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Borsley S, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Molecular Ratchets and Kinetic Asymmetry: Giving Chemistry Direction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400495. [PMID: 38568047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades ratchet mechanisms have transformed the understanding and design of stochastic molecular systems-biological, chemical and physical-in a move away from the mechanical macroscopic analogies that dominated thinking regarding molecular dynamics in the 1990s and early 2000s (e.g. pistons, springs, etc), to the more scale-relevant concepts that underpin out-of-equilibrium research in the molecular sciences today. Ratcheting has established molecular nanotechnology as a research frontier for energy transduction and metabolism, and has enabled the reverse engineering of biomolecular machinery, delivering insights into how molecules 'walk' and track-based synthesisers operate, how the acceleration of chemical reactions enables energy to be transduced by catalysts (both motor proteins and synthetic catalysts), and how dynamic systems can be driven away from equilibrium through catalysis. The recognition of molecular ratchet mechanisms in biology, and their invention in synthetic systems, is proving significant in areas as diverse as supramolecular chemistry, systems chemistry, dynamic covalent chemistry, DNA nanotechnology, polymer and materials science, molecular biology, heterogeneous catalysis, endergonic synthesis, the origin of life, and many other branches of chemical science. Put simply, ratchet mechanisms give chemistry direction. Kinetic asymmetry, the key feature of ratcheting, is the dynamic counterpart of structural asymmetry (i.e. chirality). Given the ubiquity of ratchet mechanisms in endergonic chemical processes in biology, and their significance for behaviour and function from systems to synthesis, it is surely just as fundamentally important. This Review charts the recognition, invention and development of molecular ratchets, focussing particularly on the role for which they were originally envisaged in chemistry, as design elements for molecular machinery. Different kinetically asymmetric systems are compared, and the consequences of their dynamic behaviour discussed. These archetypal examples demonstrate how chemical systems can be driven inexorably away from equilibrium, rather than relax towards it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M W Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
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2
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Han G, Ren W, Zhang S, Zuo Z, He W. Application of chiral recyclable catalysts in asymmetric catalysis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16520-16545. [PMID: 38774608 PMCID: PMC11106706 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01050g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chiral drugs hold a significant position within the contemporary pharmaceutical market, and the chiral catalysts play a crucial role in their synthesis. However, current chiral catalysts encounter challenges pertaining to their separation from products and the recycling process. The utilization of chiral recyclable catalysts not only reduces production costs but also aligns with the growing emphasis on environmentally-friendly chiral synthetic chemistry. These recyclable catalysts exhibit diverse carriers and distinct characteristics. Chemists employ the distinctive attributes of individual carriers to render them recyclable, thereby yielding time and cost savings. This review examines the asymmetric recyclable catalytic reactions reported between January 2017 and October 2023, categorizing them based on carrier solubility, and elucidates the loading techniques, catalytic impacts, recovery approaches, and recycling processes associated with these carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuiPing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang 712046 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - WenQi Ren
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - ShengYong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
| | - ZhenYu Zuo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang 712046 P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 P. R. China
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3
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McCarthy DR, Xu K, Schenkelberg ME, Balegamire NAN, Liang H, Bellino SA, Li J, Schneebeli ST. Kinetically controlled synthesis of rotaxane geometric isomers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4860-4870. [PMID: 38550687 PMCID: PMC10967009 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Geometric isomerism in mechanically interlocked systems-which arises when the axle of a mechanically interlocked molecule is oriented, and the macrocyclic component is facially dissymmetric-can provide enhanced functionality for directional transport and polymerization catalysis. We now introduce a kinetically controlled strategy to control geometric isomerism in [2]rotaxanes. Our synthesis provides the major geometric isomer with high selectivity, broadening synthetic access to such interlocked structures. Starting from a readily accessible [2]rotaxane with a symmetrical axle, one of the two stoppers is activated selectively for stopper exchange by the substituents on the ring component. High selectivities are achieved in these reactions, based on coupling the selective formation reactions leading to the major products with inversely selective depletion reactions for the minor products. Specifically, in our reaction system, the desired (major) product forms faster in the first step, while the undesired (minor) product subsequently reacts away faster in the second step. Quantitative 1H NMR data, fit to a detailed kinetic model, demonstrates that this effect (which is conceptually closely related to minor enantiomer recycling and related processes) can significantly improve the intrinsic selectivity of the reactions. Our results serve as proof of principle for how multiple selective reaction steps can work together to enhance the stereoselectivity of synthetic processes forming complex mechanically interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon R McCarthy
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Mica E Schenkelberg
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Nils A N Balegamire
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Huiming Liang
