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Nuwayhid RB, Kozen AC, Long DM, Ahuja K, Rubloff GW, Gregorczyk KE. Dynamic Electrode-Electrolyte Intermixing in Solid-State Sodium Nano-Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24271-24283. [PMID: 37167022 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured solid-state batteries (SSBs) are poised to meet the demands of next-generation energy storage technologies by realizing performance competitive to their liquid-based counterparts while simultaneously offering improved safety and expanded form factors. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is among the tools essential to fabricate nanostructured devices with challenging aspect ratios. Here, we report the fabrication and electrochemical testing of the first nanoscale sodium all-solid-state battery (SSB) using ALD to deposit both the V2O5 cathode and NaPON solid electrolyte followed by evaporation of a thin-film Na metal anode. NaPON exhibits remarkable stability against evaporated Na metal, showing no electrolyte breakdown or significant interphase formation in the voltage range of 0.05-6.0 V vs Na/Na+. Electrochemical analysis of the SSB suggests intermixing of the NaPON/V2O5 layers during fabrication, which we investigate in three ways: in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry, time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling, and cross-sectional cryo-scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo-STEM) coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). We characterize the interfacial reaction during the ALD NaPON deposition on V2O5 to be twofold: (1) reduction of V2O5 to VO2 and (2) Na+ insertion into VO2 to form NaxVO2. Despite the intermixing of NaPON-V2O5, we demonstrate that NaPON-coated V2O5 electrodes display enhanced electrochemical cycling stability in liquid-electrolyte coin cells through the formation of a stable electrolyte interphase. In all-SSBs, the Na metal evaporation process is found to intensify the intermixing reaction, resulting in the irreversible formation of mixed interphases between discrete battery layers. Despite this graded composition, the SSB can operate for over 100 charge-discharge cycles at room temperature and represents the first demonstration of a functional thin-film solid-state sodium-ion battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blake Nuwayhid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alexander C Kozen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Daniel M Long
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES Inc., Beavercreek, Ohio 45432, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Kunal Ahuja
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Keith E Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Wu Z, Cai Z, Fang B, Liu M, Wu H, Liu A, Ye F. A Polar and Ordered-Channel Composite Separator Enables Antidendrite and Long-Cycle Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25890-25897. [PMID: 34043330 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal as an anode replacing the traditional graphite could largely enhance the specific energy density of Li batteries. However, the repeated formation of solid electrolyte interfaces on the surface of Li metal upon plating/stripping leads to a low Coulombic efficiency, and the growth of Li dendrites upon cycling probably causes the short circuit or even explosion of the batteries, both of which block the commercial application of Li metal in lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, we report an antidendrite AAO@PVDF-HFP composite separator fabricated by a two-step method, which features the ordered pore channels and the polar groups in the channels. This novel composite separator has a good wettability to the electrolyte, high mechanical properties, and high ionic conductivity. Expectedly, the assembled batteries based on our novel composite separator show many impressive performances. In Li-Li cells, the cycling life up to 1600 h at an areal current density of 2 mA/cm2 can be realized; in Li-Cu cells, the cycling life of more than 1000 h with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.9% at 1 mA/cm2 can be achieved. More interestingly, the Li/LiFePO4 full batteries constructed by the novel AAO@PVDF-HFP composite separators show a high discharge capacity of 140 mAh/g and weak capacity decays even after 360 cycles. The novel design of the separator with ordered channels and polar groups presents an effective route for developing the next-generation LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- Center for Optolectronics Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhipeng Cai
- Center for Optolectronics Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Bin Fang
- Center for Optolectronics Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Meinan Liu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huaping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Aiping Liu
- Center for Optolectronics Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fangmin Ye
- Center for Optolectronics Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Multi-storey corridor structured host for a large area capacity and high rate metallic lithium anode. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nuwayhid RB, Jarry A, Rubloff GW, Gregorczyk KE. Atomic Layer Deposition of Sodium Phosphorus Oxynitride: A Conformal Solid-State Sodium-Ion Conductor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:21641-21650. [PMID: 32315520 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel materials that are compatible with nanostructured architectures is required to meet the demands of next-generation energy-storage technologies. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) allows for the precise synthesis of new materials that can conformally coat complex 3D structures. In this work, we demonstrate a thermal ALD process for sodium phosphorus oxynitride (NaPON), a thin-film solid-state electrolyte (SSE), for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). NaPON is analogous to the commonly used lithium phosphorus oxynitride SSE in lithium-ion batteries. The ALD process produces a conformal film with a stoichiometry of Na4PO3N, corresponding to a sodium polyphosphazene structure. The electrochemical properties of NaPON are characterized to evaluate its potential in SIBs. The NaPON film exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 1.0 × 10-7 S/cm at 25 °C and up to 2.5 × 10-6 S/cm at 80 °C, with an activation energy of 0.53 eV. In addition, the ionic conductivity is comparable and even higher than the ionic conductivities of ALD-fabricated Li+ conductors. This promising result makes NaPON a viable SSE or passivation layer in solid-state SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blake Nuwayhid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Angelique Jarry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research and the Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, Collage Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Keith E Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Zhang X, Temeche E, Laine RM. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Polymer Precursors to LixPON and LixSiPON Glasses: Materials That Enable All-Solid-State Batteries (ASBs). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
| | - Eleni Temeche
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
| | - Richard M. Laine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
