1
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Delano F, Benner F, Jang S, Greer SM, Demir S. Construction of intermolecular σ-hole interactions in rare earth metallocene complexes using a 2,3,4,5-tetraiodopyrrolyl anion. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13389-13404. [PMID: 39183902 PMCID: PMC11339973 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of noncovalent intermolecular interactions represents a powerful method to control molecular vibrations and rotations. Combining these with the axial ligand field enforced by the metallocene ligand scaffold provides a dual-pronged approach in controlling the magnetic-relaxation pathways for dysprosium-based single-molecule magnets (SMMs). Here, we present the first implementation of 2,3,4,5-tetraiodopyrrole (TIPH) in its anionic form [TIP]- as a ligand in three isostructural rare-earth metal complexes Cp*2RE(TIP) (1-RE, RE = Y, Gd, and Dy; Cp* = pentamethylcylopentadienyl), where the TIP ligand binds through the nitrogen and one iodine atom κ2(N,I) to the metal centre. The shallow potential energy surface of the intermolecular σ-hole interaction yields distortions of the interatomic distances at elevated temperatures which were investigated by variable-temperature SCXRD. 1-RE constitute the first crystallographically characterized molecules containing TIP as a ligand for any metal ion, and 1-Dy is the first SMM that employs the TIP ligand. The structural dependence on temperature allowed the mechanism of magnetic relaxation to be explored through ab initio calculations at different temperatures. The electronic influence of the coordinated iodine substituent was probed via magnetometry and cw-EPR spectroscopy on 1-Gd. To further scrutinize the impact of the iodine substituents on the physical properties, a second set of new complexes Cp*2RE(DMP) (2-RE, RE = Y, and Dy) where DMP = 2,5-dimethylpyrrolyl were synthesized. Here, the DMP ligand binds similarly to the TIP ligand and represents an all-hydrocarbon analogue to 1-RE. 2-Dy constitutes the first SMM bearing a DMP ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Delano
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Florian Benner
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Seoyun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Samuel M Greer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Selvan Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University 578 South Shaw Lane East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
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2
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Gunther SO, Qiao Y, Smith PW, Ciccone SR, Ditter AS, Huh DN, Moreau LM, Shuh DK, Sun T, Arnold PL, Booth CH, de Jong WA, Evans WJ, Lukens WW, Minasian SG. 4f-Orbital mixing increases the magnetic susceptibility of Cp' 3Eu. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12667-12675. [PMID: 39148767 PMCID: PMC11322928 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01300j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional models of lanthanide electronic structure suggest that bonding is predominantly ionic, and that covalent orbital mixing is not an important factor in determining magnetic properties. Here, 4f orbital mixing and its impact on the magnetic susceptibility of Cp'3Eu (Cp' = C5H4SiMe3) was analyzed experimentally using magnetometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) methods at the C K-, Eu M5,4-, and L3-edges. Pre-edge features in the experimental and TDDFT-calculated C K-edge XAS spectra provided unequivocal evidence of C 2p and Eu 4f orbital mixing in the π-antibonding orbital of a' symmetry. The charge-transfer configurations resulting from 4f orbital mixing were identified spectroscopically by using Eu M5,4-edge and L3-edge XAS. Modeling of variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data showed excellent agreement with the XAS results and indicated that increased magnetic susceptibility of Cp'3Eu is due to removal of the degeneracy of the 7F1 excited state due to mixing between the ligand and Eu 4f orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Olivia Gunther
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Yusen Qiao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Patrick W Smith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Sierra R Ciccone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Alexander S Ditter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Daniel N Huh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Liane M Moreau
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - David K Shuh
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Taoxiang Sun
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Polly L Arnold
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Corwin H Booth
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Wibe A de Jong
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Wayne W Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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3
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Bajaj N, Kitos AA, Mavragani N, Loutsch NR, Vlaisavljevich B, Murugesu M. Formation of a Decanuclear Organometallic Dysprosium Complex via a Radical-Radical Cross-Coupling Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202411635. [PMID: 38963679 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202411635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, polynuclear cyclic or torus complexes have attracted increasing interest due to their unique metal topologies and properties. However, the isolation of polynuclear cyclic organometallic complexes is extremely challenging due to their inherent reactivity, which stems from the labile and reactive metal-carbon bonds. In this study, the pyrazine ligand undergoes a radical-radical cross-coupling reaction leading to the formation of a decanuclear [(Cp*)20Dy10(L1)10] ⋅ 12(C7H8) (1; where L1 = anion of 2-prop-2-enyl-2H-pyrazine; Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complex, where all DyIII metal centres are bridged by the anionic L1 ligand. Amongst the family of polynuclear Ln organometallic complexes bearing CpR 2Lnx units (CpR = substituted cyclopentadienyl), 1 features the highest nuclearity obtained to date. In-depth computational studies were conducted to elucidate the proposed reaction mechanism and formation of L1, while probing of the magnetic properties of 1, revealed slow magnetic relaxation upon application of a static dc field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alexandros A Kitos
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Niki Mavragani
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nathan R Loutsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 E Clark St, Vermillion, South Dakota, 57069, United States
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 E Clark St, Vermillion, South Dakota, 57069, United States
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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4
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Corner S, Gransbury GK, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Whitehead GFS, Chilton NF, Mills DP. Halobenzene Adducts of a Dysprosocenium Single-Molecule Magnet. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9552-9561. [PMID: 38359351 PMCID: PMC11134494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Dysprosium complexes with strong axial crystal fields are promising candidates for single-molecule magnets (SMMs), which could be used for high-density data storage. Isolated dysprosocenium cations, [Dy(CpR)2]+ (CpR = substituted cyclopentadienyl), have recently shown magnetic hysteresis (a memory effect) above the temperature of liquid nitrogen. Synthetic efforts have focused on reducing strong transverse ligand fields in these systems as they are known to enhance magnetic relaxation by spin-phonon mechanisms. Here we show that equatorial coordination of the halobenzenes PhX (X = F, Cl, Br) and o-C6H4F2 to the cation of a recently reported dysprosocenium complex [Dy(Cpttt)(Cp*)][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] (Cpttt = C5H2tBu3-1,2,4; Cp* = C5Me5) reduces magnetic hysteresis temperatures compared to that of the parent cation. We find that this is due to increased effectiveness of both one- (Orbach) and two-phonon (Raman) relaxation mechanisms, which correlate with the electronegativity and number of interactions with the halide despite κ1-coordination of a single halobenzene having a minimal effect on the metrical parameters of [Dy(Cpttt)(Cp*)(PhX-κ1-X)]+ cations vs the isolated [Dy(Cpttt)(Cp*)]+ cation. We observe unusual divergent behavior of relaxation rates at low temperatures in [Dy(Cpttt)(Cp*)(PhX)][Al{OC(CF3)3}4], which we attribute to a phonon bottleneck effect. We find that, despite the transverse fields introduced by the monohalobenzenes in these cations, the interactions are sufficiently weak that the effective barriers to magnetization reversal remain above 1000 cm-1, being only ca. 100 cm-1 lower than for the parent complex, [Dy(Cpttt)(Cp*)][Al{OC(CF3)3}4].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - George F. S. Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | | | - David P. Mills
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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5
