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Nuwayhid RB, Kozen AC, Long DM, Ahuja K, Rubloff GW, Gregorczyk KE. Dynamic Electrode-Electrolyte Intermixing in Solid-State Sodium Nano-Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:24271-24283. [PMID: 37167022 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured solid-state batteries (SSBs) are poised to meet the demands of next-generation energy storage technologies by realizing performance competitive to their liquid-based counterparts while simultaneously offering improved safety and expanded form factors. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is among the tools essential to fabricate nanostructured devices with challenging aspect ratios. Here, we report the fabrication and electrochemical testing of the first nanoscale sodium all-solid-state battery (SSB) using ALD to deposit both the V2O5 cathode and NaPON solid electrolyte followed by evaporation of a thin-film Na metal anode. NaPON exhibits remarkable stability against evaporated Na metal, showing no electrolyte breakdown or significant interphase formation in the voltage range of 0.05-6.0 V vs Na/Na+. Electrochemical analysis of the SSB suggests intermixing of the NaPON/V2O5 layers during fabrication, which we investigate in three ways: in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry, time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling, and cross-sectional cryo-scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo-STEM) coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). We characterize the interfacial reaction during the ALD NaPON deposition on V2O5 to be twofold: (1) reduction of V2O5 to VO2 and (2) Na+ insertion into VO2 to form NaxVO2. Despite the intermixing of NaPON-V2O5, we demonstrate that NaPON-coated V2O5 electrodes display enhanced electrochemical cycling stability in liquid-electrolyte coin cells through the formation of a stable electrolyte interphase. In all-SSBs, the Na metal evaporation process is found to intensify the intermixing reaction, resulting in the irreversible formation of mixed interphases between discrete battery layers. Despite this graded composition, the SSB can operate for over 100 charge-discharge cycles at room temperature and represents the first demonstration of a functional thin-film solid-state sodium-ion battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blake Nuwayhid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alexander C Kozen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Daniel M Long
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES Inc., Beavercreek, Ohio 45432, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Kunal Ahuja
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Keith E Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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2
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Hu P, Ly KL, Pham LPH, Pottash AE, Sheridan K, Wu HC, Tsao CY, Quan D, Bentley WE, Rubloff GW, Sintim HO, Luo X. Bacterial chemotaxis in static gradients quantified in a biopolymer membrane-integrated microfluidic platform. Lab Chip 2022; 22:3203-3216. [PMID: 35856590 PMCID: PMC9756273 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00481j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemotaxis is a fundamental bacterial response mechanism to changes in chemical gradients of specific molecules known as chemoattractant or chemorepellent. The advancement of biological platforms for bacterial chemotaxis research is of significant interest for a wide range of biological and environmental studies. Many microfluidic devices have been developed for its study, but challenges still remain that can obscure analysis. For example, cell migration can be compromised by flow-induced shear stress, and bacterial motility can be impaired by nonspecific cell adhesion to microchannels. Also, devices can be complicated, expensive, and hard to assemble. We address these issues with a three-channel microfluidic platform integrated with natural biopolymer membranes that are assembled in situ. This provides several unique attributes. First, a static, steady and robust chemoattractant gradient was generated and maintained. Second, because the assembly incorporates assembly pillars, the assembled membrane arrays connecting nearby pillars can be created longer than the viewing window, enabling a wide 2D area for study. Third, the in situ assembled biopolymer membranes minimize pressure and/or chemiosmotic gradients that could induce flow and obscure chemotaxis study. Finally, nonspecific cell adhesion is avoided by priming the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel surfaces with Pluronic F-127. We demonstrated chemotactic migration of Escherichia coli as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa under well-controlled easy-to-assemble glucose gradients. We characterized motility using the chemotaxis partition coefficient (CPC) and chemotaxis migration coefficient (CMC) and found our results consistent with other reports. Further, random walk trajectories of individual cells in simple bright field images were conveniently tracked and presented in rose plots. Velocities were calculated, again in agreement with previous literature. We believe the biopolymer membrane-integrated platform represents a facile and convenient system for robust quantitative assessment of cellular motility in response to various chemical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia 20064, USA.
| | - Khanh L Ly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia 20064, USA
| | - Le P H Pham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia 20064, USA.
| | - Alex E Pottash
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kathleen Sheridan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia 20064, USA
| | - Hsuan-Chen Wu
- Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chen-Yu Tsao
- Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - David Quan
- Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - William E Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaolong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia 20064, USA.
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3
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Nuwayhid RB, Fontecha D, Kozen A, Lee SB, Rubloff GW, Gregorzyck KE. Nanoscale Li, Na, and K Ion-Conducting Polyphosphazenes by Atomic Layer Deposition. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2068-2082. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03736f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid state batteries (SSBs), and corresponding solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), have been proposed to address both dimensional restrictions and safety concerns associated with liquid electrolyte batteries. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is...
