1
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Liu X, Huang B, Li J, Li B, Lou Z. Full-spectrum plasmonic semiconductors for photocatalysis. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39139133 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00515e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of noble metal nanoparticles can focus surrounding light onto the particle surface to boost photochemical reactions and solar energy utilization. However, the rarity and high cost of noble metals limit their applications in plasmonic photocatalysis, forcing researchers to seek low-cost alternatives. Recently, some heavily doped semiconductors with high free carrier density have garnered attention due to their metal-like LSPR properties. However, plasmonic semiconductors have complex surface structures characterized by the presence of a depletion layer, which poses challenges for active site exposure and hot carrier transfer, resulting in low photocatalytic activity. In this review, we introduce the essential characteristics and types, synthesis methods, and characterization techniques of full-spectrum plasmonic semiconductors, elucidate the mechanism of full-spectrum nonmetallic plasmonic photocatalysis, including the local electromagnetic field, hot carrier generation and transfer, the photothermal effect, and the solutions for the surface depletion layer, and summarize the applications of plasmonic semiconductors in photocatalytic environmental remediation, CO2 reduction, H2 generation, and organic transformations. Finally, we provide a perspective on full-spectrum plasmonic photocatalysis, aiming to guide the design and development of plasmonic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Baibiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Juan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Baojun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Zaizhu Lou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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2
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Shubert-Zuleta SA, Segui Barragan V, Berry MW, Russum R, Milliron DJ. How Depletion Layers Govern the Dynamic Plasmonic Response of In-Doped CdO Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2024; 18:16776-16789. [PMID: 38885184 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Doped metal oxide nanocrystals exhibit a localized surface plasmon resonance that is widely tunable across the mid- to near-infrared region, making them useful for applications in optoelectronics, sensing, and photocatalysis. Surface states pin the Fermi level and induce a surface depletion layer that hinders conductivity and refractive index sensing but can be advantageous for optical modulation. Several strategies have been developed to both synthetically and postsynthetically tailor the depletion layer toward particular applications; however, this understanding has primarily been advanced in Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) nanocrystals, leaving open questions about generalizing to other doped metal oxides. Here, we quantitatively analyze the depletion layer in In-doped CdO (ICO) nanocrystals, which is shown to have an intrinsically wide depletion layer that leads to broad plasmonic modulation via postsynthetic chemical reduction and ligand exchange. Leveraging these insights, we applied depletion layer tuning to enhance the inherently weak plasmonic coupling in ICO nanocrystal superlattices. Our results demonstrate how an electronic band structure dictates the radial distribution of electrons and governs the response to postsynthetic modulation, enabling the design of tunable and responsive plasmonic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Shubert-Zuleta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Victor Segui Barragan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - M Wren Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Robert Russum
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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3
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Tian D, Liu X, Li J, Wang Z, Cai X, Chen J, Jin H, Li B, Lou Z. Constructing High-Active Surface of Plasmonic Tungsten Oxide for Photocatalytic Alcohol Dehydration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404738. [PMID: 38695468 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Plasmonic semiconductors with broad spectral response hold significant promise for sustainable solar energy utilization. However, the surface inertness limits the photocatalytic activity. Herein, a novel approach is proposed to improve the body crystallinity and increase the surface oxygen vacancies of plasmonic tungsten oxide by the combination of hydrochloric acid (HCl) regulation and light irradiation, which can promote the adsorption of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) on plasmonic tungsten oxide and overcome the hindrance of the surface depletion layer in photocatalytic alcohol dehydration. Additionally, this process can concentrate electrons for strong plasmonic electron oscillation on the near surface, facilitating rapid electron transfer within the adsorbed TBA molecules for C-O bond cleavage. As a result, the activation barrier for TBA dehydration is significantly reduced by 93% to 6.0 kJ mol-1, much lower than that of thermocatalysis (91 kJ mol-1). Therefore, an optimal isobutylene generation rate of 1.8 mol g-1 h-1 (selectivity of 99.9%) is achieved. A small flow reaction system is further constructed, which shows an isobutylene generation rate of 12 mmol h-1 under natural sunlight irradiation. This work highlights the potential of plasmonic semiconductors for efficient photocatalytic alcohol dehydration, thereby promoting the sustainable utilization of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Juan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zeyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Hao Jin