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Corner S, Gransbury GK, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Whitehead GFS, Chilton NF, Mills DP. Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Bis-Halobenzene Decamethyldysprosocenium Cations. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9562-9571. [PMID: 38382535 PMCID: PMC11134500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The decamethyldysprosocenium cation, [Dy(Cp*)2]+ (Cp* = {C5Me5}), was a target single-molecule magnet (SMM) prior to the isolation of larger dysprosocenium cations, which have recently shown magnetic memory effects up to 80 K. However, the relatively short Dy···Cp*centroid distances of [Dy(Cp*)2]+, together with the reduced resonance of its vibrational modes with electronic states compared to larger dysprosocenium cations, could lead to more favorable SMM behavior. Here, we report the synthesis and magnetic properties of a series of solvated adducts containing bis-halobenzene decamethyldysprosocenium cations, namely [Dy(Cp*)2(PhX-κ-X)2][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] (X = F or Cl) and [Dy(Cp*)2(C6H4F2-κ2-F,F)(C6H4F2-κ-F)][Al{OC(CF3)3}4]. These complexes were prepared by the sequential reaction of [Dy(Cp*)2(μ-BH4)]∞ with allylmagnesium chloride and [NEt3H][Al{OC(CF3)3}4], followed by recrystallization from parent halobenzenes. The complexes were characterized by powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR and ATR-IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and SQUID magnetometry; experimental data were rationalized by a combination of density functional theory and ab initio calculations. We find that bis-halobenzene adducts of the [Dy(Cp*)2]+ cation exhibit highly bent Cp*···Dy···Cp* angles; these cations are also susceptible to decomposition by C-X (X = F, Cl, Br) activation and displacement of halobenzenes by O-donor ligands. The effective energy barrier to reversal of magnetization measured for [Dy(Cp*)2(PhF-κ-F)2][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] (930(6) cm-1) sets a new record for SMMs containing {Dy(Cp*)2} fragments, though all SMM parameters are lower than would be predicted for an isolated [Dy(Cp*)2]+ cation, as expected due to transverse ligand fields introduced by halobenzenes and the large deviation of the Cp*···Dy···Cp* angle from linearity promoting magnetic relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie
C. Corner
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Gemma K. Gransbury
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | | | - George F. S. Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | | | - David P. Mills
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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6
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Choi H, Yoo S, Song H, Lee E. IZCp and PZCp: Redox Non-innocent Cyclopentadienyl Ligands as Electron Reservoirs for Sandwich Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6427-6434. [PMID: 38534011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
A long-sustained effort of systematic steric and electronic modification of cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligands has enabled them to find wide-ranging, valuable applications. Herein, we present two novel Cp ligands: imidazolium- and pyrrolinium-substituted zwitterionic Cps (IZCp and PZCp), whose key utility is redox non-innocence─the ability to participate cooperatively with the metal center in redox reactions. Through the simple metalation of ZCps, the Cr(0) and Mo(0) half-sandwich complexes (IZCp)Cr(CO)3, (PZCp)Cr(CO)3, (IZCp)Mo(CO)3, and (PZCp)Mo(CO)3, respectively, as well as the Ru(II) sandwich complexes [(IZCp)RuCp]PF6 and [(PZCp)RuCp]PF6 were prepared. The sandwich complexes were fully characterized and showed by cyclic voltammetry reversible one-electron reduction at E1/2 potentials ranging from -1.7 to -2.7 V vs Fc/Fc+. These values are unusually low and have not been observed with other Cp ligands due to the instability of the reduced complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the reduced sandwich derivatives with IZCp and PZCp showed their spin densities to be highly delocalized over their ZCp ligand moieties (70-90%). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis of the isolated K[(PZCp)Mo(CO)3] and (PZCp)RuCp also indicated a high degree of ligand-localized radical character. Thus, the IZCp and PZCp ligands act as electron reservoirs to sustain these sandwich complexes in highly reduced states. At the same time, the CO stretching frequencies of K[(PZCp)Mo(CO)3]: νCO 1871, 1748, and 1699 cm-1, rank the [PZCp]- ligand as the strongest electron-donating Cp ligand among the reported CpMo(CO)3 derivatives, whose νCO > 1746 cm-1. In addition, these redox non-innocent Cps were obtained in high yields and found to be practically air- and moisture-stable, unlike typical Cps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjeong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyuk Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Song
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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7
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Armenis AS, Vipanchi V, Pantelis KN, Cunha-Silva L, Vignesh KR, Alexandropoulos DI, Stamatatos TC. Slow Magnetization Relaxation in a Family of Triangular {Co III 2 Ln III } Clusters: The Effect of Diamagnetic Co III Ions on the Ln III Magnetic Dynamics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302337. [PMID: 37638486 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The first use of the Schiff base chelate N-naphthalidene-o-aminophenol (naphH2 ) in Co/Ln chemistry has afforded a family of isostructural [CoIII 2 LnIII (OMe)2 (naph)2 (O2 CMe)3 (MeOH)2 ] (Ln=Tb, Dy and Er) complexes, revealing a rare {CoIII 2 Ln(μ3 -OMe)}8+ triangular core composed of two diamagnetic CoIII ions and a 4f-ion with slightly distorted square antiprismatic geometry. Alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility studies revealed that {Co2 Dy}, and its magnetic diluted analogue {Co2 Dy0.05 Y0.95 }, behave as mononuclear single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with similar energy barriers for the magnetization reversal, Ueff , of ~85-90 K. SMM properties were also detected for {Co2 Er}, with the compound exhibiting a Ueff of 18.7 K under an applied magnetic field of 800 Oe. To interpret the experimental magnetic results, ab initio CASSCF/RASSI-SO and DFT calculations were performed as a means of exploring the single-ion characteristics of LnIII ions and comprehend the role of the diamagnetic CoIII ions in the magnetization relaxation of the three heterometallic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikram Vipanchi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector-81, Knowledge city, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | | | - Luís Cunha-Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kuduva R Vignesh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali Sector-81, Knowledge city, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | | | - Theocharis C Stamatatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 04, Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH/ICE - HT) Platani, P.O. Box 1414, 26504, Patras, Greece
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8
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Tarannum I, Moorthy S, Singh SK. Understanding electrostatics and covalency effects in highly anisotropic organometallic sandwich dysprosium complexes [Dy(C mR m) 2] (where R = H, SiH 3, CH 3 and m = 4 to 9): a computational perspective. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15576-15589. [PMID: 37786345 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we have thoroughly studied the electronic structure and 4f-ligand covalency of six mononuclear dysprosium organometallic sandwich complexes [Dy(CmRm)2]n+/- (where R = H, SiH3, CH3; m = 4 to 9; n = 1, 3) using both the scalar relativistic density functional and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and N-electron valence perturbation theory (NEVPT2) method to shed light on the ligand field effects in fine-tuning the magnetic anisotropy of these complexes. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) and ab initio-based ligand field theory AILFT calculations predict the sizable 4f-ligand covalency in all these complexes. The analysis of CASSCF/NEVPT2 computed spin-Hamiltonian (SH) parameters indicates the stabilization of mJ |±15/2〉 for [Dy(C4(SiH3)4)2]- (1), [Dy(C5(CH3)5)2]+ (2) and [Dy(C6H6)2]3+ (3) complexes with the Ucal value of 1867.5, 1621.5 and 1070.8 cm-1, respectively. On the other hand, we observed mJ |±9/2〉 as the ground state for [Dy(C7H7)2]3- (4) and [Dy(C8H8)2]- (5) complexes with significantly smaller Ucal values of 237.1 and 38.6 cm-1 respectively. For the nine-membered ring [Dy(C9H9)2]+ (6) complex, we observed the stabilization of the mJ |±1/2〉 ground state, with the first excited state being located ∼29 cm-1 higher in energy. AILFT-NEVPT2 ligand field splitting analysis indicates that the presence of π-type 4f-ligand interactions in complexes 1-3 help generate the axial-ligand field, while the δ-type interactions in complexes 4-5 generate the equatorial ligand field despite the ligands approaching from the axial direction. As the ring size increases, φ-type interactions dominate, generating a pure equatorial ligand field stabilising mJ |±1/2〉 as the ground state for 6. Calculations suggest that the nature of the ligand field mainly governs the Ucal values in the following order: 4f-Lσ > 4f-Lπ > 4f-Lδ > 4f-Lφ. Calculations were performed by replacing ligands with CHELPG charges to access the crystal field (CF) effects which suggests the stabilization of pure mJ |±15/2〉 in all the charge-embedded models (1Q-6Q). Our findings point out that the crystal field and ligand field effects complement each other and generate a giant barrier for magnetic relaxation in the small ring complexes 1-3, while a relatively weak crystal field and adverse 4f-Lδ/4f-Lφ interactions diminish the SMM behaviour in the large ring complexes 4-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtesham Tarannum
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India.
| | - Shruti Moorthy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India.
| | - Saurabh Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India.