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4
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Nuwayhid RB, Jarry A, Rubloff GW, Gregorczyk KE. Atomic Layer Deposition of Sodium Phosphorus Oxynitride: A Conformal Solid-State Sodium-Ion Conductor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:21641-21650. [PMID: 32315520 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel materials that are compatible with nanostructured architectures is required to meet the demands of next-generation energy-storage technologies. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) allows for the precise synthesis of new materials that can conformally coat complex 3D structures. In this work, we demonstrate a thermal ALD process for sodium phosphorus oxynitride (NaPON), a thin-film solid-state electrolyte (SSE), for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). NaPON is analogous to the commonly used lithium phosphorus oxynitride SSE in lithium-ion batteries. The ALD process produces a conformal film with a stoichiometry of Na4PO3N, corresponding to a sodium polyphosphazene structure. The electrochemical properties of NaPON are characterized to evaluate its potential in SIBs. The NaPON film exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 1.0 × 10-7 S/cm at 25 °C and up to 2.5 × 10-6 S/cm at 80 °C, with an activation energy of 0.53 eV. In addition, the ionic conductivity is comparable and even higher than the ionic conductivities of ALD-fabricated Li+ conductors. This promising result makes NaPON a viable SSE or passivation layer in solid-state SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blake Nuwayhid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Angelique Jarry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research and the Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, Collage Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Keith E Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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5
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Li SX, Kim NS, McKelvey K, Liu C, White HS, Rubloff GW, Lee SB, Reed MA. Enhancing Lithium Insertion with Electrostatic Nanoconfinement in a Lithography Patterned Precision Cell. ACS Nano 2019; 13:8481-8489. [PMID: 31276376 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly growing demand for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage drives the pursuit of high-performance electrical energy storage (EES). A key strategy for improving EES performance is exploiting nanostructured electrodes that present nanoconfined environments of adjacent electrolytes, with the goal to decrease ion diffusion paths and increase active surface areas. However, fundamental gaps persist in understanding the interface-governed electrochemistry in such nanoconfined geometries, in part because of the imprecise and variable dimension control. Here, we report quantification of lithium insertion under nanoconfinement of the electrolyte in a precise lithography-patterned nanofluidic cell. We show a mechanism that enhances ion insertion under nanoconfinement, namely, selective ion accumulation when the confinement length is comparable to the electrical double layer thickness. The nanofabrication approach with uniform and accurate dimensional control provides a versatile model system to explore fundamental mechanisms of nanoscale electrochemistry, which could have an impact on practical energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Xin Li
- Department of Physics , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nam S Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
- School of Chemistry , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Chanyuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Institute for Systems Research , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Institute for Systems Research , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
- Department of Applied Physics , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
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6
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Leung K, Pearse AJ, Talin AA, Fuller EJ, Rubloff GW, Modine NA. Kinetics-Controlled Degradation Reactions at Crystalline LiPON/Li x CoO 2 and Crystalline LiPON/Li-Metal Interfaces. ChemSusChem 2018; 11:1956-1969. [PMID: 29603655 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Detailed understanding of solid-solid interface structure-function relationships is critical for the improvement and wide deployment of all-solid-state batteries. The interfaces between lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) solid electrolyte material and lithium metal anode, and between LiPON and Lix CoO2 cathode, have been reported to generate solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI)-like products and/or disordered regions. Using electronic structure calculations and crystalline LiPON models, we predict that LiPON models with purely P-N-P backbones are kinetically inert towards lithium at room temperature. In contrast, transfer of oxygen atoms from low-energy Lix CoO2 (104) surfaces to LiPON is much faster under ambient conditions. The mechanisms of the primary reaction steps, LiPON structural motifs that readily reacts with lithium metal, experimental results on amorphous LiPON to partially corroborate these predictions, and possible mitigation strategies to reduce degradations are discussed. LiPON interfaces are found to be useful case studies for highlighting the importance of kinetics-controlled processes during battery assembly at moderate processing temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Leung
- Sandia National Laboratories, MS 1415, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Alexander J Pearse
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - A Alec Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories, MS 9161, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Elliot J Fuller
- Sandia National Laboratories, MS 9161, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Normand A Modine
- Sandia National Laboratories, MS 1415, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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7
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Pearse A, Schmitt T, Sahadeo E, Stewart DM, Kozen A, Gerasopoulos K, Talin AA, Lee SB, Rubloff GW, Gregorczyk KE. Three-Dimensional Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries Fabricated by Conformal Vapor-Phase Chemistry. ACS Nano 2018; 12:4286-4294. [PMID: 29688704 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional thin-film solid-state batteries (3D TSSB) were proposed by Long et al. in 2004 as a structure-based approach to simultaneously increase energy and power densities. Here, we report experimental realization of fully conformal 3D TSSBs, demonstrating the simultaneous power-and-energy benefits of 3D structuring. All active battery components-electrodes, solid electrolyte, and current collectors-were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto standard CMOS processable silicon wafers microfabricated to form arrays of deep pores with aspect ratios up to approximately 10. The cells utilize an electrochemically prelithiated LiV2O5 cathode, a very thin (40-100 nm) Li2PO2N solid electrolyte, and a SnN x anode. The fabrication process occurs entirely at or below 250 °C, promising compatibility with a variety of substrates as well as integrated circuits. The multilayer battery structure enabled all-ALD solid-state cells to deliver 37 μAh/cm2·μm (normalized to cathode thickness) with only 0.02% per-cycle capacity loss. Conformal fabrication of full cells over 3D substrates increased the areal discharge capacity by an order of magnitude while simulteneously improving power performance, a trend consistent with a finite element model. This work shows that the exceptional conformality of ALD, combined with conventional semiconductor fabrication methods, provides an avenue for the successful realization of long-sought 3D TSSBs which provide power performance scaling in regimes inaccessible to planar form factor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Kozen
- American Society for Engineering Education , residing at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , 1818 N St NW , Suite 600, Washington D.C. 20036 , United States
| | - Konstantinos Gerasopoulos
- Research and Exploratory Development Department , The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel , Maryland 20723 , United States
| | - A Alec Talin
- Materials Physics Department , Sandia National Laboratory , MS9161, 7011 East Ave , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
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8