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zaizhu Lou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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Esmailzadeh F, Taheri-Ledari R, Salehi MM, Zarei-Shokat S, Ganjali F, Mohammadi A, Zare I, Kashtiaray A, Jalali F, Maleki A. Bonding states of gold/silver plasmonic nanostructures and sulfur-containing active biological ingredients in biomedical applications: a review. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16407-16437. [PMID: 38807475 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most instrumental components in the architecture of advanced nanomedicines, plasmonic nanostructures (mainly gold and silver nanomaterials) have been paid a lot of attention. This type of nanomaterial can absorb light photons with a specific wavelength and generate heat or excited electrons through surface resonance, which is a unique physical property. In innovative biomaterials, a significant number of theranostic (therapeutic and diagnostic) materials are produced through the conjugation of thiol-containing ingredients with gold and silver nanoparticles (Au and Ag NPs). Hence, it is essential to investigate Au/Ag-S interfaces precisely and determine the exact bonding states in the active nanobiomaterials. This study intends to provide useful insights into the interactions between Au/Ag NPs and thiol groups that exist in the structure of biomaterials. In this regard, the modeling of Au/Ag-S bonding in active biological ingredients is precisely reviewed. Then, the physiological stability of Au/Ag-based plasmonic nanobioconjugates in real physiological environments (pharmacokinetics) is discussed. Recent experimental validation and achievements of plasmonic theranostics and radiolabelled nanomaterials based on Au/Ag-S conjugation are also profoundly reviewed. This study will also help researchers working on biosensors in which plasmonic devices deal with the thiol-containing biomaterials (e.g., antibodies) inside blood serum and living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Esmailzadeh
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Reza Taheri-Ledari
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Salehi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Simindokht Zarei-Shokat
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ganjali
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Adibeh Mohammadi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co., Ltd, Shiraz 7178795844, Iran
| | - Amir Kashtiaray
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Farinaz Jalali
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
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Gabbani A, Della Latta E, Mohan A, Scarperi A, Li X, Ruggeri M, Martini F, Biccari F, Kociak M, Geppi M, Borsacchi S, Pineider F. Direct Determination of Carrier Parameters in Indium Tin Oxide Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15139-15153. [PMID: 38804721 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We develop here a comprehensive experimental approach to independently determine charge carrier parameters, namely, carrier density and mass, in plasmonic indium tin oxide nanocrystals. Typically, in plasmonic nanocrystals, only the ratio between these two parameters is accessible through optical absorption experiments. The multitechnique methodology proposed here combines single particle and ensemble optical and magneto-optical spectroscopies, also using 119Sn solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to probe the surface depletion layer. Our methodology overcomes the limitations of standard fitting approaches based on absorption spectroscopy and ultimately gives access to carrier effective mass directly on the NCs, discarding the use of literature value based on bulk or thin film materials. We found that mass values depart appreciably from those measured on thin films; consequently, we found carrier density values that are different from reported literature values for similar systems. The effective mass was found to deviate from the parabolic approximation at a high carrier density. Finally, the dopant activation and defect diagram for ITO NCs for tin doping between 2.5 and 15% are determined. This approach can be generalized to other plasmonic heavily doped semiconductor nanostructures and represents, to the best of our knowledge, the only method to date to characterize the full Drude parameter space of 0-D nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gabbani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Elisa Della Latta
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ananthakrishnan Mohan
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scarperi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marina Ruggeri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Martini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Biccari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marco Geppi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Italian National Research Council (ICCOM-CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Borsacchi
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Italian National Research Council (ICCOM-CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Pineider
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
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6
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He B, Cao Y, Lin K, Wang Y, Li Z, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Liu X. Strong Interactions between Au Nanoparticles and BiVO 4 Photoanode Boosts Hole Extraction for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402435. [PMID: 38566410 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) is widely proposed as a key factor in tuning catalytic performances. Herein, the classical SMSI between Au nanoparticles (NPs) and BiVO4 (BVO) supports (Au/BVO-SMSI) is discovered and used innovatively for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Owing to the SMSI, the electrons transfer from V4+ to Au NPs, leading to the formation of electron-rich Au species (Auδ-) and strong electronic interaction (i.e., Auδ--Ov-V4+), which readily contributes to extract photogenerated holes and promote charge separation. Benefitted from the SMSI effect, the as-prepared Au/BVO-SMSI photoanode exhibits a superior photocurrent density of 6.25 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode after the deposition of FeOOH/NiOOH cocatalysts. This work provides a pioneering view for extending SMSI effect to bimetal oxide supports for PEC water splitting, and guides the interfacial electronic and geometric structure modulation of photoanodes consisting of metal NPs and reducible oxides for improved solar energy conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, 430200, Wuhan, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, 430200, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Kaijie Lin