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He Y, Ren X, Xu Y, Engelhard MH, Li X, Xiao J, Liu J, Zhang JG, Xu W, Wang C. Origin of lithium whisker formation and growth under stress. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:1042-1047. [PMID: 31611656 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal has the lowest standard electrochemical redox potential and very high theoretical specific capacity, making it the ultimate anode material for rechargeable batteries. However, its application in batteries has been impeded by the formation of Li whiskers, which consume the electrolyte, deplete active Li and may lead to short-circuit of the battery. Tackling these issues successfully is dependent on acquiring sufficient understanding of the formation mechanisms and growth of Li whiskers under the mechanical constraints of a separator. Here, by coupling an atomic force microscopy cantilever into a solid open-cell set-up in environmental transmission electron microscopy, we directly capture the nucleation and growth behaviour of Li whiskers under elastic constraint. We show that Li deposition is initiated by a sluggish nucleation of a single crystalline Li particle, with no preferential growth directions. Remarkably, we find that retarded surface transport of Li plays a decisive role in the subsequent deposition morphology. We then explore the validity of these findings in practical cells using a series of carbonate-poisoned ether-based electrolytes. Finally, we show that Li whiskers can yield, buckle, kink or stop growing under certain elastic constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Xiaodi Ren
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yaobin Xu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mark H Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ji-Guang Zhang
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wu Xu
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
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Sun R, Xia Z, Qi F, Jing F, Deng R, Wang S, Sun G. Efficient Design for a High-Energy and High-Power Capability Hybrid Electric Power Device with Enhanced Electrochemical Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19943-19949. [PMID: 31074955 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of novel electrode architectures with tailored electrochemical interfaces (EI) is an effective strategy for enhancing charge and mass transport processes within electrochemical devices. Here, we design and fabricate a well-hybrid electrode based on the coupling of polyaniline (PANI) nanowires and Pt-based electrocatalysts to manufacture a hybrid electric power device (HEPD) combining the advantages of supercapacitors and fuel cells. Because of the boosted charge transfer between PANI nanowires and Pt-based materials via enhanced EIs, the HEPD assembled with hybrid electrodes shows remarkable performance with a peak power density of 222 mW cm-2, a specific power of 3810 W kg-1, and a specific energy of 2100 Wh kg-1, normalized to the mass of membrane electrode assemblies. The in situ Raman spectra and extended electrochemical studies demonstrate the intrinsic mechanism of charge transfer processes within hybrid electrodes, shedding light on the alternative progress of electrochemical energy conversion systems and storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Sun
- Division of Fuel Cell & Battery, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhangxun Xia
- Division of Fuel Cell & Battery, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Fulai Qi
- Institutes of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Science , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Fenning Jing
- Division of Fuel Cell & Battery, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Ruoyi Deng
- Division of Fuel Cell & Battery, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Suli Wang
- Division of Fuel Cell & Battery, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Gongquan Sun
- Division of Fuel Cell & Battery, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
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Gao C, Dong Q, Zhang G, Fan H, Li H, Hong B, Lai Y. Antimony‐Doped Lithium Phosphate Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Dendrite‐Free Lithium‐Metal Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Gao
- School of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South University Changsha 410083 PR China
| | - Qingyuan Dong
- School of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South University Changsha 410083 PR China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Zhongtian Emerging Materials Co., Ltd. Nantong Jiangsu 226010 PR China
| | - Hailin Fan
- School of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South University Changsha 410083 PR China
| | - Huangxu Li
- School of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South University Changsha 410083 PR China
| | - Bo Hong
- School of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South University Changsha 410083 PR China
| | - Yanqing Lai
- School of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South University Changsha 410083 PR China
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Wang Y, Lin CF, Rao J, Gaskell K, Rubloff G, Lee SB. Electrochemically Controlled Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layers Enable Superior Li-S Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24554-24563. [PMID: 29956907 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries suffer from shuttle reactions during electrochemical cycling, which cause the loss of active material sulfur from sulfur-carbon cathodes, and simultaneously incur the corrosion and degradation of the lithium metal anode by forming passivation layers on its surface. These unwanted reactions therefore lead to the fast failure of batteries. The preservation of the highly reactive lithium metal anode in sulfur-containing electrolytes has been one of the main challenges for Li-S batteries. In this study, we systematically controlled and optimized the formation of a smooth and uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer through electrochemical pretreatment of the Li metal anode under controlled current densities. A distinct improvement of battery performance in terms of specific capacity and power capability was achieved in charge-discharge cycling for Li-S cells with pretreated Li anodes compared to pristine untreated ones. Importantly, at a higher power density (1 C rate, 3 mA cm-2), the Li-S cells with pretreated Li anodes protected by a controlled elastomer (Li-Protected-by-Elastomer, LPE)) show the suppression of the Li dendrite growth and exhibit 3-4 times higher specific capacity than the untreated ones after 100 electrochemical cycles. The formation of such a controlled uniform SEI was confirmed, and its surface chemistry, morphology, and electrochemical properties were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, focused-ion beam cross sectioning, and scanning electron microscopy. Adequate pretreatment current density and time are critical in order to form a continuous and uniform SEI, along with good Li-ion transport property.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sang Bok Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology , KAIST , Daejeon 305-701 , South Korea
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Wang L, Chen B, Ma J, Cui G, Chen L. Reviving lithium cobalt oxide-based lithium secondary batteries-toward a higher energy density. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6505-6602. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the key challenges, effective modification strategies and perspectives regarding reviving lithium cobalt oxide-based lithium secondary batteries-toward a higher energy density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Wang
- Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research Institute
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research Institute
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research Institute
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Guanglei Cui
- Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research Institute
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Liquan Chen
- Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research Institute
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
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