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Lin CF, Qi Y, Gregorczyk K, Lee SB, Rubloff GW. Nanoscale Protection Layers To Mitigate Degradation in High-Energy Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:97-106. [PMID: 29293316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the pursuit of energy storage devices with higher energy and power, new ion storage materials and high-voltage battery chemistries are of paramount importance. However, they invite-and often enhance-degradation mechanisms, which are reflected in capacity loss with charge/discharge cycling and sometimes in safety problems. Degradation mechanisms are often driven by fundamentals such as chemical and electrochemical reactions at electrode-electrolyte interfaces, volume expansion and stress associated with ion insertion and extraction, and profound inhomogeneity of electrochemical behavior. While it is important to identify and understand these mechanisms at some reasonable level, it is even more critical to design strategies to mitigate these degradation pathways and to develop means to implement and validate the strategies. A growing set of research highlights the mitigation benefits achievable by forming thin protection layers (PLs) intentionally created as artificial interphase regions at the electrode-electrolyte interface. These advances illustrate a promising-perhaps even generic-pathway for enabling higher-energy and higher-voltage battery configurations. In this Account, we summarize examples of such PLs that serve as mitigation strategies to avoid degradation in lithium metal anodes, conversion-type electrode materials, and alloy-type electrodes. Examples are chosen from a larger body of electrochemical degradation research carried out in Nanostructures for Electrical Energy Storage (NEES), our DOE Energy Frontier Research Center. Overall, we argue on the basis of experimental and theoretical evidence that PLs effectively stabilize the electrochemical interfaces to prevent parasitic chemical and electrochemical reactions and mitigate the structural, mechanical, and compositional degradation of the electrode materials at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces. The evidenced improvement in performance metrics is accomplished by (1) establishing a homogeneous interface for ion insertion and extraction, (2) providing mechanical constraints to maintain structural integrity and robust electronic and ionic conduction pathways, and (3) introducing spatial confinements on the electrode material matrix to alter the phase transformation (delaying the occurrence of the conversion reaction) upon Li insertion, which results in superior electrode performance, excellent capacity retention, and improved reversibility. Taken together, these examples portray a valuable role for thin protection layers synthesized over electrode surfaces, both for their benefit to cycle stability and for revealing insights into degradation and mitigation mechanisms. Furthermore, they underscore the impact of complex electrochemical behavior at nanoscale materials and nanostructure interfaces in modulating the behavior of energy storage devices at the mesoscale and macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fu Lin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute
for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Keith Gregorczyk
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute
for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W. Rubloff
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute
for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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9
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Liu C, Kim N, Rubloff GW, Lee SB. High performance asymmetric V 2O 5-SnO 2 nanopore battery by atomic layer deposition. Nanoscale 2017; 9:11566-11573. [PMID: 28770931 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02151h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the high performance and cyclability of an asymmetric full cell nanopore battery, comprised of V2O5 as the cathode and prelithiated SnO2 as the anode, with integrated nanotubular Pt current collectors underneath each nanotubular storage electrode, confined within an anodized aluminium oxide (AAO) nanopore. Enabled by atomic layer deposition (ALD), this coaxial nanotube full cell is fully confined within a high aspect ratio nanopore (150 nm in diameter, 50 μm in length), with an ultra-small volume of about 1 fL. By controlling the amount of lithium ion prelithiated into the SnO2 anode, we can tune the full cell output voltage in the range of 0.3 V to 3 V. When tested as a massively parallel device (∼2 billion cm-2), this asymmetric nanopore battery array displays exceptional rate performance and cyclability: when cycled between 1 V and 3 V, capacity retention at the 200C rate is ∼73% of that at 1C, and at 25C rate only 2% capacity loss occurs after more than 500 charge/discharge cycles. With the increased full cell output potential, the asymmetric V2O5-SnO2 nanopore battery shows significantly improved energy and power density over the previously reported symmetric cell, 4.6 times higher volumetric energy and 5.2 times higher power density - an even more promising indication that controlled nanostructure designs employing nanoconfined environments with large electrode surface areas present promising directions for future battery technology.
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Wolfram CJ, Rubloff GW, Luo X. Perspectives in flow-based microfluidic gradient generators for characterizing bacterial chemotaxis. Biomicrofluidics 2016; 10:061301. [PMID: 27917249 PMCID: PMC5106431 DOI: 10.1063/1.4967777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemotaxis is a phenomenon which enables cells to sense concentrations of certain chemical species in their microenvironment and move towards chemically favorable regions. Recent advances in microbiology have engineered the chemotactic properties of bacteria to perform novel functions, but traditional methods of characterizing chemotaxis do not fully capture the associated cell motion, making it difficult to infer mechanisms that link the motion to the microbiology which induces it. Microfluidics offers a potential solution in the form of gradient generators. Many of the gradient generators studied to date for this application are flow-based, where a chemical species diffuses across the laminar flow interface between two solutions moving through a microchannel. Despite significant research efforts, flow-based gradient generators have achieved mixed success at accurately capturing the highly subtle chemotactic responses exhibited by bacteria. Here we present an analysis encompassing previously published versions of flow-based gradient generators, the theories that govern their gradient-generating properties, and new, more practical considerations that result from experimental factors. We conclude that flow-based gradient generators present a challenge inherent to their design in that the residence time and gradient decay must be finely balanced, and that this significantly narrows the window for reliable observation and quantification of chemotactic motion. This challenge is compounded by the effects of shear on an ellipsoidal bacterium that causes it to preferentially align with the direction of flow and subsequently suppresses the cross-flow chemotactic response. These problems suggest that a static, non-flowing gradient generator may be a more suitable platform for chemotaxis studies in the long run, despite posing greater difficulties in design and fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Wolfram
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Xiaolong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Catholic University of America , Washington, DC 20064, USA
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11
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Abstract
Conventional electrical energy storage (EES) electrodes, such as rechargeable batteries, are mostly based on composites of monolithic micrometer sized particles bound together with polymeric and conductive carbon additives and binders. The kinetic limitations of these monolithic chunks of material are inherently linked to their electrical properties, the kinetics of ion insertion through their interface and ion migration in and through the composite phase. Redox chemistry of nanostructured materials in EES systems offer vast gains in power and energy. Furthermore, due to their thin nature, ion and electron transport is dramatically increased, especially when thin heterogeneous conducting layers are employed synergistically. However, since the stability of the electrode material is dictated by the nature of the electrochemical reaction and the accompanying volumetric and interfacial changes from the perspective of overall system lifetime, research with nanostructured materials has shown often indefinite conclusions: in some cases, an increase in unwanted side-reactions due to the high surface area (bad). In other cases, results have shown significantly better handling of mechanical stress that results from lithiation/delithiation (good). Despite these mixed results, scientifically informed design of thin electrode materials, with carefully chosen architectures, is considered a promising route to address many limitations witnessed in EES systems by reducing and protecting electrodes from parasitic reactions, accommodating mechanical stress due to volumetric changes from electrochemical reactions, and optimizing charge carrier mobilities from both the "ionic" and "electronic" points of view. Furthermore, precise nanoscale control over the electrode structure can enable accurate measurement through advanced spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. This Account summarizes recent findings related to thin electrode materials synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and electrochemical deposition (ECD), including nanowires, nanotubes, and thin films. Throughout the Account, we will show how these techniques enabled us to synthesize electrodes of interest with precise control over the structure and composition of the material. We will illustrate and discuss how the electrochemical response of thin electrodes made by these techniques can facilitate new mechanisms for ion storage, mediate the interfacial electrochemical response of the electrode, and address issues related to electrode degradation over time. The effects of nanosizing materials and their electrochemical response will be mechanistically reviewed through two categories of ion storage: (1) pseudocapacitance and (2) ion insertion. Additionally, we will show how electrochemical processes that are more complicated because of accompanying volumetric changes and electrode degradation pathways can be mediated and controlled by application of thin functional materials on the electrochemically active interface; examples include conversion electrodes, reactive lithium metal anodes, and complex reactions in a Li/O2 cathode system. The goal of this Account is to illustrate how careful design of thin materials either as active electrodes or as mediating layers can facilitate desirable interfacial electrochemical activity and resolve or shed light on mechanistic limitations of electrochemical processes related to micrometer size particles currently used in energy storage electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malachi Noked