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yingkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, 430200, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xueqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, 430200, Wuhan, P. R. China
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7
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Cheng Z, Yin K, Xu X, Yue Q, Gao B, Gao Y. Insights into the efficient water treatment over N-doped carbon nanosheets with layered minerals as template: The role of interfacial electron tunneling and transfer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133924. [PMID: 38452671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation reactions have been extensively studied recently. Due to the high material cost and low catalytic capability, PMS oxidation technology cannot be effectively applied in an industrial water treatment process. In this work, we developed a modification strategy based on enhancing the neglected electron tunneling effect to optimize the intrinsic electron transport process of the catalyst. The 2D nitrogen-doped carbon-based nanosheets with small interlayer spacing were prepared by self-polymerization of dopamine hydrochloride inserted into the natural layered bentonite template. Systematic characterizations confirmed that the smaller layer spacing in the 2D nitride-doped carbon-based nanosheets reduces the depletion layer width. The weak electronic shielding effect derived by the small layer spacing on the material subsurface enhanced the bulk electron tunneling effect. More bulk electrons could be migrated to the catalyst surface to activate PMS molecules. The PMS activation system showed ultrafast oxidation capability to degrade organic pollutants and strong ability to resist interference from environmental matrixes due to the optimized electron transfer process. Furthermore, the developed membrane reactor exhibited strong catalytic stability during the continuous degradation of P-Chlorophenol (CP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Kexin Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yue Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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8
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Segui Barragan V, Roman BJ, Shubert-Zuleta SA, Berry MW, Celio H, Milliron DJ. Dipolar Ligands Tune Plasmonic Properties of Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7983-7989. [PMID: 37624580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization with dipolar molecules is known to tune the electronic band alignment in semiconductor films and colloidal quantum dots. Yet, the influence of surface modification on plasmonic nanocrystals and their properties remains little explored. Here, we functionalize tin-doped indium oxide nanocrystals (ITO NCs) via ligand exchange with a series of cinnamic acids with different electron-withdrawing and -donating dipolar characters. Consistent with previous reports on semiconductors, we find that withdrawing (donating) ligands increase (decrease) the work function caused by an electrostatic potential shift across the molecular layer. Quantitative analyses of the plasmonic extinction spectra reveal that varying the ligand molecular dipole affects the near-surface depletion layer, with an anticorrelated trend between the electron concentration and electronic volume fraction, factors that are positively correlated in as-synthesized NCs. Electronic structure engineering through surface modification provides access to distinctive combinations of plasmonic properties that could enable optoelectronic applications, sensing, and hot electron-driven processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Segui Barragan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benjamin J Roman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sofia A Shubert-Zuleta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marina W Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hugo Celio
- Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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9
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Tandon B, Gibbs SL, Dean C, Milliron DJ. Highly Responsive Plasmon Modulation in Dopant-Segregated Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:908-915. [PMID: 36656798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer to and from metal oxide nanocrystals (NCs) modulates their infrared localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), revealing fundamental aspects of their photophysics and enabling dynamic optical applications. We synthesized and chemically reduced dopant-segregated Sn-doped In2O3 NCs, investigating the influence of radial dopant segregation on LSPR modulation and near-field enhancement (NFE). We found that core-doped NCs show large LSPR shifts and NFE change during chemical titration, enabling broadband modulation in LSPR energy of over 1000 cm-1 and of peak extinction over 300%. Simulations reveal that the evolution of the LSPR spectra during chemical reduction results from raising the surface Fermi level and increasing the donor defect density in the shell region. These results establish dopant segregation as a useful strategy to engineer the dynamic optical modulation in plasmonic semiconductor NC heterostructures going beyond what is possible with conventional plasmonic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Tandon
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Stephen L Gibbs
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher Dean
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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10
