on the parameters influencing the intersystem crossing (ISC), internal conversion (IC), and fluorescence rate constants calculations. The impact of (i) the electronic structure (chosen exchange-correlation functional and spin-orbit Hamiltonian), (ii) the vibronic parameters (coordinate system, broadening function, and dipole expansion), and (iii) the excited-state kinetic models are systematically assessed for a series of seven rigid aromatic molecules. Our studies provide more insights into the choice of parameters and the expected accuracy for the computational protocols aiming to deliver FQY values. Some challenges are highlighted, such as, on the one hand, the difficulty to benchmark against the experimental nonradiative rate constants, for which the separation between the IC and ISC contributions is often not provided in the literature and, on the other hand, the need to go beyond the harmonic approximation for the calculation of the IC rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Veys
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
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15
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Buguis FL, Hsu NSY, Sirohey SA, Adam MC, Goncharova LV, Gilroy JB. Dyads and Triads of Boron Difluoride Formazanate and Boron Difluoride Dipyrromethene Dyes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302548. [PMID: 37725661 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Dye-dye conjugates have attracted significant interest for their utility in applications such as bioimaging, theranostics, and light-harvesting. Many classes of organic dyes have been employed in this regard; however, building blocks don't typically extend beyond small chromophores. This can lead to minor changes to the optoelectronic properties of the original dye. The exploration of dye-dye structures is impeded by long synthetic routes, incompatible synthetic conditions, or a mismatch of the desired properties. Here, we present the first-of-their-kind dye-dye conjugates of boron difluoride complexes of formazanate and dipyrromethene ligands. These conjugates exhibit dual photoluminescence bands that reach the near-infrared spectral region and implicate anti-Kasha processes. Cyclic voltammetry experiments revealed the generation of polyanionic species that can reversibly tolerate the uptake of up to 6 electrons. Ultimately, we demonstrate that BF2 formazanates can serve as a synthetically accessible platform to build upon new classes of dye-dye conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis L Buguis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London., Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Nathan Sung Y Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London., Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Sofia A Sirohey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London., Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Matheus C Adam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London., Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Lyudmila V Goncharova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London., Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Joe B Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London., Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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16
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do Casal MT, Veys K, Bousquet MHE, Escudero D, Jacquemin D. First-Principles Calculations of Excited-State Decay Rate Constants in Organic Fluorophores. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10033-10053. [PMID: 37988002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we discuss recent advances made to evaluate from first-principles the excited-state decay rate constants of organic fluorophores, focusing on the so-called static strategy. In this strategy, one essentially takes advantage of Fermi's golden rule (FGR) to evaluate rate constants at key points of the potential energy surfaces, a procedure that can be refined in a variety of ways. In this way, the radiative rate constant can be straightforwardly obtained by integrating the fluorescence line shape, itself determined from vibronic calculations. Likewise, FGR allows for a consistent calculation of the internal conversion (related to the non-adiabatic couplings) in the weak-coupling regime and intersystem crossing rates, therefore giving access to estimates of the emission yields when no complex photophysical phenomenon is at play. Beyond outlining the underlying theories, we summarize here the results of benchmarks performed for various types of rates, highlighting that both the quality of the vibronic calculations and the accuracy of the relative energies are crucial to reaching semiquantitative estimates. Finally, we illustrate the successes and challenges in determining the fluorescence quantum yields using a series of organic fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T do Casal
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Quantum Chemistry Division, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Veys
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Quantum Chemistry Division, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Daniel Escudero
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Quantum Chemistry Division, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), FR-75005 Paris, France
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17