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chanyuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Junkai Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Keith Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Gao T, Li X, Wang X, Hu J, Han F, Fan X, Suo L, Pearse AJ, Lee SB, Rubloff GW, Gaskell KJ, Noked M, Wang C. A Rechargeable Al/S Battery with an Ionic‐Liquid Electrolyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gao
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Xiwen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Junkai Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Fudong Han
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Xiulin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Liumin Suo
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Alex J Pearse
- Department of Material Science and Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Gary W. Rubloff
- Department of Material Science and Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Karen J Gaskell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Malachi Noked
- Department of Material Science and Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
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13
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Gao T, Li X, Wang X, Hu J, Han F, Fan X, Suo L, Pearse AJ, Lee SB, Rubloff GW, Gaskell KJ, Noked M, Wang C. A Rechargeable Al/S Battery with an Ionic‐Liquid Electrolyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9898-901. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gao
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Xiwen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Junkai Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Fudong Han
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Xiulin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Liumin Suo
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Alex J Pearse
- Department of Material Science and Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Gary W. Rubloff
- Department of Material Science and Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Karen J Gaskell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Malachi Noked
- Department of Material Science and Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
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14
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Lin CF, Noked M, Kozen AC, Liu C, Zhao O, Gregorczyk K, Hu L, Lee SB, Rubloff GW. Solid Electrolyte Lithium Phosphous Oxynitride as a Protective Nanocladding Layer for 3D High-Capacity Conversion Electrodes. ACS Nano 2016; 10:2693-2701. [PMID: 26820038 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Materials that undergo conversion reactions to form different materials upon lithiation typically offer high specific capacity for energy storage applications such as Li ion batteries. However, since the reaction products often involve complex mixtures of electrically insulating and conducting particles and significant changes in volume and phase, the reversibility of conversion reactions is poor, preventing their use in rechargeable (secondary) batteries. In this paper, we fabricate and protect 3D conversion electrodes by first coating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a model conversion material, RuO2, and subsequently protecting them with conformal thin-film lithium phosphous oxynitride (LiPON), a well-known solid-state electrolyte. Atomic layer deposition is used to deposit the RuO2 and the LiPON, thus forming core double-shell MWCNT@RuO2@LiPON electrodes as a model system. We find that the LiPON protection layer enhances cyclability of the conversion electrode, which we attribute to two factors. (1) The LiPON layer provides high Li ion conductivity at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode. (2) By constraining the electrode materials mechanically, the LiPON protection layer ensures electronic connectivity and thus conductivity during lithiation/delithiation cycles. These two mechanisms are striking in their ability to preserve capacity despite the profound changes in structure and composition intrinsic to conversion electrode materials. This LiPON-protected structure exhibits superior cycling stability and reversibility as well as decreased overpotentials compared to the unprotected core-shell structure. Furthermore, even at very low lithiation potential (0.05 V), the LiPON-protected electrode largely reduces the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fu Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Malachi Noked
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alexander C Kozen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chanyuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Oliver Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Keith Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Institute for Systems Research, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Malachi Noked
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Marshall A Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alexander J Pearse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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16
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Gillette EI, Kim N, Rubloff GW, Lee SB. Interconnected mesoporous V2O5 electrode: impact on lithium ion insertion rate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:30605-30611. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05640g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interconnections between adjacent nanotubes in an aligned array are found to improve the kinetics of lithium insertion into V2O5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor I. Gillette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Nam Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Gary W. Rubloff
- University of Maryland
- Materials Science and Engineering
- College Park
- USA
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
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17
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Pearse AJ, Gillette E, Lee SB, Rubloff GW. The reaction current distribution in battery electrode materials revealed by XPS-based state-of-charge mapping. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19093-102. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03271k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphologically complex electrochemical systems, such as composite or nanostructured lithium ion battery electrodes, exhibit spatially inhomogeneous internal current distributions which are explored using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Pearse
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Eleanor Gillette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Gary W. Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
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18
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Gao T, Noked M, Pearse AJ, Gillette E, Fan X, Zhu Y, Luo C, Suo L, Schroeder MA, Xu K, Lee SB, Rubloff GW, Wang C. Enhancing the Reversibility of Mg/S Battery Chemistry through Li+ Mediation. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12388-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kang Xu
- Electrochemistry
Branch, Power and Energy Division Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
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19
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Kozen AC, Lin CF, Pearse AJ, Schroeder MA, Han X, Hu L, Lee SB, Rubloff GW, Noked M. Next-Generation Lithium Metal Anode Engineering via Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS Nano 2015; 9:5884-92. [PMID: 25970127 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal is considered to be the most promising anode for next-generation batteries due to its high energy density of 3840 mAh g(-1). However, the extreme reactivity of the Li surface can induce parasitic reactions with solvents, contamination, and shuttled active species in the electrolyte, reducing the performance of batteries employing Li metal anodes. One promising solution to this issue is application of thin chemical protection layers to the Li metal surface. Using a custom-made ultrahigh vacuum integrated deposition and characterization system, we demonstrate atomic layer deposition (ALD) of protection layers directly on Li metal with exquisite thickness control. We demonstrate as a proof-of-concept that a 14 nm thick ALD Al2O3 layer can protect the Li surface from corrosion due to atmosphere, sulfur, and electrolyte exposure. Using Li-S battery cells as a test system, we demonstrate an improved capacity retention using ALD-protected anodes over cells assembled with bare Li metal anodes for up to 100 cycles.