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Petrini N, Ghini M, Curreli N, Kriegel I. Optical Modeling of Plasmonic Nanoparticles with Electronically Depleted Layers. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:1576-1587. [PMID: 36721771 PMCID: PMC9884077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c05582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Doped metal oxide (MO) nanocrystals (NCs) are well-known for the localized surface plasmon resonance in the infrared range generated by free electrons in the conduction band of the material. Owing to the intimate connection between plasmonic features and the NC's carrier density profile, proper modeling can unveil the underlying electronic structure. The carrier density profile in MO NCs is characterized by the presence of an electronically depleted layer as a result of the Fermi level pinning at the surface of the NC. Moreover, the carrier profile can be spatially engineered by tuning the dopant concentrations in core-shell architectures, generating a rich plethora of plasmonic features. In this work, we systematically studied the influence of the simulation parameters used for optical modeling of representative experimental absorption spectra by implementing multilayer models. We highlight in particular the importance of minimizing the fit parameters by support of experimental results and the importance of interparameter relationships. We show that, in all cases investigated, the depletion layer is fundamental to correctly describe the continuous spectra evolution. We foresee that this multilayer model can be used to design the optoelectronic properties of core-shell systems in the framework of energy band and depletion layer engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Petrini
- Functional
Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
(IIT), via Morego 30, 16163Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università degli Studi
di Genova, Via Dodecaneso
33, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Ghini
- Functional
Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
(IIT), via Morego 30, 16163Genova, Italy
| | - Nicola Curreli
- Functional
Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
(IIT), via Morego 30, 16163Genova, Italy
| | - Ilka Kriegel
- Functional
Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
(IIT), via Morego 30, 16163Genova, Italy
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11
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Kang J, Sherman ZM, Crory HSN, Conrad DL, Berry MW, Roman BJ, Anslyn EV, Truskett TM, Milliron DJ. Modular mixing in plasmonic metal oxide nanocrystal gels with thermoreversible links. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024903. [PMID: 36641404 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelation offers a powerful strategy to assemble plasmonic nanocrystal networks incorporating both the distinctive optical properties of constituent building blocks and customizable collective properties. Beyond what a single-component assembly can offer, the characteristics of nanocrystal networks can be tuned in a broader range when two or more components are intimately combined. Here, we demonstrate mixed nanocrystal gel networks using thermoresponsive metal-terpyridine links that enable rapid gel assembly and disassembly with thermal cycling. Plasmonic indium oxide nanocrystals with different sizes, doping concentrations, and shapes are reliably intermixed in linked gel assemblies, exhibiting collective infrared absorption that reflects the contributions of each component while also deviating systematically from a linear combination of the spectra for single-component gels. We extend a many-bodied, mutual polarization method to simulate the optical response of mixed nanocrystal gels, reproducing the experimental trends with no free parameters and revealing that spectral deviations originate from cross-coupling between nanocrystals with distinct plasmonic properties. Our thermoreversible linking strategy directs the assembly of mixed nanocrystal gels with continuously tunable far- and near-field optical properties that are distinct from those of the building blocks or mixed close-packed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Kang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Zachary M Sherman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Hannah S N Crory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Diana L Conrad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Marina W Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Benjamin J Roman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Thomas M Truskett
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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12
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Xu G, Du X, Wang W, Qu Y, Liu X, Zhao M, Li W, Li YQ. Plasmonic Nanozymes: Leveraging Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance to Boost the Enzyme-Mimicking Activity of Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204131. [PMID: 36161698 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes, a type of nanomaterials that function similarly to natural enzymes, receive extensive attention in biomedical fields. However, the widespread applications of nanozymes are greatly plagued by their unsatisfactory enzyme-mimicking activity. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), a nanoscale physical phenomenon described as the collective oscillation of surface free electrons in plasmonic nanoparticles under light irradiation, offers a robust universal paradigm to boost the catalytic performance of nanozymes. Plasmonic nanozymes (PNzymes) with elevated enzyme-mimicking activity by leveraging LSPR, emerge and provide unprecedented opportunities for biocatalysis. In this review, the physical mechanisms behind PNzymes are thoroughly revealed including near-field enhancement, hot carriers, and the photothermal effect. The rational design and applications of PNzymes in biosensing, cancer therapy, and bacterial infections elimination are systematically introduced. Current challenges and further perspectives of PNzymes are also summarized and discussed to stimulate their clinical translation. It is hoped that this review can attract more researchers to further advance the promising field of PNzymes and open up a new avenue for optimizing the enzyme-mimicking activity of nanozymes to create superior nanocatalysts for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Xu
- Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science, School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xuancheng Du
- Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science, School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science, School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science, School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science, School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science, School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science, School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science, School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
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13
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Control of electronic band profiles through depletion layer engineering in core-shell nanocrystals. Nat Commun 2022; 13:537. [PMID: 35087033 PMCID: PMC8795196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermi level pinning in doped metal oxide (MO) nanocrystals (NCs) results in the formation of depletion layers, which affect their optical and electronic properties, and ultimately their application in smart optoelectronics, photocatalysis, or energy storage. For a precise control over functionality, it is important to understand and control their electronic bands at the nanoscale. Here, we show that depletion layer engineering allows designing the energetic band profiles and predicting the optoelectronic properties of MO NCs. This is achieved by shell thickness tuning of core-shell Sn:In2O3-In2O3 NCs, resulting in multiple band bending and multi-modal plasmonic response. We identify the modification of the band profiles after the light-induced accumulation of extra electrons as the main mechanism of photodoping and enhance the charge storage capability up to hundreds of electrons per NC through depletion layer engineering. Our experimental results are supported by theoretical models and are transferable to other core-multishell systems as well.
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14
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Ghini M, Rubino A, Camellini A, Kriegel I. Multi-charge transfer from photodoped ITO nanocrystals. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6628-6634. [PMID: 34913027 PMCID: PMC8610084 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00656h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanocrystals are emerging as an extremely versatile material for addressing many of the current challenging demands of energy-conversion technology. Being able to exploit their full potential is not only an advantage but also a scientific and economic ambition for a more sustainable energy development. In this direction, the photodoping of metal oxide nanocrystals is a very notable process that allows accumulating multiple charge carriers per nanocrystal after light absorption. The reactivity of the photodoped electrons is currently the subject of an intense study. In this context, the possibility to extract efficiently the stored electrons could be beneficial for numerous processes, from photoconversion and sunlight energy storage to photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry. In this work we provide, via oxidative titration and optical spectroscopy, evidence for multi-electron transfer processes from photodoped Sn : In2O3 nanocrystals to a widely employed organic electron acceptor (F4TCNQ). The results of this study disclose the potential of photodoped electrons to drive chemical reactions involving more than one electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ghini
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova Via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genova Italy
| | - Andrea Rubino
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Andrea Camellini
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Ilka Kriegel
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
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15
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Ghini M, Curreli N, Camellini A, Wang M, Asaithambi A, Kriegel I. Photodoping of metal oxide nanocrystals for multi-charge accumulation and light-driven energy storage. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8773-8783. [PMID: 33959732 PMCID: PMC8136238 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09163d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for self-powered devices has led to the study of novel energy storage solutions that exploit green energies whilst ensuring self-sufficiency. In this context, doped metal oxide nanocrystals (MO NCs) are interesting nanosized candidates with the potential to unify solar energy conversion and storage into one set of materials. In this review, we aim to present recent and important developments of doped MO NCs for light-driven multi-charge accumulation (i.e., photodoping) and solar energy storage. We will discuss the general concept of photodoping, the spectroscopic and theoretical tools to determine the charging process, together with unresolved open questions. We conclude the review by highlighting possible device architectures based on doped MO NCs that are expected to considerably impact the field of energy storage by combining in a unique way the conversion and storage of solar power and opening the path towards competitive and novel light-driven energy storage solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ghini
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Nicola Curreli
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Camellini
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Aswin Asaithambi
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Ilka Kriegel
- Functional Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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16
