1
|
Schwalb AJ, García F, Sánchez L. Electronically and geometrically complementary perylenediimides for kinetically controlled supramolecular copolymers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8137-8144. [PMID: 38817561 PMCID: PMC11134332 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01322k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of 3,4,9,10-benzo[d,e]isoquinolino[1,8-g,h]quinoline-tetracarboxylic diimide (BQQDI) 1 endowed with peripheral trialkoxybenzamide fragments is reported and its self-assembling features investigated. The peripheral benzamide moieties generate metastable monomeric species that afford a kinetically controlled supramolecular polymerization. The electron-withdrawing character of 1 in comparison with previously reported PDIs 2, together with the similar geometry, makes this dye an optimal candidate to perform seeded supramolecular copolymerization yielding four different supramolecular block copolymers. Whilst heteropolymers poly-1-co-2a, poly-2a-co-1 and poly-1-co-2b present an H-type arrangement of the monomeric units, heteropolymer poly-2b-co-1, prepared by seeding the chiral, metastable monomers of 2b with achiral seeds of 1, produces chiral, J-type aggregates. Interestingly, the monosignated CD signal of pristine poly-2b changes to a bisignated CD signal most probably due to the formation of columnar domains around the seeds of 1 which implies the blocky nature of the supramolecular copolymers formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso J Schwalb
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Fátima García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Proietti G, Axelsson A, Capezza AJ, Todarwal Y, Kuzmin J, Linares M, Norman P, Szabó Z, Lendel C, Olsson RT, Dinér P. Ultralight aerogels via supramolecular polymerization of a new chiral perfluoropyridine-based sulfonimidamide organogelator. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7603-7611. [PMID: 38512219 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06460c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Chiral and enantiopure perfluorinated sulfonimidamides act as low-molecular weight gelators at low critical gelation concentration (<1 mg mL-1) via supramolecular polymerization in nonpolar organic solvents and more heterogenic mixtures, such as biodiesel and oil. Freeze-drying of the organogel leads to ultralight aerogel with extremely low density (1 mg mL-1). The gelation is driven by hydrogen bonding resulting in a helical molecular ordering and unique fibre assemblies as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, CD spectroscopy, and computational modeling of the supramolecular structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Proietti
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anton Axelsson
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Antonio J Capezza
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yogesh Todarwal
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Julius Kuzmin
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mathieu Linares
- PDC Center for High Performance Computing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Norman
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christofer Lendel
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Richard T Olsson
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Dinér
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Greciano EE, Schwalb AJ, Sánchez L. Effect of chirality in the supramolecular polymerization of N-annulated perylenediimides: Cancelling pathway complexity. Chirality 2024; 36:e23639. [PMID: 38384148 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the synthesis of two chiral NPBIs, (S)-1 and (R)-1, is reported and their self-assembling features investigated. The reported NPBIs form chiral supramolecular polymers with a rich dichroic pattern by the π-stacking of the aromatic backbones and the formation of an array of H-bonds between the amide functional groups. Furthermore, the peripheral 3,4,5-trialkoxy benzamide groups can form seven-membered pseudocycles by the intramolecular H-bonding interaction between the NH of the peripheral amides and one of the carbonyls of the imide units thus yielding a kinetically controlled self-assembly process. Unlike achiral NPBI 1, that has been reported to form up to four supramolecular polymorphs, the reported chiral NPBIs form only a J-type aggregated species. The results presented herein reveal how subtle changes exert an enormous influence on the supramolecular polymerization outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa E Greciano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso J Schwalb
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liao R, Wang F, Guo Y, Han Y, Wang F. Chirality-Controlled Supramolecular Donor-Acceptor Copolymerization with Distinct Energy Transfer Efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9775-9784. [PMID: 35621014 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chirality delivers substantial value to the field of supramolecular polymers, not only serving as a probe to monitor the dynamic assembly process but providing access to chiroptical materials. The current study demonstrates that, for supramolecular donor-acceptor copolymers, their comonomer organization modes can be greatly influenced by stereocommunication at the molecular level. The enantiopure N-[(1R or 1S)-phenylethyl]benzamides are incorporated into two structurally similar comonomers, locating between the π-aromatic diethynylacene core and the alkyl chain peripheries. Parallel arrangement of the stereogenic methyl units brings steric hindrance between the homochiral comonomers, which is relieved for the heterochiral comonomers due to the adoption of staggered arrangement. It consequently steers