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20
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Schroeder MA, Kumar N, Pearse AJ, Liu C, Lee SB, Rubloff GW, Leung K, Noked M. DMSO-Li2O2 Interface in the Rechargeable Li-O2 Battery Cathode: Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives on Stability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:11402-11411. [PMID: 25945948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest obstacles for the realization of the nonaqueous Li-O2 battery is finding a solvent that is chemically and electrochemically stable under cell operating conditions. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an attractive candidate for rechargeable Li-O2 battery studies; however, there is still significant controversy regarding its stability on the Li-O2 cathode surface. We performed multiple experiments (in situ XPS, FTIR, Raman, and XRD) which assess the stability of the DMSO-Li2O2 interface and report perspectives on previously published studies. Our electrochemical experiments show long-term stable cycling of a DMSO-based operating Li-O2 cell with a platinum@carbon nanotube core-shell cathode fabricated via atomic layer deposition, specifically with >45 cycles of 40 h of discharge per cycle. This work is complemented by density functional theory calculations of DMSO degradation pathways on Li2O2. Both experimental and theoretical evidence strongly suggests that DMSO is chemically and electrochemically stable on the surface of Li2O2 under the reported operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A Schroeder
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Nitin Kumar
- §Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- ∥Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alexander J Pearse
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chanyuan Liu
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kevin Leung
- §Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Malachi Noked
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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21
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Luo X, Tsao CY, Wu HC, Quan DN, Payne GF, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE. Distal modulation of bacterial cell-cell signalling in a synthetic ecosystem using partitioned microfluidics. Lab Chip 2015; 15:1842-1851. [PMID: 25690330 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is over a meter in length, liquid residence times span several hours. Recapitulating the human gut microbiome "on chip" holds promise to revolutionize therapeutic strategies for a variety of diseases, as well as for maintaining homeostasis in healthy individuals. A more refined understanding of bacterial-bacterial and bacterial-epithelial cell signalling is envisioned and such a device is a key enabler. Indeed, significant advances in the study of bacterial cell-cell signalling have been reported, including at length and time scales of the cells and their responses. Few reports exist, however, where signalling events that span physiologically relevant time scales are monitored and coordinated. Here, we employ principles of biofabrication to assemble, in situ, cell communities that are (i) spatially adjacent within partitioned microchannels for studying near communication and (ii) distally connected within longitudinal microfluidic networks so as to mimic long distance signalling among intestinal flora. We observed native signalling processes of the bacterial quorum sensing autoinducer-2 (AI-2) system among and between these communities. Cells in an upstream device successfully self-reported their activities and also secreted autoinducers that were carried downstream to the assembled networks of bacteria that reported on their presence. Furthermore, active signal modulation of among distal populations was demonstrated in a "programmed" manner where "enhancer" and "reducer" communities were assembled adjacent to the test population or "reporter" cells. The modulator cells either amplified or attenuated the cell-cell signalling between the distal, already communicating cell populations. Modulation was quantified with a bioassay, and the reaction rates of signal production and consumption were further characterized using a first principles mathematical model. Simulated distribution profiles of signalling molecules in the cell-gel composites agreed well with the observed cellular responses. We believe this simple platform and the ease by which it is assembled can be applied to other cell-cell interaction studies among various species or kingdoms of cells within well-regulated microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
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22
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Gregorczyk KE, Kozen AC, Chen X, Schroeder MA, Noked M, Cao A, Hu L, Rubloff GW. Fabrication of 3D core-shell multiwalled carbon nanotube@RuO2 lithium-ion battery electrodes through a RuO2 atomic layer deposition process. ACS Nano 2015; 9:464-473. [PMID: 25517036 DOI: 10.1021/nn505644q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pushing lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology forward to its fundamental scaling limits requires the ability to create designer heterostructured materials and architectures. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has recently been applied to advanced nanostructured energy storage devices due to the wide range of available materials, angstrom thickness control, and extreme conformality over high aspect ratio nanostructures. A class of materials referred to as conversion electrodes has recently been proposed as high capacity electrodes. RuO2 is considered an ideal conversion material due to its high combined electronic and ionic conductivity and high gravimetric capacity, and as such is an excellent material to explore the behavior of conversion electrodes at nanoscale thicknesses. We report here a fully characterized atomic layer deposition process for RuO2, electrochemical cycling data for ALD RuO2, and the application of the RuO2 to a composite carbon nanotube electrode scaffold with nucleation-controlled RuO2 growth. A growth rate of 0.4 Å/cycle is found between ∼ 210-240 °C. In a planar configuration, the resulting RuO2 films show high first cycle electrochemical capacities of ∼ 1400 mAh/g, but the capacity rapidly degrades with charge/discharge cycling. We also fabricated core/shell MWCNT/RuO2 heterostructured 3D electrodes, which show a 50× increase in the areal capacity over their planar counterparts, with an areal lithium capacity of 1.6 mAh/cm(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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23
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Liu C, Gillette EI, Chen X, Pearse AJ, Kozen AC, Schroeder MA, Gregorczyk KE, Lee SB, Rubloff GW. An all-in-one nanopore battery array. Nat Nanotechnol 2014; 9:1031-9. [PMID: 25383515 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A single nanopore structure that embeds all components of an electrochemical storage device could bring about the ultimate miniaturization in energy storage. Self-alignment of electrodes within each nanopore may enable closer and more controlled spacing between electrodes than in state-of-art batteries. Such an 'all-in-one' nanopore battery array would also present an alternative to interdigitated electrode structures that employ complex three-dimensional geometries with greater spatial heterogeneity. Here, we report a battery composed of an array of nanobatteries connected in parallel, each composed of an anode, a cathode and a liquid electrolyte confined within the nanopores of anodic aluminium oxide, as an all-in-one nanosize device. Each nanoelectrode includes an outer Ru nanotube current collector and an inner nanotube of V₂O₅ storage material, forming a symmetric full nanopore storage cell with anode and cathode separated by an electrolyte region. The V₂O₅ is prelithiated at one end to serve as the anode, with pristine V₂O₅ at the other end serving as the cathode, forming a battery that is asymmetrically cycled between 0.2 V and 1.8 V. The capacity retention of this full cell (relative to 1 C values) is 95% at 5 C and 46% at 150 C, with a 1,000-cycle life. From a fundamental point of view, our all-in-one nanopore battery array unveils an electrochemical regime in which ion insertion and surface charge mechanisms for energy storage become indistinguishable, and offers a testbed for studying ion transport limits in dense nanostructured electrode arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyuan Liu
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Eleanor I Gillette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Xinyi Chen
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [3] Lam Research Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon 97062, USA
| | - Alexander J Pearse
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Alexander C Kozen
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Marshall A Schroeder
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Keith E Gregorczyk
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [3] CIC nanoGUNE, 20012 Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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24