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Liu G, Qi S, Chen J, Lou Y, Zhao Y, Burda C. Cu-Sb-S Ternary Semiconductor Nanoparticle Plasmonics. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2610-2617. [PMID: 33705150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor plasmonics is a recently emerging field that expands the chemical and physical bandwidth of the hitherto well-established noble metallic nanoparticles. Achieving tunable plasmonics from colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals has drawn enormous interest and is promising for plasmon-related applications. However, realizing this goal of tunable semiconductor nanocrystals is currently still a synthetic challenge. Here, we report a colloidal synthesis strategy for highly dispersed, platelet-shaped, antimony-doped copper sulfide semiconductor nanocrystals (Sby-CuxS NCs) with a dominant localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band tunable from the near-infrared into the midvisible spectral range. This work presents the synthesis and quantifies the resulting plasmonic features. It furthermore elucidates the underlying carrier concentration requirements to realize a continuum of LSPR spectra. Building on our previous work on binary plasmonics CuxS, CuxSe, and CuxTe NCs, the present method introduces a much wider and finer tunability with ternary semiconductor plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoning Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Southeast University, No. 2 Southeast University Road, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Shaopeng Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Southeast University, No. 2 Southeast University Road, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Jinxi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Southeast University, No. 2 Southeast University Road, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Yongbing Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Southeast University, No. 2 Southeast University Road, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Millis Science Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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17
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Olafsson A, Busche JA, Araujo JJ, Maiti A, Idrobo JC, Gamelin DR, Masiello DJ, Camden JP. Electron Beam Infrared Nano-Ellipsometry of Individual Indium Tin Oxide Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7987-7994. [PMID: 32870693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging recent advances in electron energy monochromation and aberration correction, we record the spatially resolved infrared plasmon spectrum of individual tin-doped indium oxide nanocrystals using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). Both surface and bulk plasmon responses are measured as a function of tin doping concentration from 1-10 atomic percent. These results are compared to theoretical models, which elucidate the spectral detuning of the same surface plasmon resonance feature when measured from aloof and penetrating probe geometries. We additionally demonstrate a unique approach to retrieving the fundamental dielectric parameters of individual semiconductor nanocrystals via EELS. This method, devoid from ensemble averaging, illustrates the potential for electron-beam ellipsometry measurements on materials that cannot be prepared in bulk form or as thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agust Olafsson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jacob A Busche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jose J Araujo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Arpan Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Idrobo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Daniel R Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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18
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Gibbs SL, Dean C, Saad J, Tandon B, Staller CM, Agrawal A, Milliron DJ. Dual-Mode Infrared Absorption by Segregating Dopants within Plasmonic Semiconductor Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7498-7505. [PMID: 32959661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When aliovalent dopants are sufficiently segregated to the core or near the surface of semiconductor nanocrystals, charge carriers donated by the dopants are also segregated to the core or near the surface, respectively. In Sn-doped indium oxide nanocrystals, we find that this contrast in free charge carrier concentration creates a core and shell with differing dielectric properties and results in two distinctly observable plasmonic extinction peaks. The trends in this dual-mode optical response with shell growth differ from core/shell nanoparticles composed of traditional plasmonic metals such as Au and Ag. We developed a model employing a core/shell effective medium approximation that can fit the dual-mode spectra and explain the trends in the extinction response. Lastly, we show that dopant segregation can improve sensitivity of plasmon spectra to changes in refractive index of the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Gibbs
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher Dean
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joey Saad
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Bharat Tandon
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Corey M Staller
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ankit Agrawal
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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19
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Prusty G, Lee JT, Seifert S, Muhoberac BB, Sardar R. Ultrathin Plasmonic Tungsten Oxide Quantum Wells with Controllable Free Carrier Densities. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5938-5942. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyanaranjan Prusty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jacob T. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Soenke Seifert
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Barry B. Muhoberac
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Rajesh Sardar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 423 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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