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Shea A Bellino
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Departments of Industrial & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, and Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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4
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Borsley S, Gallagher JM, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Ratcheting synthesis. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:8-29. [PMID: 38102412 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry has traditionally relied on reactions between reactants of high chemical potential and transformations that proceed energetically downhill to either a global or local minimum (thermodynamic or kinetic control). Catalysts can be used to manipulate kinetic control, lowering activation energies to influence reaction outcomes. However, such chemistry is still constrained by the shape of one-dimensional reaction coordinates. Coupling synthesis to an orthogonal energy input can allow ratcheting of chemical reaction outcomes, reminiscent of the ways that molecular machines ratchet random thermal motion to bias conformational dynamics. This fundamentally distinct approach to synthesis allows multi-dimensional potential energy surfaces to be navigated, enabling reaction outcomes that cannot be achieved under conventional kinetic or thermodynamic control. In this Review, we discuss how ratcheted synthesis is ubiquitous throughout biology and consider how chemists might harness ratchet mechanisms to accelerate catalysis, drive chemical reactions uphill and programme complex reaction sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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5
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Matsumoto A, Tateishi D, Nakajima T, Kurosaki S, Ogawa T, Kawasaki T, Soai K. Achiral 2-pyridone and 4-aminopyridine act as chiral inducers of asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of enantiomeric excess via the formation of chiral crystals. Chirality 2024; 36:e23617. [PMID: 37621025 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomorphous crystals of achiral 2-pyridone and 4-aminopyridine served as sources of chirality, to induce the asymmetric autocatalysis of 5-pyrimidyl alkanol during the asymmetric addition of diisopropylzinc to the corresponding pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde, that is, the Soai reaction. Following a significant amplification of enantiomeric excess through asymmetric autocatalysis, highly enantioenriched 5-pyrimidyl alkanol could be synthesized with their corresponding absolute configurations to those of chiral crystals of 2-pyridone and 4-aminopyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tateishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Kurosaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ogawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Mayer LC, Heitsch S, Trapp O. Nonlinear Effects in Asymmetric Catalysis by Design: Concept, Synthesis, and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3345-3361. [PMID: 36351215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric synthesis constitutes a key technology for the preparation of enantiomerically pure compounds as well as for the selective control of individual stereocenters in the synthesis of complex compounds. It is thus of extraordinary importance for the synthesis of chiral drugs, dietary supplements, flavors, and fragrances, as well as novel materials with tunable and reconfigurable chiroptical properties or the assembly of complex natural products. Typically, enantiomerically pure catalysts are used for this purpose. To prepare enantiomerically pure ligands or organocatalysts, one can make use of the natural chiral pool. Ligands and organocatalysts with an atropisomeric biphenyl and binaphthyl system have become popular, as they are configurationally stable and contain a C2-symmetric skeleton, which has been found to be particularly privileged. For catalysts with opposite configurations, both product enantiomers can be obtained. Configurationally flexible biphenyl systems initially appeared to be unsuitable for this purpose, as they racemize after successful enantiomer separation and thus are neither storable nor afford a reproducible enantioselectivity. However, there are strategies that exploit the dynamics of such ligands to stereoconvergently enrich one of the catalyst enantiomers. This can be achieved, for example, by coordinating an enantiomerically pure additive to a ligand-metal complex, which results in deracemization of the configurationally flexible biphenyl system, thereby enriching the thermodynamically preferred diastereomer. In this Account, we present our strategy to design stereochemically flexible catalysts that combine the properties of supramolecular recognition, stereoconvergent alignment, and catalysis. Such systems are capable to recognize the chirality of the target product, leading to an increase in enantioselectivity during asymmetric catalysis. We have systematically developed and investigated these smart catalyst systems and have found ways to specifically design and synthesize them for various applications. In addition to (i) reaction product-induced chiral amplification, we have developed systems with (ii) intermolecular and (iii) intramolecular recognition, and successfully applied them in asymmetric catalysis. Our results pave the way for new applications such as temperature-controlled enantioselectivity, controlled inversion of enantioselectivity with the same chirality of the recognition unit, generation of positive nonlinear effects, and targeted design of autocatalytic systems through dynamic formation of transient catalysts. Understanding such systems is of enormous importance for catalytic processes leading to symmetry breaking and amplification of small imbalances of enantiomers and offer a possible explanation of homochirality of biological systems. In addition, we are learning how to target supramolecular interactions to enhance enantioselectivities in asymmetric catalysis through secondary double stereocontrol. Configurationally flexible catalysts will enable future resource-efficient development of asymmetric syntheses, as enantioselectivities can be fully switched by stereoselective alignment of the stereochemically flexible ligand core on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena C Mayer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Simone Heitsch