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9
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Arumugam S, Schwarz B, Ravichandran P, Kumar S, Ungur L, Mondal KC. Dipotassiumtetrachloride-bridged dysprosium metallocenes: a single-molecule magnet. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15326-15333. [PMID: 37387215 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the dynamic magnetic properties of the complex [(CpAr3)4DyIII2Cl4K2]·3.5(C7H8) (1), synthesized by employing a tri-aryl-substituted cyclopentadienyl ligand (CpAr3), [4,4'-(4-phenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene-1,2-diyl)bis(methylbenzene) = CpAr3H]. Each Dy(III)-metallocene weakly couples via K2Cl4, displaying slow relaxation of magnetization below 14.5 K under zero applied dc field via KD3 energy levels with an energy barrier of 136.9/133.7 cm-1 on the Dy sites. The single-ion axial anisotropy energy barrier is reduced by geometrical distortion due to the coordination of two chloride ions at each Dy centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
| | - Björn Schwarz
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
| | - Liviu Ungur
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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10
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Mondal A, Price CG, Tang J, Layfield RA. Targeted Synthesis of End-On Dinitrogen-Bridged Lanthanide Metallocenes and Their Reactivity as Divalent Synthons. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20121-20131. [PMID: 37656516 PMCID: PMC10510326 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
High-yield syntheses of the lanthanide dinitrogen complexes [(Cp2tttM)2(μ-1,2-N2)] (1M, M = Gd, Tb, Dy; Cpttt = 1,2,4-C5tBu3H2), in which the [N2]2- ligands solely adopt the rare end-on or 1,2-bridging mode, are reported. The bulk of the tert-butyl substituents and the smaller radii of gadolinium, terbium, and dysprosium preclude formation of the side-on dinitrogen bonding mode on steric grounds. Elongation of the nitrogen-nitrogen bond relative to N2 is observed in 1M, and their Raman spectra show a major absorption consistent with N═N double bonds. Computational analysis of 1Gd identifies that the local symmetry of the metallocene units lifts the degeneracy of two 5dπ orbitals, leading to differing overlap with the π* orbitals of [N2]2-, a consequence of which is that the dinitrogen ligand occupies a singlet ground state. Magnetic measurements reveal antiferromagnetic exchange in 1M and single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior in 1Dy. Ab initio calculations show that the magnetic easy axis in the ground doublets of 1Tb and 1Dy align with the {M-N═N-M} connectivity, in contrast to the usual scenario in dysprosium metallocene SMMs, where the axis passes through the cyclopentadienyl ligands. The [N2]2- ligands in 1M allow these compounds to be regarded as two-electron reducing agents, serving as synthons for divalent gadolinium, terbium, and dysprosium. Proof of principle for this concept is obtained in the reactions of 1M with 2,2'-bipyridyl (bipy) to give [Cp2tttM(κ2-bipy)] (2M, M = Gd, Tb, Dy), in which the lanthanide is ligated by a bipy radical anion, with strong metal-ligand direct exchange coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Mondal
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.
| | - Christopher G.
T. Price
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.
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11
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Delano F, Benner F, Jang S, Demir S. Pyrrolyl-Bridged Metallocene Complexes: From Synthesis, Electronic Structure, to Single-Molecule Magnetism. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14604-14614. [PMID: 37638984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The π- and σ-basicity of the pyrrolyl ligand affords several coordination modes. A sterically encumbering coordination sphere around metal centers may foster new coordination modes for the pyrrolyl ligand. Here, we present three dinuclear rare earth complexes [Cp*2RE(μ-pyr)]2, [RE = Y (1), La (2), Dy (3); Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, pyr = pyrrolyl], which were synthesized through a protonolysis reaction between allyl complexes and H-pyrrole. Each metal is ligated by two Cp* ligands and the N atom of the pyrrolyl ring while interacting with the π-system of the other pyrrolyl ligand, yielding an unprecedented coordination mode for pyrrolyl best described as [((η5-Cp*)2RE)2(μ-1η2-pyr-2κN)(μ-2η2-pyr-1κN)]. The steric congestion implemented by the Cp* ligands forces this asymmetric coordination of the pyrrolyl ligand. 1-3 were characterized by crystallography, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations on 1 uncovered the bonding situation between the pyrrolyl ligand and the yttrium(III) ion. Excitingly, 3 displays slow magnetic relaxation under zero dc field with Ueff = 98.9(7) cm-1 and τo = 6.7(1) × 10-8 s, placing it among coveted dinuclear metallocene single-molecule magnets. CASSCF calculations provided the energy of the crystal field states of DyIII and confirmed the barrier height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Delano
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Florian Benner
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Seoyun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Selvan Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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12
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De S, Mondal A, Ruan Z, Tong M, Layfield RA. Dynamic Magnetic Properties of Germole-ligated Lanthanide Sandwich Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300567. [PMID: 37017588 PMCID: PMC10947301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The first germole-ligated single-molecule magnets are reported, with contrasting properties found for the near-linear sandwich complexes [(η8 -COT)Ln(η5 -CpGe ]- , where Ln=Dy (1Dy ) or Er (1Er ), COT is cyclo-octatetraenyl and CpGe is [GeC4 -2,5-(SiMe3 )2 -3,4-Me2 ]2- . Whereas 1Er has an energy barrier of 120(1) cm-1 in zero applied field and open hysteresis loops up to 10 K, the relaxation in 1Dy is characterized by quantum tunneling within the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha De
- Department of Chemistry School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonBN1 9QRUK
| | - Arpan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonBN1 9QRUK
| | - Ze‐Yu Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of the Ministry of Education School of ChemistrySun-Yat Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Ming‐Liang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of the Ministry of Education School of ChemistrySun-Yat Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- Department of Chemistry School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonBN1 9QRUK
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13
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Kapurwan S, Sahu PK, Raizada M, Kharel R, Konar S. [α-AsW 9O 33] 9- bridged hexagonal clusters of Ln(III) showing field induced SMM behavior: experimental and theoretical insight. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37357913 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00406f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POM), as inorganic polydentate oxygen donors, provide binding opportunities for oxophilic lanthanide metal centers to construct novel Ln-substituted POM materials with exciting structures and attractive properties. Herein, we have reported four arsenotungstate [α-AsW9O33]9- based lanthanide-containing polyoxometalates [CsxK36-x{Ln6(H2O)12(α-AsW9O33)6}]·yH2O (Ln = Er (1), Gd (2), Ho (3), and Tb (4)), which are synthesized in an alkaline medium. Complexes 1-3 are the dimeric structures of [Ln3(H2O)6(α-AsW9O33)3]18- polyanions, whereas complex 4 is a hexamer of the polyanion [Tb (H2O)2(α-AsW9O33)]6- as a building unit. In all the complexes, [α-AsW9O33]9- units are staggered up and down and give rise to the chair conformation, where one [α-AsW9O33]9- unit bridges two Ln(III) centers through four μ2-oxygen and two terminal oxygen atoms, resulting in the hexagonal arrangement of lanthanides. The dynamic magnetic measurement indicates that only complex 1 exhibits slow relaxation of magnetization with an applied dc field (1500 Oe). To gain insight into the slow relaxation of magnetization in complex 1, the ligand-field parameters and the splitting of the ground-state multiplet of the Er(III) ions have been estimated. The ab initio calculation results confirm that the ground state wave function of these molecules (1, 3, and 4) is mainly composed of a mixture of mJ states, and the non-axial crystal field (CF) terms are more predominant than the axial CF term. The solid-state fluorescence spectra of 1-4 reveal that the photoexcitation O → M ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) of arsenotungstate fragments is effectively quenched due to the spatial coordination environment around the Ln(III) ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Kapurwan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Pradip Kumar Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Mukul Raizada
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Ranjan Kharel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Sanjit Konar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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14
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Price CGT, Mondal A, Durrant JP, Tang J, Layfield RA. Structural and Magnetization Dynamics of Borohydride-Bridged Rare-Earth Metallocenium Cations. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37314885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The structure and magnetic properties of the bimetallic borohydride-bridged dysprosocenium compound [{(η5-Cpttt)(η5-CpMe4t)Dy}2(μ:κ2:κ2-BH4)]+[B(C6F5)4]- ([3Dy][B(C6F5)4]) are reported along with the solution-phase dynamics of the isostructural yttrium and lutetium analogues (Cpttt is 1,2,4-tri(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienyl, CpMe4t is tetramethyl(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienyl). The synthesis of [3M][B(C6F5)4] was accomplished in the 2:1 stoichiometric reactions of [(η5-Cpttt)(η5-CpMe4t)Dy(BH4)] (2M) with [CPh3][B(C6F5)4], with the metallocenes 2M obtained from reactions of the half-sandwich complexes [(η5-Cpttt)M(BH4)2(THF)] (1M) (M = Y, Dy, Lu) with NaCpMe4t. Crystallographic studies show significant lengthening of the M···B distance on moving through the series 1M, 2M, and 3M, with essentially linear {M···B···M} bridges in 3M. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy indicates restricted rotation of the Cpttt ligands in 3Y and 3Lu in solution. The single-molecule magnet (SMM) properties of [3M][B(C6F5)4] are characterized by Raman and Orbach processes, with an effective barrier of 533(18) cm-1 and relaxation via the second-excited Kramers doublet. Although quantum tunneling of the magnetization (QTM) was not observed for [3M][B(C6F5)4], it was, surprisingly, found in its magnetically dilute version, which has a very similar barrier of Ueff = 499(21) cm-1. Consistent with this observation, slightly wider openings of the magnetic hysteresis loop at 2 K are found for [3M][B(C6F5)4] but not for the diluted analogue. The dynamic magnetic properties of the dysprosium SMMs and the role of exchange interactions in 3Dy are interpreted with the aid of multireference ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G T Price