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Ramírez-Barroso S, Romeo-Gella F, Fernández-García JM, Feng S, Martínez-Fernández L, García-Fresnadillo D, Corral I, Martín N, Wannemacher R. Curved Nanographenes: Multiple Emission, Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence, and Non-Radiative Decay. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2212064. [PMID: 37094332 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The intriguing and rich photophysical properties of three curved nanographenes (CNG 6, 7, and 8) are investigated by time-resolved and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. CNG 7 and 8 exhibit dual fluorescence, as well as dual phosphorescence at low temperature in the main PL bands. In addition, hot bands are detected in fluorescence as well as phosphorescence, and, in the narrow temperature range of 100-140 K, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with lifetimes on the millisecond time-scale is observed. These findings are rationalized by quantum-chemical simulations, which predict a single minimum of the S1 potential of CNG 6, but two S1 minima for CNG 7 and CNG 8, with considerable geometric reorganization between them, in agreement with the experimental findings. Additionally, a higher-lying S2 minimum close to S1 is optimized for the three CNG, from where emission is also possible due to thermal activation and, hence, non-Kasha behavior. The presence of higher-lying dark triplet states close to the S1 minima provides mechanistic evidence for the TADF phenomena observed. Non-radiative decay of the T1 state appears to be thermally activated with activation energies of roughly 100 meV and leads to disappearance of phosphorescence and TADF at T > 140 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ramírez-Barroso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Imdea Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Siyang Feng
- Imdea Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - David García-Fresnadillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Imdea Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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18
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Avramopoulos A, Reis H, Tzeli D, Zaleśny R, Papadopoulos MG. Photoswitchable Molecular Units with Tunable Nonlinear Optical Activity: A Theoretical Investigation. Molecules 2023; 28:5646. [PMID: 37570617 PMCID: PMC10419997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-, second-, and third-order molecular nonlinear optical properties, including two-photon absorption of a series of derivatives, involving two dithienylethene (DTE) groups connected by several molecular linkers (bis(ethylene-1,2-dithiolato)Ni- (NiBDT), naphthalene, quasilinear oligothiophene chains), are investigated by employing density functional theory (DFT). These properties can be efficiently controlled by DTE switches, in connection with light of appropriate frequency. NiBDT, as a linker, is associated with a greater contrast, in comparison to naphthalene, between the first and second hyperpolarizabilities of the "open-open" and the "closed-closed" isomers. This is explained by invoking the low-lying excited states of NiBDT. It is shown that the second hyperpolarizability can be used as an index, which follows the structural changes induced by photochromism. Assuming a Förster type transfer mechanism, the intramolecular excited-state energy transfer (EET) mechanism is studied. Two important parameters related to this are computed: the electronic coupling (VDA) between the donor and acceptor fragments as well as the overlap between the absorption and emission spectra of the donor and acceptor groups. NiBDT as a linker is associated with a low electronic coupling, VDA, value. We found that VDA is affected by molecular geometry. Our results predict that the linker strongly influences the communication between the open-closed DTE groups. The sensitivity of the molecular nonlinear optical properties could assist with identification of molecular isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heribert Reis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece; (H.R.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Demeter Tzeli
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Robert Zaleśny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Manthos G. Papadopoulos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece; (H.R.); (M.G.P.)
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19
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Li J, Li X, Wang G, Wang X, Wu M, Liu J, Zhang K. A direct observation of up-converted room-temperature phosphorescence in an anti-Kasha dopant-matrix system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1987. [PMID: 37031245 PMCID: PMC10082826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is common sense that emission maxima of phosphorescence spectra (λP) are longer than those of fluorescence spectra (λF). Here we report a serendipitous finding of up-converted room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with λP < λF and phosphorescence lifetime > 0.1 s upon doping benzophenone-containing difluoroboron β-diketonate (BPBF2) into phenyl benzoate matrices. The up-converted RTP is originated from BPBF2's Tn (n ≥ 2) states which show typical 3n-π* characters from benzophenone moieties. Detailed studies reveal that, upon intersystem crossing from BPBF2's S1 states of charge transfer characters, the resultant T1 and Tn states build T1-to-Tn equilibrium. Because of their 3n-π* characters, the Tn states possess large phosphorescence rates that can strongly compete RTP(T1) to directly emit RTP(Tn) which violates Kasha's rule. The direct observation of up-converted RTP provides deep understanding of triplet excited state dynamics and opens an intriguing pathway to devise visible-light-excitable deep-blue afterglow emitters, as well as stimuli-responsive afterglow materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaka Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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