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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7
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Soai K. The Soai reaction and its implications with the life's characteristic features of self-replication and homochirality. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Ramos De Dios SM, Tiwari VK, McCune CD, Dhokale RA, Berkowitz DB. Biomacromolecule-Assisted Screening for Reaction Discovery and Catalyst Optimization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13800-13880. [PMID: 35904776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction discovery and catalyst screening lie at the heart of synthetic organic chemistry. While there are efforts at de novo catalyst design using computation/artificial intelligence, at its core, synthetic chemistry is an experimental science. This review overviews biomacromolecule-assisted screening methods and the follow-on elaboration of chemistry so discovered. All three types of biomacromolecules discussed─enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids─have been used as "sensors" to provide a readout on product chirality exploiting their native chirality. Enzymatic sensing methods yield both UV-spectrophotometric and visible, colorimetric readouts. Antibody sensors provide direct fluorescent readout upon analyte binding in some cases or provide for cat-ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay)-type readouts. DNA biomacromolecule-assisted screening allows for templation to facilitate reaction discovery, driving bimolecular reactions into a pseudo-unimolecular format. In addition, the ability to use DNA-encoded libraries permits the barcoding of reactants. All three types of biomacromolecule-based screens afford high sensitivity and selectivity. Among the chemical transformations discovered by enzymatic screening methods are the first Ni(0)-mediated asymmetric allylic amination and a new thiocyanopalladation/carbocyclization transformation in which both C-SCN and C-C bonds are fashioned sequentially. Cat-ELISA screening has identified new classes of sydnone-alkyne cycloadditions, and DNA-encoded screening has been exploited to uncover interesting oxidative Pd-mediated amido-alkyne/alkene coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virendra K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Christopher D McCune
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ranjeet A Dhokale
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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9
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Soai K, Kawasaki T, Matsumoto A. Asymmetric Autocatalysis as an Efficient Link Between the Origin of Homochirality and Highly Enantioenriched Compounds. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2022; 52:57-74. [PMID: 35960427 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-022-09626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biological homochirality of essential components such as L-amino acids and D-sugars is prerequisite for the emergence, evolution and the maintenance of life. Implication of biological homochirality is described. Considerable interest has been focused on the origin and the process leading to the homochirality. Asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of enantiomeric excess (ee), i.e., the Soai reaction, is capable to link the low ee induced by the proposed origins of chirality such as circularly polarized light and high ee of the organic compound. Absolute asymmetric synthesis without the intervention of any chiral factor was achieved in the Soai reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan.
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan.
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
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10
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Menuey EM, Zhou J, Tian S, Brenner RE, Ren Z, Hua DH, Kilway KV, Moteki SA. Chirality-driven self-assembly: application toward renewable/exchangeable resin-immobilized catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4314-4319. [PMID: 35583170 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resin-immobilized catalysts were prepared through chirality-driven self-assembly. The method allows the resin-immobilized catalyst to be regenerated under mild conditions and in situ catalyst exchange to be carried out quantitatively. The uniqueness of the methodology was demonstrated by the preparation of a catalyst for TEMPO oxidation as well as a two-step sequential TEMPO oxidation/aldol condensation sequence enabled by facile catalyst exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Menuey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110-2499, USA.
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110-2499, USA.
| | - Shuyuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110-2499, USA.
| | - Reid E Brenner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110-2499, USA.
| | - Zhaoyang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 1212 Mid-Campus Dr., Manhattan, KS 66506-0401, USA
| | - Duy H Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 1212 Mid-Campus Dr., Manhattan, KS 66506-0401, USA
| | - Kathleen V Kilway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110-2499, USA.
| | - Shin A Moteki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110-2499, USA.
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11
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Matsumoto A, Tanaka A, Kaimori Y, Hara N, Mikata Y, Soai K. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of catalyst preequilibrium in asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11209-11212. [PMID: 34622895 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of the asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol is a highly attractive and challenging topic due to its unique feature of amplification of enantiomeric excess. Circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis of this reaction allows monitoring of the structual changes of possible catalyst precursors in the solution state and shows characteristic temperature and solvent dependence. TD-DFT calculations suggest that these spectral changes are induced by a dimer-tetramer equilibrium of zinc alkoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Ayame Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyasu Kaimori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Natsuki Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuji Mikata
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan.
| | - Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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12
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Soai K, Matsumoto A, Kawasaki T. Asymmetric Autocatalysis as a Link Between Crystal Chirality and Highly Enantioenriched Organic Compounds. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation Waseda University Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo, 162 0041 Japan
| | - Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Environmental Science Nara Women's University Kita-Uoya Nishi-machi Nara 630-8506 Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
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13
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Trapp O, Lamour S, Maier F, Siegle AF, Zawatzky K, Straub BF. In Situ Mass Spectrometric and Kinetic Investigations of Soai's Asymmetric Autocatalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:15871-15880. [PMID: 32822103 PMCID: PMC7756584 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions that lead to a spontaneous symmetry breaking or amplification of the enantiomeric excess are of fundamental interest in explaining the formation of a homochiral world. An outstanding example is Soai's asymmetric autocatalysis, in which small enantiomeric excesses of the added product alcohol are amplified in the reaction of diisopropylzinc and pyrimidine-5-carbaldehydes. The exact mechanism is still in dispute due to complex reaction equilibria and elusive intermediates. In situ high-resolution mass spectrometric measurements, detailed kinetic analyses and doping with in situ reacting reaction mixtures show the transient formation of hemiacetal complexes, which can establish an autocatalytic cycle. We propose a mechanism that explains the autocatalytic amplification involving these hemiacetal complexes. Comprehensive kinetic experiments and modelling of the hemiacetal formation and the Soai reaction allow the precise prediction of the reaction progress, the enantiomeric excess as well as the enantiomeric excess dependent time shift in the induction period. Experimental structural data give insights into the privileged properties of the pyrimidyl units and the formation of diastereomeric structures leading to an efficient amplification of even minimal enantiomeric excesses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5-1381377MunichGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Saskia Lamour
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5-1381377MunichGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Maier
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5-1381377MunichGermany
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5-1381377MunichGermany
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5-1381377MunichGermany
| | - Bernd F. Straub
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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14
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Aranda C, Oksdath‐Mansilla G, Bisogno FR, Gonzalo G. Deracemisation Processes Employing Organocatalysis and Enzyme Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Aranda
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC Avda/Reina Mercedes 10 41012 Sevilla Spain
| | - Gabriela Oksdath‐Mansilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET)Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - Fabricio R. Bisogno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET)Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad de Sevilla c/Profesor García González 2 41012 Sevilla Spain
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yan‐Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouthwest University Chongqing 400715 China
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16
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Guo X, Okamoto Y, Schreier MR, Ward TR, Wenger OS. Reductive Amination and Enantioselective Amine Synthesis by Photoredox Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Guo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mirjam R. Schreier
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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17
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Role of Asymmetric Autocatalysis in the Elucidation of Origins of Homochirality of Organic Compounds. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11050694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrimidyl alkanol and related compounds were found to be asymmetric autocatalysts in the enantioselective addition of diisopropylzinc to pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde and related aldehydes. In the asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of enantiomeric excess (ee), the very low ee (ca. 0.00005%) of 2-alkynyl-5-pyrimidyl alkanol was significantly amplified to >99.5% ee with an increase in the amount. By using asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of ee, several origins of homochirality have been examined. Circularly polarized light, chiral quartz, and chiral crystals formed from achiral organic compounds such as glycine and carbon (13C/12C), nitrogen (15N/14N), oxygen (18O/16O), and hydrogen (D/H) chiral isotopomers were found to act as the origin of chirality in asymmetric autocatalysis. And the spontaneous absolute asymmetric synthesis was also realized without the intervention of any chiral factor.