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Arpan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - James P Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Richard A Layfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
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15
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Yang K, Sun R, Zhao J, Deng C, Wang B, Gao S, Huang W. A Combined Synthetic, Magnetic, and Theoretical Study on Enhancing Ligand-Field Axiality for Dy(III) Single-Molecule Magnets Supported by Ferrocene Diamide Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37311100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular design is crucial for improving the performance of single-molecule magnets (SMMs). For dysprosium(III) SMMs, enhancing ligand-field axiality is a well-suited strategy to achieve high-performance SMMs. We synthesized a series of dysprosium(III) complexes, (NNTIPS)DyBr(THF)2 (1, NNTIPS = fc(NSiiPr3)2; fc = 1,1'-ferrocenediyl, THF = tetrahydrofuran), [(NNTIPS)Dy(THF)3][BPh4] (2), (NNTIPS)DyI(THF)2 (3), and [(NNTBS)Dy(THF)3][BPh4] (4, NNTBS = fc(NSitBuMe2)2), supported by ferrocene diamide ligands. X-ray crystallography shows that the rigid ferrocene backbone enforces a nearly axial ligand field with weakly coordinating equatorial ligands. Dysprosium(III) complexes 1-4 all exhibit slow magnetic relaxation under zero fields and possess high effective barriers (Ueff) around 1000 K, comparable to previously reported (NNTBS)DyI(THF)2 (5). We probed the influences of structural variations on SMM behaviors by theoretical calculations and found that the distribution of negative charges defined by rq, i.e., the ratio of the charges on the axial ligands to the charges on the equatorial ligands, plays a decisive role. Moreover, theoretical calculations on a series of model complexes 1'-5' without equatorial ligands unveil that the axial crystal-field parameters B20 are directly proportional to the N-Dy-N angles and support the hypothesis that enhancing the ligand-field axiality could improve SMM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Rong Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jingliang Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chong Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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16
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Bernhardt M, Korzyński MD, Berkson ZJ, Pointillart F, Le Guennic B, Cador O, Copéret C. Tailored Lewis Acid Sites for High-Temperature Supported Single-Molecule Magnetism. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37262018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Generating or even retaining slow magnetic relaxation in surface immobilized single-molecule magnets (SMMs) from promising molecular precursors remains a great challenge. Illustrative examples are organolanthanide compounds that show promising SMM properties in molecular systems, though surface immobilization generally diminishes their magnetic performance. Here, we show how tailored Lewis acidic Al(III) sites on a silica surface enable generation of a material with SMM characteristics via chemisorption of (Cpttt)2DyCl ((Cpttt)- = 1,2,4-tri(tert-butyl)-cyclopentadienide). Detailed studies of this system and its diamagnetic Y analogue indicate that the interaction of the metal chloride with surface Al sites results in a change of the coordination sphere around the metal center inducing for the dysprosium-containing material slow magnetic relaxation up to 51 K with hysteresis up to 8 K and an effective energy barrier (Ueff) of 449 cm-1, the highest reported thus far for a supported SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Bernhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maciej D Korzyński
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zachariah J Berkson
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Pointillart
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Cador
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Errulat D, Harriman KLM, Gálico DA, Kitos AA, Mansikkamäki A, Murugesu M. A trivalent 4f complex with two bis-silylamide ligands displaying slow magnetic relaxation. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01208-y. [PMID: 37231297 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The best-performing single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have historically relied on pseudoaxial ligands delocalized across several coordinated atoms. This coordination environment has been found to elicit strong magnetic anisotropy, but lanthanide-based SMMs with low coordination numbers have remained synthetically elusive species. Here we report a cationic 4f complex bearing only two bis-silylamide ligands, Yb(III)[{N(SiMePh2)2}2][Al{OC(CF3)3}4], which exhibits slow relaxation of its magnetization. The combination of the bulky silylamide ligands and weakly coordinating [Al{OC(CF3)3}4]- anion provides a sterically hindered environment that suitably stabilizes the pseudotrigonal geometry necessary to elicit strong ground-state magnetic anisotropy. The resolution of the mJ states by luminescence spectroscopy is supported by ab initio calculations, which show a large ground-state splitting of approximately 1,850 cm-1. These results provide a facile route to access a bis-silylamido Yb(III) complex, and further underline the desirability of axially coordinated ligands with well-localized charges for high-performing SMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Errulat
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie L M Harriman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diogo A Gálico
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandros A Kitos
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Zhang P, Nabi R, Staab JK, Chilton NF, Demir S. Taming Super-Reduced Bi 23- Radicals with Rare Earth Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9152-9163. [PMID: 37043770 PMCID: PMC10141245 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis of two new sets of dibismuth-bridged rare earth molecules. The first series contains a bridging diamagnetic Bi22- anion, (Cp*2RE)2(μ-η2:η2-Bi2), 1-RE (where Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; RE = Gd (1-Gd), Tb (1-Tb), Dy (1-Dy), Y (1-Y)), while the second series comprises the first Bi23- radical-containing complexes for any d- or f-block metal ions, [K(crypt-222)][(Cp*2RE)2(μ-η2:η2-Bi2•)]·2THF (2-RE, RE = Gd (2-Gd), Tb (2-Tb), Dy (2-Dy), Y (2-Y); crypt-222 = 2.2.2-cryptand), which were obtained from one-electron reduction of 1-RE with KC8. The Bi23- radical-bridged terbium and dysprosium congeners, 2-Tb and 2-Dy, are single-molecule magnets with magnetic hysteresis. We investigate the nature of the unprecedented lanthanide-bismuth and bismuth-bismuth bonding and their roles in magnetic communication between paramagnetic metal centers, through single-crystal X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible/near-infrared (UV-vis/NIR) spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, DFT and multiconfigurational ab initio calculations. We find a πz* ground SOMO for Bi23-, which has isotropic spin-spin exchange coupling with neighboring metal ions of ca. -20 cm-1; however, the exchange coupling is strongly augmented by orbitally dependent terms in the anisotropic cases of 2-Tb and 2-Dy. As the first examples of p-block radicals beneath the second row bridging any metal ions, these studies have important ramifications for single-molecule magnetism, main group element, rare earth metal, and coordination chemistry at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rizwan Nabi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jakob K Staab
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Nicholas F Chilton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Selvan Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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19
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Zhang P, Luo QC, Zhu Z, He W, Song N, Lv J, Wang X, Zhai QG, Zheng YZ, Tang J. Radical-Bridged Heterometallic Single-Molecule Magnets Incorporating Four Lanthanoceniums. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218540. [PMID: 36710242 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses and magnetic properties of organometallic heterometallic compounds [K(THF)6 ]{CoI [(μ3 -HAN)RE2 Cp*4 ]2 } (1-RE) and [K(Crypt)]2 {CoI [(μ3 -HAN)RE2 Cp*4 ]2 } (2-RE) containing hexaazatrinaphthylene radicals (HAN⋅3- ) and four rare earth (RE) ions are reported. 1-RE shows isolable species with ligand-based mixed valency as revealed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) thus leading to the isolation of 2-RE via one-electron chemical reduction. Strong electronic communication in mixed-valency supports stronger overall ferromagnetic behaviors in 2-RE than 1-RE containing Gd and Dy ions. Ac magnetic susceptibility data reveal 1-Dy and 2-Dy both exhibit slow magnetic relaxation. Importantly, larger coercive field was observed in the hysteresis of 2-Dy at 2.0 K, indicating the enhanced SMM behavior compared with 1-Dy. Ligand-based mixed-valency strategy has been used for the first time to improve the magnetic coupling in lanthanide (Ln) SMMs, thus opening up new ways to construct strongly coupled Ln-SMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qian-Cheng Luo
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi An Shi, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Wanrong He
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Nan Song
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Junting Lv
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xuning Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Quan-Guo Zhai
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Zheng
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi An Shi, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
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20
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Kalita P, Ahmed N, Moorthy S, Béreau V, Bar AK, Kumar P, Nayak P, Sutter JP, Singh SK, Chandrasekhar V. Slow magnetic relaxation in a homoaxially phosphine oxide coordinated pentagonal bipyramidal Dy(III) complex. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2804-2815. [PMID: 36752179 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03789k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of [(L)DyIII(Cy3PO)2]·[BPh4] (1-Dy) (where H2L = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis-benzoylhydrazone and Cy = cyclohexyl) which crystallized in the triclinic, P1̄ space group. The local geometry around Dy(III) in 1-Dy was found to be pentagonal bipyramidal (pseudo-D5h). The AC magnetic susceptibility measurements performed on 1-Dy and on its diluted 1-Y(Dy) samples showed a typical single-molecule magnet signature revealed by the appearance of AC-frequency dependent out-of-phase susceptibility signals in the absence of a static magnetic field. The out-of-phase AC susceptibility signals were well resolved on the application of a small magnetic field (HDC = 500 Oe) and yielded an energy barrier for magnetization flipping of Ueff/kB = 50 K for the diluted derivative. The magnetic studies on 1-Dy and 1-Y(Dy) and data analysis further confirm that Raman and QTM under-barrier magnetic relaxations play a crucial role in lowering Ueff despite the almost axial nature of the Dy(III) ion in 1-Dy. We have rationalized these observations through detailed ab initio calculations performed on the X-ray crystal structure of 1-Dy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kalita
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Naushad Ahmed
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Shruti Moorthy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India.