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Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful spectroscopic technique capable of detecting trace amounts of chemicals and identifying them based on their unique vibrational characteristics. While there are many complex methods for fabricating SERS substrates, there has been a recent shift towards the development of simple, low cost fabrication methods that can be performed in most labs or even in the field. The potential of SERS for widespread use will likely be realized only with development of cheaper, simpler methods. In this Perspective article we briefly review several of the more popular methods for SERS substrate fabrication, discuss the characteristics of simple SERS substrates, and examine several methods for producing simple SERS substrates. We highlight potential applications and future directions for simple SERS substrates, focusing on highly SERS active three-dimensional nanostructures fabricated by inkjet and screen printing and galvanic displacement for portable SERS analysis - an area that we believe has exciting potential for future research and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan F Betz
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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25
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Luo X, Wu HC, Betz J, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE. Air bubble-initiated biofabrication of freestanding, semi-permeable biopolymer membranes in PDMS microfluidics. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Cellulose fibers with porous structure and electrolyte absorption properties are considered to be a good potential substrate for the deposition of energy material for energy storage devices. Unlike traditional substrates, such as gold or stainless steel, paper prepared from cellulose fibers in this study not only functions as a substrate with large surface area but also acts as an interior electrolyte reservoir, where electrolyte can be absorbed much in the cellulose fibers and is ready to diffuse into an energy storage material. We demonstrated the value of this internal electrolyte reservoir by comparing a series of hierarchical hybrid supercapacitor electrodes based on homemade cellulose paper or polyester textile integrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by simple solution dip and electrodeposited with MnO2. Atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 onto the fiber surface was used to limit electrolyte absorption into the fibers for comparison. Configurations designed with different numbers of ion diffusion pathways were compared to show that cellulose fibers in paper can act as a good interior electrolyte reservoir and provide an effective pathway for ion transport facilitation. Further optimization using an additional CNT coating resulted in an electrode of paper/CNTs/MnO2/CNTs, which has dual ion diffusion and electron transfer pathways and demonstrated superior supercapacitive performance. This paper highlights the merits of the mesoporous cellulose fibers as substrates for supercapacitor electrodes, in which the water-swelling effect of the cellulose fibers can absorb electrolyte, and the mesoporous internal structure of the fibers can provide channels for ions to diffuse to the electrochemical energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Gui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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27
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Gregorczyk KE, Liu Y, Sullivan JP, Rubloff GW. In situ transmission electron microscopy study of electrochemical lithiation and delithiation cycling of the conversion anode RuO2. ACS Nano 2013; 7:6354-6360. [PMID: 23782274 DOI: 10.1021/nn402451s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conversion-type electrodes represent a broad class of materials with a new Li(+) reactivity concept. Of these materials, RuO2 can be considered a model material due to its metallic-like conductivity and its high theoretical capacity of 806 mAh/g. In this paper, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy to study the reaction between single-crystal RuO2 nanowires and Li(+). We show that a large volume expansion of 95% occurs after lithiation, 26% of which is irreversible after delithiation. Significant surface roughening and lithium embrittlement are also present. Furthermore, we show that the initial reaction from crystalline RuO2 to the fully lithiated mixed phase of Ru/Li2O is not fully reversible, passing through an intermediate phase of LixRuO2. In subsequent cycles, the phase transitions are between amorphous RuO2 in the delithiated state and a nanostructured network of Ru/Li2O in the fully lithiated phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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28
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Betz JF, Cheng Y, Tsao CY, Zargar A, Wu HC, Luo X, Payne GF, Bentley WE, Rubloff GW. Optically clear alginate hydrogels for spatially controlled cell entrapment and culture at microfluidic electrode surfaces. Lab Chip 2013; 13:1854-1858. [PMID: 23559159 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe an innovation in the immobilization, culture, and imaging of cells in calcium alginate within microfluidic devices. This technique allows unprecedented optical access to the entirety of the calcium alginate hydrogel, enabling observation of growth and behavior in a chemical and mechanical environment favored by many kinds of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan F Betz
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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29
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Abstract
Interfacial instability is a fundamental issue in heterostructures ranging from biomaterials to joint replacement and electronic packaging. This challenge is particularly intriguing for lithium ion battery anodes comprising silicon as the ion storage material, where ultrahigh capacity is accompanied by vast mechanical stress that threatens delamination of silicon from the current collectors at the other side of the interface. Here, we describe Si-beaded carbon nanotube (CNT) strings whose interface is controlled by chemical functionalization, producing separated amorphous Si beads threaded along mechanically robust and electrically conductive CNT. In situ transmission electron microscopy combined with atomic and continuum modeling reveal that the chemically tailored Si-C interface plays important roles in constraining the Si beads, such that they exhibit a symmetric "radial breathing" around the CNT string, remaining crack-free and electrically connected throughout lithiation-delithiation cycling. These findings provide fundamental insights in controlling nanostructured interfaces to effectively respond to demanding environments such as lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fu Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Cheng Y, Liu Y, Liba BD, Ghodssi R, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Biofabricating the Bio-Device Interface Using Biological Materials and Mechanisms. Biofabrication 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-2852-7.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Chen X, Zhu H, Chen YC, Shang Y, Cao A, Hu L, Rubloff GW. MWCNT/V2O5 core/shell sponge for high areal capacity and power density Li-ion cathodes. ACS Nano 2012; 6:7948-7955. [PMID: 22871063 DOI: 10.1021/nn302417x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) sponge network, coated by ALD V(2)O(5), presents the key characteristics needed to serve as a high-performance cathode in Li-ion batteries, exploiting (1) the highly electron-conductive nature of MWCNT, (2) unprecedented uniformity of ALD thin film coatings, and (3) high surface area and porosity of the MWCNT sponge material for ion transport. The core/shell MWCNT/V(2)O(5) sponge delivers a stable high areal capacity of 816 μAh/cm(2) for 2 Li/V(2)O(5) (voltage range 4.0-2.1 V) at 1C rate (1.1 mA/cm(2)), 450 times that of a planar V(2)O(5) thin film cathode. At much higher current (50×), the areal capacity of 155 μAh/cm(2) provides a high power density of 21.7 mW/cm(2). The compressed sponge nanoarchitecture thus demonstrates exceptional robustness and energy-power characteristics for thin film cathode structures for electrochemical energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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32
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Abstract
Nanostructures can improve the performance of electrical energy storage devices. Recently, metal-insulator-metal (MIM) electrostatic capacitors fabricated in a three-dimensional cylindrical nanotemplate of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) porous film have shown profound increase in device capacitance (100× or more) over planar structures. However, inherent asperities at the top of the nanostructure template cause locally high field strengths and lead to low breakdown voltage. This severely limits the usable voltage, the associated energy density (1/2 CV(2)), and thus the operational charge-discharge window of the device. We describe an electrochemical technique, complementary to the self-assembled template pore formation process in the AAO film, that provides nanoengineered topographies with significantly reduced local electric field concentrations, enabling breakdown fields up to 2.5× higher (to >10 MV/cm) while reducing leakage current densities by 1 order of magnitude (to ∼10(-10) A/cm(2)). In addition, we consider and optimize the AAO template and nanopore dimensions, increasing the capacitance per planar unit area by another 20%. As a result, the MIM nanocapacitor devices achieve an energy density of ∼1.5 Wh/kg--the highest reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Haspert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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33