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18
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Lin JS, Li TT, Jiao GY, Gu QS, Cheng JT, Lv L, Liu XY. Chiral Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Hydroamination of Racemic Allenes and Asymmetric Hydroamination of Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7092-7096. [PMID: 30919531 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first highly efficient and practical chiral Brønsted acid catalyzed dynamic kinetic asymmetric hydroamination (DyKAH) of racemic allenes and asymmetric hydroamination of unactivated dienes with both high E/Z selectivity and enantioselectivity are described herein. The transformation proceeds through a new catalytic asymmetric model involving a highly reactive π-allylic carbocationic intermediate, generated from racemic allenes or dienes through a proton transfer mediated by an activating/directing thiourea group. This method affords expedient access to structurally diverse enantioenriched, potentially bioactive alkenyl-containing aza-heterocycles and bicyclic aza-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao-Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guan-Yuan Jiao
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiang-Shuai Gu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling Lv
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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19
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Lin J, Li T, Jiao G, Gu Q, Cheng J, Lv L, Liu X. Chiral Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Hydroamination of Racemic Allenes and Asymmetric Hydroamination of Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Shun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsKey Laboratory of Chemical BiologyGraduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Tao‐Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Guan‐Yuan Jiao
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Qiang‐Shuai Gu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jiang‐Tao Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Ling Lv
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xin‐Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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20
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Kaimori Y, Hiyoshi Y, Kawasaki T, Matsumoto A, Soai K. Formation of enantioenriched alkanol with stochastic distribution of enantiomers in the absolute asymmetric synthesis under heterogeneous solid–vapor phase conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5223-5226. [PMID: 30968100 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Absolute asymmetric synthesis under heterogeneous solid–vapor phase conditions in conjunction with asymmetric autocatalysis was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Kaimori
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Tokyo University of Science
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Yui Hiyoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Tokyo University of Science
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Tokyo University of Science
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Tokyo University of Science
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Tokyo University of Science
- Tokyo
- Japan
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21
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Matsunami A, Takizawa K, Sugano S, Yano Y, Sato H, Takeuchi R. Synthesis of Chiral Homoallylic Nitriles by Iridium-Catalyzed Allylation of Cyanoacetates. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12239-12246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Matsunami
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takizawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Shogo Sugano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Ryo Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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22
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Nosek V, Míšek J. Chemoenzymatic Deracemization of Chiral Sulfoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9849-9852. [PMID: 29888843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The highly enantioselective enzyme methionine sulfoxide reductase A was combined with an oxaziridine-type oxidant in a biphasic setup for the deracemization of chiral sulfoxides. Remarkably, high ee values were observed with a wide range of substrates, thus providing a practical route for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure sulfoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Nosek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Míšek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Nosek
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Hlavova 2030/8 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Míšek
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Hlavova 2030/8 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
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24
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Liardo E, Ríos-Lombardía N, Morís F, González-Sabín J, Rebolledo F. A Straightforward Deracemization of sec
-Alcohols Combining Organocatalytic Oxidation and Biocatalytic Reduction. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Liardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica; Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | | | - Francisco Morís
- Vivero Ciencias de la Salud; EntreChem SL; Santo Domingo de Guzmán 33011 Oviedo Spain
| | - Javier González-Sabín
- Vivero Ciencias de la Salud; EntreChem SL; Santo Domingo de Guzmán 33011 Oviedo Spain
| | - Francisca Rebolledo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica; Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo Spain
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25
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Guo X, Okamoto Y, Schreier MR, Ward TR, Wenger OS. Enantioselective synthesis of amines by combining photoredox and enzymatic catalysis in a cyclic reaction network. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5052-5056. [PMID: 29938035 PMCID: PMC5994792 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible light-driven reduction of imines to enantioenriched amines in aqueous solution is demonstrated for the first time. Excitation of a new water-soluble variant of the widely used [Ir(ppy)3] (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) photosensitizer in the presence of a cyclic imine affords a highly reactive α-amino alkyl radical that is intercepted by hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from ascorbate or thiol donors to afford the corresponding amine. The enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO-N-9) selectively catalyzes the oxidation of one of the enantiomers to the corresponding imine. Upon combining the photoredox and biocatalytic processes under continuous photo-irradiation, enantioenriched amines are obtained in excellent yields. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a concurrent photoredox- and enzymatic catalysis leading to a light-driven asymmetric synthesis of amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Guo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland .
| | - Yasunori Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 , 4002 Basel , Switzerland .
| | - Mirjam R Schreier
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland .
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 , 4002 Basel , Switzerland .
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland .
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26
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Asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol and related compounds. Self-replication, amplification of chirality and implication for the origin of biological enantioenriched chirality. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Kariyawasam LS, Hartley CS. Dissipative Assembly of Aqueous Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides Fueled by Carbodiimides. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11949-11955. [PMID: 28777554 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical systems make extensive use of chemically fueled processes (e.g., using ATP), but analogous abiotic systems remain rare. A key challenge is the identification of transformations that can be adapted to a range of applications and make use of readily available chemical fuels. In this context, the generation of transient covalent bonds is a fundamental tool for nonequilibrium systems chemistry. Here, we show that carbodiimides constitute a simple class of chemical fuels for dissipative assembly, taking advantage of their known reactivity to produce (hydrolytically unstable) anhydrides from carboxylic acids in water. Both aliphatic and aromatic anhydrides are formed on convenient time scales using the common, commercially available peptide coupling agent 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide (EDC). An important feature of this reaction is that no part of the carbodiimide is incorporated into the transient species; that is, the fuel is decoupled from the structure-and thus function-of the assembled state. We show that intramolecular anhydride formation of oligo(ethylene glycol) diacids gives macrocycles analogous to crown ethers, representing minimal examples of out-of-equilibrium supramolecular hosts. The kinetics and yields of macrocycle formation respond to cation guests, with the presence of matched cations decreasing their overall production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasith S Kariyawasam
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - C Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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