| | - Virginie Béreau
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire de Technologie Paul Sabatier-Département de Chimie, Av. Georges Pompidou, F-81104 Castres, France
| | - Arun Kumar Bar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 501507, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Prakash Nayak
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Jean-Pascal Sutter
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Saurabh Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India.
| | - Vadapalli Chandrasekhar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500046, India. .,Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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21
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Hauser A, Münzfeld L, Schlittenhardt S, Köppe R, Uhlmann C, Rauska UC, Ruben M, Roesky PW. Molecular cyclo-P 3 complexes of the rare-earth elements via a one-pot reaction and selective reduction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2149-2158. [PMID: 36845933 PMCID: PMC9945584 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06730g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of new organo-lanthanide polyphosphides with an aromatic cyclo-[P4]2- moiety and a cyclo-[P3]3- moiety is presented. For this purpose, the divalent LnII-complexes [(NON)LnII(thf)2] (Ln = Sm, Yb) ((NON)2- = 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl-amino)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) and trivalent LnIII-complexes [(NON)LnIIIBH4(thf)2] (Ln = Y, Sm, Dy) were used as precursors in the reduction process of white phosphorus. While using [(NON)LnII(thf)2] as a one-electron reducing agent the formation of organo-lanthanide polyphosphides with a cyclo-[P4]2- Zintl anion was observed. For comparison, we investigated a multi-electron reduction of P4 by a one-pot reaction of [(NON)LnIIIBH4(thf)2] with elemental potassium. As products molecular polyphosphides with a cyclo-[P3]3- moiety were isolated. The same compound could also be obtained by reducing the cyclo-[P4]2- Zintl anion within the coordination sphere of SmIII in [{(NON)SmIII(thf)2}2(μ-η4:η4-P4)]. Reduction of a polyphosphide within the coordination sphere of a lanthanide complex is unprecedented. Additionally, the magnetic properties of the dinuclear DyIII-compound bearing a bridging cyclo-[P3]3- moiety were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hauser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sören Schlittenhardt
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1D-76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Cedric Uhlmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ulf-Christian Rauska
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1D-76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany,Centre Européen de Science Quantique (CESQ), Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS, UMR 7006), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 7002867083 Strasbourg CedexFrance,Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 15D-76131 KarlsruheGermany
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22
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Savva M, Alexandropoulos DI, Pissas M, Perlepes SP, Papatriantafyllopoulou C, Sanakis Y, Tasiopoulos AJ. Heterometallic clusters based on an uncommon asymmetric "V-shaped" [Fe 3+(μ-OR)Ln 3+(μ-OR) 2Fe 3+] 6+ (Ln = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho) structural core and the investigation of the slow relaxation of the magnetization behaviour of the [Fe 2Dy] analogue. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6997-7008. [PMID: 36789752 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, crystal structures, Mössbauer spectra and variable temperature dc and ac magnetic susceptibility studies of a new family of trinuclear heterometallic Fe3+/Ln3+ complexes, [Fe2Ln(PhCO2)3((py)2CO2)((py)2C(OMe)O)2(NO3)Cl] (Ln = Gd (1/Gd), Tb (1/Tb), Dy (1/Dy), and Ho (1/Ho)), where (py)2CO22- and (py)2C(OMe)O- are the anions of the gem-diol and hemiketal derivatives of di-2-pyridyl ketone, are reported. Compounds 1/Ln are based on an asymmetric "V-shaped" [Fe3+(μ-OR)Ln(μ-OR)2Fe3+]6+ structural core formed from the connection of the two terminal Fe3+ centers to the central Ln3+ ion either through one or two alkoxide groups originating from the alkoxide-type bridging ligands. Direct current magnetic susceptibility studies reveal the presence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the Fe3+ ions. Alternating current magnetic studies indicate the presence of a slow-magnetic relaxation process in 1/Dy with an energy barrier Ueff = 6.7 (±0.3) K and a pre-exponential factor, τ0 = 2.2 (±0.4) × 10-7 s. The electronic, magnetic and relaxation properties of the complexes were further monitored by variable temperature 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. At T > 80 K the spectra from the complexes comprise two quadrupole doublets the hyperfine parameters of which reflect the distinct coordination environment of the two Fe3+ terminal sites. At T < 20 K, the Mössbauer spectra for 1/Dy are affected by magnetic relaxation effects. At 1.5 K, the spectrum of 1/Dy comprises well defined magnetic sextets indicating relaxation times slower than the characteristic time of the Mössbauer technique (10-7 s) in agreement with the dynamic magnetic measurements. 1/Gd exhibits broad unresolved magnetic sextets at 1.5 K indicating that the spin relaxation time is of the order of the Mössbauer characteristic time at this temperature. For 1/Tb, 1/Ho the Mössbauer spectra exhibit slight broadening even at the lowest available temperature consistent with magnetic relaxation times less than 10-7 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Savva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | | | - Michael Pissas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | - Yiannis Sanakis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
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23
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Ferentinos E, Tzeli D, Sottini S, Groenen EJJ, Ozerov M, Poneti G, Kaniewska-Laskowska K, Krzystek J, Kyritsis P. Magnetic anisotropy and structural flexibility in the field-induced single ion magnets [Co{(OPPh 2)(EPPh 2)N} 2], E = S, Se, explored by experimental and computational methods. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2036-2050. [PMID: 36692040 PMCID: PMC9926333 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During the last few years, a large number of mononuclear Co(II) complexes of various coordination geometries have been explored as potential single ion magnets (SIMs). In the work presented herein, the Co(II) S = 3/2 tetrahedral [Co{(OPPh2)(EPPh2)N}2], E = S, Se, complexes (abbreviated as CoO2E2), bearing chalcogenated mixed donor-atom imidodiphosphinato ligands, were studied by both experimental and computational techniques. Specifically, direct current (DC) magnetometry provided estimations of their zero-field splitting (zfs) axial (D) and rhombic (E) parameter values, which were more accurately determined by a combination of far-infrared magnetic spectroscopy and high-frequency and -field EPR spectroscopy studies. The latter combination of techniques was also implemented for the S = 3/2 tetrahedral [Co{(EPiPr2)2N}2], E = S, Se, complexes, confirming the previously determined magnitude of their zfs parameters. For both pairs of complexes (E = S, Se), it is concluded that the identity of the E donor atom does not significantly affect their zfs parameters. High-resolution multifrequency EPR studies of CoO2E2 provided evidence of multiple conformations, which are more clearly observed for CoO2Se2, in agreement with the structural disorder previously established for this complex by X-ray crystallography. The CoO2E2 complexes were shown to be field-induced SIMs, i.e., they exhibit slow relaxation of magnetization in the presence of an external DC magnetic field. Advanced quantum-chemical calculations on CoO2E2 provided additional insight into their electronic and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Ferentinos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Demeter Tzeli
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., GR-11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Silvia Sottini
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Department of Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar J J Groenen
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Department of Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mykhaylo Ozerov
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA.
| | - Giordano Poneti
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Kinga Kaniewska-Laskowska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk PL-80-233, Poland
| | - J Krzystek
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA.
| | - Panayotis Kyritsis
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15771 Athens, Greece.