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Luo X, Wu HC, Tsao CY, Cheng Y, Betz J, Payne GF, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE. Biofabrication of stratified biofilm mimics for observation and control of bacterial signaling. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5136-43. [PMID: 22507453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Signaling between cells guides biological phenotype. Communications between individual cells, clusters of cells and populations exist in complex networks that, in sum, guide behavior. There are few experimental approaches that enable high content interrogation of individual and multicellular behaviors at length and time scales commensurate with the signal molecules and cells themselves. Here we present "biofabrication" in microfluidics as one approach that enables in-situ organization of living cells in microenvironments with spatiotemporal control and programmability. We construct bacterial biofilm mimics that offer detailed understanding and subsequent control of population-based quorum sensing (QS) behaviors in a manner decoupled from cell number. Our approach reveals signaling patterns among bacterial cells within a single biofilm as well as behaviors that are coordinated between two communicating biofilms. We envision versatile use of this biofabrication strategy for cell-cell interaction studies and small molecule drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Luo
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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34
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Gray KM, Liba BD, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE, Montembault A, Royaud I, David L, Payne GF. Electrodeposition of a biopolymeric hydrogel: potential for one-step protein electroaddressing. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1181-9. [PMID: 22414205 DOI: 10.1021/bm3001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The electrodeposition of hydrogels provides a programmable means to assemble soft matter for various technological applications. We report an anodic method to deposit hydrogel films of the aminopolysaccharide chitosan. Evidence suggests the deposition mechanism involves the electrolysis of chloride to generate reactive chlorine species (e.g., HOCl) that partially oxidize chitosan to generate aldehydes that can couple covalently with amines (presumably through Schiff base linkages). Chitosan's anodic deposition is controllable spatially and temporally. Consistent with a covalent cross-linking mechanism, the deposited chitosan undergoes repeated swelling/deswelling in response to pH changes. Consistent with a covalent conjugation mechanism, proteins could be codeposited and retained within the chitosan film even after detergent washing. As a proof-of-concept, we electroaddressed glucose oxidase to a side-wall electrode of a microfabricated fluidic channel and demonstrated this enzyme could perform electrochemical biosensing functions. Thus, anodic chitosan deposition provides a reagentless, single-step method to electroaddress a stimuli-responsive and biofunctionalized hydrogel film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Gray
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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35
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Terrell JL, Gordonov T, Cheng Y, Wu HC, Sampey D, Luo X, Tsao CY, Ghodssi R, Rubloff GW, Payne GF, Bentley WE. Integrated biofabrication for electro-addressed in-film bioprocessing. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:428-39. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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36
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Cheng Y, Luo X, Payne GF, Rubloff GW. Biofabrication: programmable assembly of polysaccharide hydrogels in microfluidics as biocompatible scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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37
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Betz JF, Cheng Y, Rubloff GW. Direct SERS detection of contaminants in a complex mixture: rapid, single step screening for melamine in liquid infant formula. Analyst 2012; 137:826-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15846a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Kim E, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Coupling electrodeposition with layer-by-layer assembly to address proteins within microfluidic channels. Adv Mater 2011; 23:5817-21. [PMID: 22102376 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two thin-film assembly methods are coupled to address proteins. Electrodeposition confers programmability and generates a template for layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. LbL enables precise control of film thickness and the incorporation of labile biological components. The capabilities are demonstrated using glucose oxidase (GOx) based electrochemical biosensing within a microfabricated fluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, PR China
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39
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Abstract
High power electrical energy storage systems are becoming critical devices for advanced energy storage technology. This is true in part due to their high rate capabilities and moderate energy densities which allow them to capture power efficiently from evanescent, renewable energy sources. High power systems include both electrochemical capacitors and electrostatic capacitors. These devices have fast charging and discharging rates, supplying energy within seconds or less. Recent research has focused on increasing power and energy density of the devices using advanced materials and novel architectural design. An increase in understanding of structure-property relationships in nanomaterials and interfaces and the ability to control nanostructures precisely has led to an immense improvement in the performance characteristics of these devices. In this review, we discuss the recent advances for both electrochemical and electrostatic capacitors as high power electrical energy storage systems, and propose directions and challenges for the future. We asses the opportunities in nanostructure-based high power electrical energy storage devices and include electrochemical and electrostatic capacitors for their potential to open the door to a new regime of power energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Sherrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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40
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Cheng Y, Luo X, Tsao CY, Wu HC, Betz J, Payne GF, Bentley WE, Rubloff GW. Biocompatible multi-address 3D cell assembly in microfluidic devices using spatially programmable gel formation. Lab Chip 2011; 11:2316-2318. [PMID: 21629950 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20306a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Programmable 3D cell assembly under physiological pH conditions is achieved using electrodeposited stimuli-responsive alginate gels in a microfluidic device, with parallel sidewall electrodes enabling direct observation of the cell assembly. Electrically triggered assembly and subsequent viability of mammalian cells is demonstrated, along with spatially programmable, multi-address assembly of different strains of E. coli cells. Our approach enables in vitro study of dynamic cellular and inter-cellular processes, from cell growth and stimulus/response to inter-colony and inter-species signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cheng
- Institute for Systems Research (ISR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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41
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Deng S, Zhang Y, Brozena AH, Mayes ML, Banerjee P, Chiou WA, Rubloff GW, Schatz GC, Wang Y. Confined propagation of covalent chemical reactions on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2011; 2:382. [PMID: 21750536 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent chemistry typically occurs randomly on the graphene lattice of a carbon nanotube because electrons are delocalized over thousands of atomic sites, and rapidly destroys the electrical and optical properties of the nanotube. Here we show that the Billups-Birch reductive alkylation, a variant of the nearly century-old Birch reduction, occurs on single-walled carbon nanotubes by defect activation and propagates exclusively from sp(3) defect sites, with an estimated probability more than 1,300 times higher than otherwise random bonding to the 'π-electron sea'. This mechanism quickly leads to confinement of the reaction fronts in the tubular direction. The confinement gives rise to a series of interesting phenomena, including clustered distributions of the functional groups and a constant propagation rate of 18 ± 6 nm per reaction cycle that allows straightforward control of the spatial pattern of functional groups on the nanometre length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunliu Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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42