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24
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Approaching the uniaxiality of magnetic anisotropy in single-molecule magnets. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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25
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Mahieu N, Piątkowski J, Simler T, Nocton G. Back to the future of organolanthanide chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:443-457. [PMID: 36741512 PMCID: PMC9848160 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
At the dawn of the development of structural organometallic chemistry, soon after the discovery of ferrocene, the description of the LnCp3 complexes, featuring large and mostly trivalent lanthanide ions, was rather original and sparked curiosity. Yet, the interest in these new architectures rapidly dwindled due to the electrostatic nature of the bonding between π-aromatic ligands and 4f-elements. Almost 70 years later, it is interesting to focus on how the discipline has evolved in various directions with the reports of multiple catalytic reactivities, remarkable potential in small molecule activation, and the development of rich redox chemistry. Aside from chemical reactivity, a better understanding of their singular electronic nature - not precisely as simplistic as anticipated - has been crucial for developing tailored compounds with adapted magnetic anisotropy or high fluorescence properties that have witnessed significant popularity in recent years. Future developments shall greatly benefit from the detailed reactivity, structural and physical chemistry studies, particularly in photochemistry, electro- or photoelectrocatalysis of inert small molecules, and manipulating the spins' coherence in quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Mahieu
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Thomas Simler
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
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26
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Dy3 and Gd3 Complexes with Dy3 Exhibiting Field-Induced Single-Molecule Magnet Behaviour. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Tsoureas N, Rajeshkumar T, Townrow OPE, Maron L, Layfield RA. Thorium- and Uranium-Mediated C-H Activation of a Silyl-Substituted Cyclobutadienyl Ligand. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20629-20635. [PMID: 36484644 PMCID: PMC9768750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutadienyl complexes of the f-elements are a relatively new yet poorly understood class of sandwich and half-sandwich organometallic compounds. We now describe cyclobutadienyl transfer reactions of the magnesium reagent [(η4-Cb'''')Mg(THF)3] (1), where Cb'''' is tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadienyl, toward thorium(IV) and uranium(IV) tetrachlorides. The 1:1 stoichiometric reactions between 1 and AnCl4 proceed with intact transfer of Cb'''' to give the half-sandwich complexes [(η4-Cb'''')AnCl(μ-Cl)3Mg(THF)3] (An = Th, 2; An = U, 3). Using a 2:1 reaction stoichiometry produces [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][(η4-Cb'''')An(η3-C4H(SiMe3)3-κ-(CH2SiMe2)(Cl)] (An = Th, [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][4]; An = U [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][5]), in which one Cb'''' ligand has undergone cyclometalation of a trimethylsilyl group, resulting in the formation of an An-C σ-bond, protonation of the four-membered ring, and an η3-allylic interaction with the actinide. Complex solution-phase dynamics are observed with multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for both sandwich complexes. A computational analysis of the reaction mechanism leading to the formation of 4 and 5 indicates that the cyclobutadienyl ligands undergo C-H activation across the actinide center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsoureas
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, Institut
National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse Cedex 4 31077, France
| | - Oliver P. E. Townrow
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, Institut
National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse Cedex 4 31077, France,
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.,
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28
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Ying X, Zhu Z, Zhao C, Zhang YQ, Tang J. Five-Coordinated Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnet Functionalized by the SMe Group. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20547-20551. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for NSLSCS, School of Physical Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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29
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Structures and magnetic relaxation properties of cyclopentadienyl/β-diketonate/trispyrazolylborate hybridized dysprosium single-molecule magnets. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Münster K, Baabe D, Kintzel B, Böhme M, Plass W, Raeder J, Walter MD. Low-Coordinate Iron(II) Amido Half-Sandwich Complexes with Large Internal Magnetic Hyperfine Fields. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18883-18898. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Münster
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Dirk Baabe
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kintzel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Michael Böhme
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Winfried Plass
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Jan Raeder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Marc D. Walter
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig38106, Germany
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31
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Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Fernández-Galán R, Ramos A, Elorriaga D. Guanidinates as Alternative Ligands for Organometallic Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:5962. [PMID: 36144698 PMCID: PMC9501388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, ligands such as phosphanes or cyclopentadienyl ring derivatives have dominated Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry. At the same time, alternative compounds have emerged that could compete either for a more practical and accessible synthesis or for greater control of steric and electronic properties. Guanidines, nitrogen-rich compounds, appear as one such potential alternatives as ligands or proligands. In addition to occurring in a plethora of natural compounds, and thus in compounds of pharmacological use, guanidines allow a wide variety of coordination modes to different metal centers along the periodic table, with their monoanionic chelate derivatives being the most common. In this review, we focused on the organometallic chemistry of guanidinato compounds, discussing selected examples of coordination modes, reactivity and uses in catalysis or materials science. We believe that these amazing ligands offer a new promise in Organometallic Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Carrillo-Hermosilla
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica—Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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32
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Wang D, Wang Z, Wu S, Yin X, Tang CS, Feng YP, Wu J, Wee ATS. Realizing Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Arrays of a Spin Molecule via Halogen Bonding. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:333-340. [PMID: 37102064 PMCID: PMC10125333 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Well-ordered spin arrays are desirable for next-generation molecule-based magnetic devices, yet their synthetic method remains a challenging task. Herein, we demonstrate the realization of two-dimensional supramolecular spin arrays on surfaces via halogen-bonding molecular self-assembly. A bromine-terminated perchlorotriphenylmethyl radical with net carbon spin was synthesized and deposited on Au(111) to achieve two-dimensional supramolecular spin arrays. By taking advantage of the diversity of halogen bonds, five supramolecular spin arrays form and are probed by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy at the single-molecule level. First-principles calculations verify that the formation of three distinct types of halogen bonds can be used to tailor supramolecular spin arrays via molecular coverage and annealing temperature. Our work suggests that supramolecular self-assembly can be a promising method to engineer two-dimensional molecular spin arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingguan Wang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Zishen Wang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xinmao Yin
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117603, Singapore
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Physics Department, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chi Sin Tang
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117603, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Yuan Ping Feng
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
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33
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Singh V, Das D, Anga S, Sutter JP, Chandrasekhar V, Bar AK. Rigid N 3O 2-Pentadentate Ligand-Assisted Octacoordinate Mononuclear Ln(III) Complexes: Syntheses, Characterization, and Slow Magnetization Relaxation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25881-25890. [PMID: 35910178 PMCID: PMC9330846 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of air-stable mononuclear octacoordinate Ln(III) complexes, [(L)Ln(TPPO)3]OTf (Ln = Y (1·Y); Gd (1·Gd); Tb (1·Tb); Dy (1·Dy); Ho (1·Ho); and Er (1·Er)) and [(L)Ln(TPPO)(NO3)] (Ln = Y (2·Y) and Dy (2·Dy)), are synthesized employing a rigid N3O2-pentadentate chelating ligand as the basis ligand and meridional ancillary ligands (where H2L = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis-benzoylhydrazone, TPPO = triphenylphosphine oxide, and OTf- = trifluoromethanesulfonate). All the complexes are synthesized under aerobic conditions and characterized comprehensively by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic techniques. Magnetic property investigation on the polycrystalline solid samples of 1·Ln (Ln = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er) and 2·Dy are reported. A field-induced single-molecule magnet behavior was observed for the Dy derivatives. 1·Dy exhibits the highest effective energy barrier of magnetization reversal, U eff/k B = 47 K under H dc = 1 kOe among the complexes presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Singh
- Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507 AP, India
| | - Dhiraj Das
- Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507 AP, India
| | - Srinivas Anga
- Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Jean-Pascal Sutter
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination Du CNRS (LCC-CNRS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | | | - Arun Kumar Bar
- Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507 AP, India
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34
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Li G, Xie H, Yang S, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Dramatic Impact of Auxiliary Ligands on the Dynamic Magnetic Relaxation in Tetranuclear
Dy
III
2
Zn
II
2
Single Molecule Magnet. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gao‐Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University Taiyuan 030031 P.R. China
| | - Hong‐Fang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University Taiyuan 030031 P.R. China
| | - Shi‐Rui Yang
- Weinan Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning Weinan 714000 P.R. China
| | - Yun‐Long Fu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University Taiyuan 030031 P.R. China
| | - Yi‐Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for NSLSCS, School of Physical Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P.R. China
| | - Yao‐Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico‐Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710127 P. R. China
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35
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Seed JA, Vondung L, Barton F, Wooles AJ, Lu E, Gregson M, Adams RW, Liddle ST. A Series of Rare‐Earth Mesoionic Carbene Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200761. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Seed
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Lisa Vondung
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Franky Barton
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ashley J. Wooles
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Erli Lu
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Matthew Gregson
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ralph W. Adams
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Stephen T. Liddle
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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36
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Sun X, Münzfeld L, Jin D, Hauser A, Roesky PW. Silole and germole complexes of lanthanum and cerium. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7976-7979. [PMID: 35758854 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02810g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using dianionic metallole ligands (silole or germole) and the cyclooctatetraendiide dianion, heteroleptic lanthanide multi-decker complexes have been prepared. Due to the heteroatom of the metallole ligands intermolecular bridging between the sandwich complexes takes place. Our work highlights that different combinations of the lanthanide and heterocycle lead to different intermolecular interactions including a dimeric La-silole sandwich complex, a La-germole ladder-type polymeric species and a Ce-germole coordination polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Da Jin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Adrian Hauser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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37
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Ghosh S, Kamilya S, Mehta S, Herchel R, Kiskin M, Veber S, Fedin M, Mondal A. Effect of Ligand Chain Length for Tuning of Molecular Dimensionality and Magnetic Relaxation in Redox Active Cobalt(II) EDOT Complexes (EDOT = 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene). Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200404. [PMID: 35617522 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Four cobalt(II) complexes, [Co(L1)2(NCX)2(MeOH)2] (X = S (1), Se (2)) and {[Co(L2)2(NCX)2]}n (X = S (3), Se (4)) (L1 = 2,5dipyridyl-3,4,-ethylenedioxylthiophene and L2 = 2,5diethynylpyridinyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), were synthesized by incorporating ethylenedioxythiophene based redox-active luminescence ligands. All these complexes have been well characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, spectroscopic and magnetic investigations. Magneto-structural studies showed that 1 and 2 adopt a mononuclear structure with CoN4O2 octahedral coordination geometry while 3 and 4 have a 2D [4 x 4] rhombic grid coordination networks (CNs) where each cobalt(II) center is in a CoN6 octahedral coordination environment. Static magnetic measurements reveal that all four complexes displayed a high spin (HS) (S = 3/2) state between 2 and 280 K which was further confirmed by X-band and Q-band EPR studies. Remarkably, along with the molecular dimensionality (0D and 2D) the modification in the axial coligands lead to a significant difference in the dynamic magnetic properties of the monomers and CNs at low temperatures. All complexes display slow magnetic relaxation behavior under an external dc magnetic field. For the complexes with NCS- as coligand observed higher energy barrier for spin reversal in comparison to the complexes with NCSe- as coligand, while mononuclear complex 1 exhibited a higher energy barrier than that of CN 3. Theoretical calculations at the DFT and CASSCF level of theory have been performed to get more insight into the electronic structure and magnetic properties of all four complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Ghosh
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Road, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | - Sujit Kamilya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Road, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | - Sakshi Mehta
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Road, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | - Radovan Herchel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mikhail Kiskin
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 31, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Veber
- International Tomography Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3a, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 1, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 3a, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 1, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Abhishake Mondal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Road, 560012, Bangalore, India
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38
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Nguyen GT, Ungur L. The Role of Radical Bridges in Polynuclear Single‐Molecule Magnets. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200227. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giang Truong Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science National University of Singapore Block S8 Level 3, 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore Singapore 117543
| | - Liviu Ungur
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science National University of Singapore Block S8 Level 3, 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore Singapore 117543
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39
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Liberka M, Zychowicz M, Zychowicz W, Chorazy S. Neutral dicyanidoferrate(II) metalloligands for the rational design of dysprosium(III) single-molecule magnets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6381-6384. [PMID: 35599588 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diamagnetic cis-dicyanidoferrate(II) complexes bearing blocking aromatic diimines, cis-[FeII(CN)2(LNN)2]0 (LNN = 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10'-phenanthroline) serve as metalloligands to DyIII centres leading to a rigid cyanido-bridged chain of vertex-sharing {DyIII2FeII2} squares which constrains the equatorial plane of embedded 4f metal ions. This results in a novel convenient route to rationally designed single-molecule magnets as the magnetic anisotropy of DyIII centres can be efficiently generated by inserting aromatic N-oxide ligands on labile axial positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Liberka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Mikolaj Zychowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Wiktor Zychowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Szymon Chorazy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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40
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Durrant JP, Day BM, Tang J, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Dominance of Cyclobutadienyl Over Cyclopentadienyl in the Crystal Field Splitting in Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200525. [PMID: 35108431 PMCID: PMC9302998 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Replacing a monoanionic cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand in dysprosium single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with a dianionic cyclobutadienyl (Cb) ligand in the sandwich complexes [(η4 -Cb'''')Dy(η5 -C5 Me4 t Bu)(BH4 )]- (1), [(η4 -Cb'''')Dy(η8 -Pn† )K(THF)] (2) and [(η4 -Cb'''')Dy(η8 -Pn† )]- (3) leads to larger energy barriers to magnetization reversal (Cb''''=C4 (SiMe3 )4 , Pn† =1,4-di(tri-isopropylsilyl)pentalenyl). Short distances to the Cb'''' ligands and longer distances to the Cp ligands in 1-3 are consistent with the crystal field splitting being dominated by the former. Theoretical analysis shows that the magnetic axes in the ground Kramers doublets of 1-3 are oriented towards the Cb'''' ligands. The theoretical axiality parameter and the relative axiality parameter Z and Zrel are introduced to facilitate comparisons of the SMM performance of 1-3 with a benchmark SMM. Increases in Z and Zrel when Cb''' replaces Cp signposts a route to SMMs with properties that could surpass leading systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Durrant
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sussex FalmerBrightonBN1 9QRUK
| | - Benjamin M. Day
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sussex FalmerBrightonBN1 9QRUK
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchunInstitute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P.R. China
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41
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Guo FS, He M, Huang GZ, Giblin SR, Billington D, Heinemann FW, Tong ML, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Discovery of a Dysprosium Metallocene Single-Molecule Magnet with Two High-Temperature Orbach Processes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6017-6025. [PMID: 35420419 PMCID: PMC9044448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Magnetic bistability
in single-molecule magnets (SMMs) is a potential
basis for new types of nanoscale information storage material. The
standard model for thermally activated relaxation of the magnetization
in SMMs is based on the occurrence of a single Orbach process. Here,
we show that incorporating a phosphorus atom into the framework of
the dysprosium metallocene [(CpiPr5)Dy(CpPEt4)]+[B(C6F5)4]− (CpiPr5 is penta-isopropylcyclopentadienyl,
CpPEt4 is tetraethylphospholyl) leads to the occurrence
of two distinct high-temperature Orbach processes, with energy barriers
of 1410(10) and 747(7) cm–1, respectively. These
barriers provide experimental evidence for two different spin–phonon
coupling regimes, which we explain with the aid of ab initio calculations.