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Luo XL, Buckhout-White S, Bentley WE, Rubloff GW. Biofabrication of chitosan–silver composite SERS substrates enabling quantification of adenine by a spectroscopic shift. Biofabrication 2011; 3:034108. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/3/3/034108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Liu Y, Cheng Y, Wu HC, Kim E, Ulijn RV, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Electroaddressing agarose using Fmoc-phenylalanine as a temporary scaffold. Langmuir 2011; 27:7380-7384. [PMID: 21598916 DOI: 10.1021/la201541c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electroaddressing, the use of imposed electrical stimuli to guide assembly, is attractive because electrical stimuli can be conveniently applied with high spatial and temporal resolution. Several electroaddressing mechanisms have been reported in which electrode-induced pH gradients trigger stimuli-responsive materials to undergo localized sol-gel transitions to form hydrogel matrices. A common feature of existing hydrogel electrodeposition mechanisms is that the deposited matrix retains residual charged, acidic, or basic (macro)molecules. Here, we report that pH-responsive fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl-phenylalanine (Fmoc-Phe) can be used to codeposit the neutral and thermally responsive polysaccharide agarose. Upon cooling, an agarose network is generated and Fmoc-Phe can be removed. The Fmoc-Phe-mediated codeposition of agarose is simple, rapid, spatially selective, and allows for the electroaddressing of a bioactive matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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44
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Banerjee P, Chen X, Gregorczyk K, Henn-Lecordier L, Rubloff GW. Mixed mode, ionic-electronic diode using atomic layer deposition of V2O5 and ZnO films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12595h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Sherrill SA, Duay J, Gui Z, Banerjee P, Rubloff GW, Lee SB. MnO2/TiN heterogeneous nanostructure design for electrochemical energy storage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15221-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21815h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Koev ST, Dykstra PH, Luo X, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE, Payne GF, Ghodssi R. Chitosan: an integrative biomaterial for lab-on-a-chip devices. Lab Chip 2010; 10:3026-3042. [PMID: 20877781 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00047g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a naturally derived polymer with applications in a variety of industrial and biomedical fields. Recently, it has emerged as a promising material for biological functionalization of microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS). Due to its unique chemical properties and film forming ability, chitosan serves as a matrix for the assembly of biomolecules, cells, nanoparticles, and other substances. The addition of these components to bioMEMS devices enables them to perform functions such as specific biorecognition, enzymatic catalysis, and controlled drug release. The chitosan film can be integrated in the device by several methods compatible with standard microfabrication technology, including solution casting, spin casting, electrodeposition, and nanoimprinting. This article surveys the usage of chitosan in bioMEMS to date. We discuss the common methods for fabrication, modification, and characterization of chitosan films, and we review a number of demonstrated chitosan-based microdevices. We also highlight the advantages of chitosan over some other functionalization materials for micro-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Koev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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47
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Cleveland ER, Banerjee P, Perez I, Lee SB, Rubloff GW. Profile evolution for conformal atomic layer deposition over nanotopography. ACS Nano 2010; 4:4637-4644. [PMID: 20731445 DOI: 10.1021/nn1009984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The self-limiting reactions which distinguish atomic layer deposition (ALD) provide ultrathin film deposition with superb conformality over the most challenging topography. This work addresses how the shapes (i.e., surface profiles) of nanostructures are modified by the conformality of ALD. As a nanostructure template, we employ a highly scalloped surface formed during the first anodization of the porous anodic alumina (PAA) process, followed by removal of the alumina to expose a scalloped Al surface. SEM and AFM reveal evolution of surface profiles that change with ALD layer thickness, influenced by the way ALD conformality decorates the underlying topography. The evolution of surface profiles is modeled using a simple geometric 3D extrusion model, which replicates the measured complex surface topography. Excellent agreement is obtained between experimental data and the results from this model, suggesting that for this ALD system conformality is very high even on highly structured, sharp features of the initial template surface. Through modeling and experimentation, the benefits of ALD to manipulate complex surface topographies are recognized and will play an important role in the design and nanofabrication of next generation devices with increasingly high aspect ratios as well as nanoscale features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Cleveland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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48
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49
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Fernandes R, Luo X, Tsao CY, Payne GF, Ghodssi R, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE. Biological nanofactories facilitate spatially selective capture and manipulation of quorum sensing bacteria in a bioMEMS device. Lab Chip 2010; 10:1128-34. [PMID: 20390130 DOI: 10.1039/b926846d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of bacteria that evade antibiotics has accelerated research on alternative approaches that do not target cell viability. One such approach targets cell-cell communication networks mediated by small molecule signaling. In this report, we assemble biological nanofactories within a bioMEMS device to capture and manipulate the behavior of quorum sensing (QS) bacteria as a step toward modifying small molecule signaling. Biological nanofactories are bio-inspired nanoscale constructs which can include modules with different functionalities, such as cell targeting, molecular sensing, product synthesis, and ultimately self-destruction. The biological nanofactories reported here consist of targeting, sensing, synthesis and, importantly, assembly modules. A bacteria-specific antibody constitutes the targeting module while a genetically engineered fusion protein contains the sensing, synthesis and assembly modules. The nanofactories are assembled on chitosan electrodeposited within a microchannel of the bioMEMS device; they capture QS bacteria in a spatially selective manner and locally synthesize and deliver the "universal" small signaling molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2) at the captured cell surface. The nanofactory based AI-2 delivery is demonstrated to alter the progression of the native AI-2 based QS response of the captured bacteria. Prospects are envisioned for utilizing our technique as a test-bed for understanding the AI-2 based QS response of bacteria as a means for developing the next generation of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Fernandes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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50
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Luo X, Berlin DL, Betz J, Payne GF, Bentley WE, Rubloff GW. In situ generation of pH gradients in microfluidic devices for biofabrication of freestanding, semi-permeable chitosan membranes. Lab Chip 2010; 10:59-65. [PMID: 20024051 DOI: 10.1039/b916548g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the in situ generation of pH gradients in microfluidic devices for biofabrication of freestanding, semi-permeable chitosan membranes. The pH-stimuli-responsive polysaccharide chitosan was enlisted to form a freestanding hydrophilic membrane structure in microfluidic networks where pH gradients are generated at the converging interface between a slightly acidic chitosan solution and a slightly basic buffer solution. A simple and effective pumping strategy was devised to realize a stable flow interface thereby generating a stable, well-controlled and localized pH gradient. Chitosan molecules were deprotonated at the flow interface, causing gelation and solidification of a freestanding chitosan membrane from a nucleation point at the junction of two converging flow streams to an anchoring point where the two flow streams diverge to two output channels. The fabricated chitosan membranes were about 30-60 microm thick and uniform throughout the flow interface inside the microchannels. A T-shaped membrane formed by sequentially fabricating orthogonal membranes demonstrates flexibility of the assembly process. The membranes are permeable to aqueous solutions and are removed by mildly acidic solutions. Permeability tests suggested that the membrane pore size was a few nanometres, i.e., the size range of antibodies. Building on the widely reported use of chitosan as a soft interconnect for biological components and microfabricated devices and the broad applications of membrane functionalities in microsystems, we believe that the facile, rapid biofabrication of freestanding chitosan membranes can be applied to many biochemical, bioanalytical, biosensing applications and cellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Luo
- University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute (UMBI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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