The strong and highly axial crystal field in this SMM also allows
magnetic hysteresis to be observed up to 70 K, using a scan rate of
25 Oe s–1. In characterizing this SMM, we show that
a conventional Debye model and consideration of rotational contributions
to the spin–phonon interaction are insufficient to explain
the observed phenomena. A
phospholyl-ligated dysprosium metallocene single-molecule
magnet shows two high-temperature Orbach relaxation processes with
effective energy barriers of 1410(10) and 747(7) cm−1, and magnetic hysteresis up to 70 K when using a scan rate of 25
Oe s−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Sheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QR, U.K
| | - Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QR, U.K
| | - Guo-Zhang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Sean R Giblin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K
| | - David Billington
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrabe 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ming-Liang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Akseli Mansikkamäki
- NMR Research Group, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Richard A Layfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QR, U.K
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42
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Lüert D, Kreyenschmidt AK, Legendre CM, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. A Sodium Sodate as Precursor for Lanthanide Bis(4- R-benzoxazol-2-yl)methanide Single-Molecule Magnets. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5234-5244. [PMID: 35316598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
From the sodium sodate precursor [(Na(thf)6][Na{(4-Me-NCOC6H3)2CH}2] (1) three isostructural dinuclear lanthanide complexes [(μ-Cl)LnIII{(4-MeNCOC6H3)2CH}2]2 with Ln = Gd (2), Dy (3), and Er (4) based on the N,N'-chelating monoanionic bis(4-methylbenzoxazol-2-yl)methanide ligand (titled "Mebox") were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. The sodium precursor 1 was analyzed via X-ray diffraction and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy experiments (DOSY-NMR) in order to investigate its aggregation in solution and the solid state. The sodium analog [(thf)3Na(NCOC6H4)2CH] (1') based on the bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)-methanide ligand (titled "box") was prepared and analyzed for comparison reasons. From the lanthanide derivatives 2-4, the DyIII complex 3 displays slow relaxation of magnetization at zero field, with a relaxation barrier of U = 315.7 cm-1. The coupling strength between the two lanthanide centers was estimated with the GdIII equivalent 2, giving a weak antiferromagnetic coupling of J = -0.035 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lüert
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Kreyenschmidt
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christina M Legendre
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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43
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Hierlmeier G, Wolf R. Bulking up Cp BIG: A Penta-Terphenyl Cyclopentadienyl Ligand. Organometallics 2022; 41:776-784. [PMID: 35368714 PMCID: PMC8965875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The modification
of cyclopentadienyl ligands with carefully selected
substituents is a widely used strategy for tuning their steric
and electronic properties. We describe the synthesis of an extremely
bulky penta-terphenyl cyclopentadienyl ligand (CpT5) by
arylation of cyclopentadiene. Deprotonation reactions with various
group 1 metals and bases afforded a complete series of alkali metal
salts MCpT5 (M = Li–Cs). The compounds were isolated
as solvate-free salts, which were characterized by multinuclear nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy,
and elemental analysis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of
LiCpT5, NaCpT5 (crystallized as a solvate with
one tetrahydrofuran molecule per formula unit), and KCpT5 revealed the formation of metallocene-like sandwich structures in
the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Hierlmeier
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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44
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Lüert D, Legendre CM, Herbst‐Irmer R, Stalke D. Alkali Metal Based Triimidosulfite Cages as Versatile Precursors for Single-Molecule Magnets. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104470. [PMID: 35040528 PMCID: PMC9304269 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the potassium [{S(tBuN)2 (tBuNH)}2 K3 (tmeda)-K3 {(HNtBu)(NtBu)2 S}2 ] (1) and sodium precursors [S(tBuN)3 (thf)3 -Na3 SNa3 (thf)3 (NtBu)3 S] (2), [S(tBuN)3 (thf)3 Na3 {(HNtBu)(NtBu)2 S}] (3) and [(tmeda)3 S-{Na3 (NtBu)3 S}2 ] (4) the syntheses and magnetic properties of three mixed metal triimidosulfite based alkali-lanthanide-metal-cages [(tBuNH)Dy{K(0.5tmeda)}2 {(NtBu)3 S}2 ]n (5) and [ClLn{Na(thf)}2 {(NtBu)3 S}2 ] with Ln=Dy (6), Er (7) are reported. The corresponding potassium (1) and sodium (2-4) based cages are characterized through XRD and NMR experiments. Preventing lithium chloride co-complexation led to a significant increase of SMM performance to previously reported sulfur-nitrogen ligands. The subsequent DyIII -complexes 5 and 6 display slow relaxation of magnetization at zero field, with relaxation barriers U=77.0 cm-1 for 5, 512.9 and 316.3 cm-1 for 6, respectively. Significantly, the latter complex 6 also exhibits a butterfly-shaped hysteresis up to 7 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lüert
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-University GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Christina M. Legendre
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-University GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Regine Herbst‐Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-University GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-University GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
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45
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Durrant JP, Day BM, Tang J, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Dominance of Cyclobutadienyl Over Cyclopentadienyl in the Crystal Field Splitting in Dysprosium Single‐Molecule Magnets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry University of Sussex Falmer Brighton BN1 9QR UK
| | - Benjamin M. Day
- Department of Chemistry University of Sussex Falmer Brighton BN1 9QR UK
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
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46
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Carroll XB, Errulat D, Murugesu M, Jenkins DM. Late Lanthanide Macrocyclic Tetra-NHC Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1611-1619. [PMID: 34990145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An isostructural set of macrocyclic tetra-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes were synthesized on late lanthanides including Lu, Yb, Ho, Dy, and Gd. They were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, multinuclear NMR, electrochemistry, and SQUID magnetometry. Solid-state structures show that all complexes are in a highly distorted square-pyramidal geometry with an axial HMDS ligand. 1H NMR for Lu, Yb, and Dy demonstrates that these geometries are maintained in solution. Electrochemical measurements on the Yb complex show that the NHCs are very strong σ-donors compared to other organometallic Yb complexes. Magnetic measurements of the Yb and Dy complexes reveal slow relaxation of the magnetization in both complexes. The highly anisotropic Dy complex possesses an energy barrier to spin reversal of 52.42 K/36.43 cm-1 and waist-restricted hysteresis up to 2.8 K. Finally, an 18-atom macrocycle variant of the Lu complex was synthesized for comparison in reactivity and stability. These complexes are the first lanthanides prepared with macrocyclic NHCs and suggest that NHCs may be a promising ligand for developing single-molecule magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian B Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Dylan Errulat
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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47
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Pugliese ER, Benner F, Castellanos E, Delano F, Demir S. Heteroleptic Rare-Earth Tris(metallocenes) Containing a Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Dianion. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2444-2454. [PMID: 35042339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isolable heteroleptic tris(metallocenes) containing five-membered and larger rings remain extremely scarce. The utilization of tripositive rare-earth-metal ions with ionic radii >1 Å allowed access to unprecedented and sterically congested dibenzocyclooctatetraenyl (dbCOT) metallocenes, [K(crypt-222)][Cptet2RE(η2-dbCOT)] (RE = Y (1), Dy (2); Cptet = tetramethylcyclopentadienyl), through a salt metathesis reaction involving Cptet2RE(BPh4) and the potassium salt of the dbCOT dianion. The solid-state structures were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, magnetometry, and IR spectroscopy and provided evidence for the first crystallographically characterized (dbCOT)2- anion in a complex containing d- or f-block metals. Remarkably, the (Cptet)- ligands force a distortion from planarity within the (dbCOT)2- moiety, engendering a rare η2-bonding motif, as opposed to the classical η8 conformation observed in complexes bearing a (COT)2- ion. The η2 coordination mode was proven crystallographically between 100 and 298 K and computationally (DFT and NBO). Furthermore, nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations uncovered significant ring current within the dbCOT ligand. The solution-state properties of 1 and 2 were analyzed via cyclic voltammetry, NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammograms of 1 and 2 exhibit a quasi-reversible feature indicating the accessibility of complexes with dbCOT in two oxidation states (dbCOT2-/3-•). Importantly, the dysprosium congener, 2, is a zero-field single-molecule magnet (SMM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Pugliese
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Florian Benner
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Ernesto Castellanos
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Francis Delano
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Selvan Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
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48
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Stetsiuk O, La Droitte L, Goudy V, Le Guennic B, Cador O, Nocton G. Synthesis and Structures of Tris(cyclononatetraenyl) Rare-Earth Complexes [Ln(C9H9)3] (Ln = Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm). Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Stetsiuk
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Léo La Droitte
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)−UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Violaine Goudy
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)−UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Cador
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)−UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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Korzyński MD, Bernhardt M, Romankov V, Dreiser J, Matmon G, Pointillart F, Le Guennic B, Cador O, Copéret C. Cyclooctatetraenide-based single-ion magnets featuring bulky cyclopentadienyl ligand. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10574-10580. [PMID: 36277624 PMCID: PMC9473503 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02560d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a family of organometallic rare-earth complexes with the general formula (COT)M(Cpttt) (where (COT)2− = cyclooctatetraenide, (Cpttt)− = 1,2,4-tri(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienide, M = Y(iii), Nd(iii), Dy(iii) and Er(iii)). Similarly to the prototypical Er(iii) analog featuring pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand (Cp*)−, (COT)Er(Cpttt) behaves as a single-ion magnet. However, the introduction of the sterically demanding (Cpttt)− imposes geometric constraints that lead to a simplified magnetic relaxation behavior compared to the (Cp*)− containing complexes. Consequently, (COT)Er(Cpttt) can be viewed as a model representative of this organometallic single-ion magnet architecture. In addition, we demonstrate that the increased steric profile associated with the (Cpttt)− ligand permits preparation, structural characterization and interrogation of magnetic properties of the early-lanthanide complex, (COT)Nd(Cpttt). Such a mononuclear derivative could not be obtained when a (Cp*)− ligand was employed, a testament to larger ionic radius of this early lanthanide ion. Application of steric control principles allows for simplification of the magnetic behavior of an iconic single-ion magnet architecture as well as the preparation of its previously inaccessible representative.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Damian Korzyński
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Bernhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vladyslav Romankov
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jan Dreiser
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Guy Matmon
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Pointillart
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Cador
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Zhang B, Cheng Z, Wu Y, Chen L, Jing R, Cai X, Jiang C, Zhang YQ, Yuan A, Cui HH, Li ZY. Pseudo-mono-axial ligand fields that support high energy barriers in triangular dodecahedral Dy( iii) single-ion magnets. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13231-13240. [DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Air-stable triangular dodecahedral Dy(iii) single-ion magnets with pseudo-mono-axial linear ligand fields exhibit high energy barrier exceeding 600 K, which represent the highest energy barrier for mononuclear SMMs with triangular dodecahedron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, PR China
| | - Zhijie Cheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, PR China
| | - Yingying Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Educational Park, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, PR China
| | - Rong Jing
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, PR China
| | - Xingwei Cai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, PR China
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, PR China
| | - Yi-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for NSLSCS, School of Physical Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, PR China
| | - Hui-Hui Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Zhao-Yang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Educational Park, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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