randomly mixed organization for the homochiral supramolecular copolymers within the nanofibers. In comparison, the heterochiral counterparts form nanoparticles in an alternate donor-acceptor organization manner. The variation of comonomer arrangement modes gives rise to distinct energy transfer efficiency at the supramolecular level. Overall, the elaborate manipulation of stereogenic centers in the comonomer structures exerts significant impacts on the characteristics of supramolecular copolymers, which could be useful for chiral sensing, recognition, and optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molecular communications in complex systems of dynamic supramolecular polymers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2162. [PMID: 35443756 PMCID: PMC9021206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are composed of monomers that self-assemble non-covalently, generating distributions of monodimensional fibres in continuous communication with each other and with the surrounding solution. Fibres, exchanging molecular species, and external environment constitute a sole complex system, which intrinsic dynamics is hard to elucidate. Here we report coarse-grained molecular simulations that allow studying supramolecular polymers at the thermodynamic equilibrium, explicitly showing the complex nature of these systems, which are composed of exquisitely dynamic molecular entities. Detailed studies of molecular exchange provide insights into key factors controlling how assemblies communicate with each other, defining the equilibrium dynamics of the system. Using minimalistic and finer chemically relevant molecular models, we observe that a rich concerted complexity is intrinsic in such self-assembling systems. This offers a new dynamic and probabilistic (rather than structural) picture of supramolecular polymer systems, where the travelling molecular species continuously shape the assemblies that statistically emerge at the equilibrium. The dynamic structure of supramolecular polymers is challenging to determine both in experiments and in simulations. Here the authors use coarse-grained molecular models to provide a comprehensive analysis of the molecular communication in these complex molecular systems.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dorca Y, Naranjo C, Ghosh G, Soberats B, Calbo J, Ortí E, Fernández G, Sánchez L. Supramolecular polymerization of electronically complementary linear motifs: anti-cooperativity by attenuated growth. Chem Sci 2021; 13:81-89. [PMID: 35059154 PMCID: PMC8694371 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-cooperative supramolecular polymerization by attenuated growth exhibited by self-assembling units of two electron-donor benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) derivatives (compounds 1a and 1b) and the electron-acceptor 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) (compound 2) is reported. Despite the apparent cooperative mechanism of 1 and 2, AFM imaging and SAXS measurements reveal the formation of small aggregates that suggest the operation of an anti-cooperative mechanism strongly conditioned by an attenuated growth. In this mechanism, the formation of the nuclei is favoured over the subsequent addition of monomeric units to the aggregate, which finally results in short aggregates. Theoretical calculations show that both the BDT and BODIPY motifs, after forming the initial dimeric nuclei, experience a strong distortion of the central aromatic backbone upon growth, which makes the addition of successive monomeric units unfavourable and impedes the formation of long fibrillar structures. Despite the anti-cooperativity observed in the supramolecular polymerization of 1 and 2, the combination of both self-assembling units results in the formation of small co-assembled aggregates with a similar supramolecular polymerization behaviour to that observed for the separate components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeray Dorca
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Cristina Naranjo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bartolomé Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Windt LNJ, Fernández Z, Fernández-Míguez M, Freire F, Palmans ARA. Elucidating the Supramolecular Copolymerization of N- and C-Centered Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxamides: The Role of Parallel and Antiparallel Packing of Amide Groups in the Copolymer Microstructure. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103691. [PMID: 34766652 PMCID: PMC9300128 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An in‐depth study of the supramolecular copolymerization behavior of N‐ and C‐centered benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamides (N‐ and C‐BTAs) has been conducted in methylcyclohexane and in the solid state. The connectivity of the amide groups in the BTAs differs, and mixing N‐ and C‐BTAs results in supramolecular copolymers with a blocky microstructure in solution. The blocky microstructure results from the formation of weaker and less organized, antiparallel hydrogen bonds between N‐ and C‐BTAs. In methylcyclohexane, the helical threefold hydrogen‐bonding network present in C‐ and N‐BTAs is retained in the mixtures. In the solid state, in contrast, the hydrogen bonds of pure BTAs as well as their mixtures organize in a sheet‐like pattern, and in the mixtures long‐range order is lost. Drop‐casting to kinetically trap the solution microstructures shows that C‐BTAs retain the helical hydrogen bonds, but N‐BTAs immediately adopt the sheet‐like pattern, a direct consequence of the lower stabilization energy of the helical hydrogen bonds. In the copolymers, the stability of the helical aggregates depends on the copolymer composition, and helical aggregates are only preserved when a high amount of C‐BTAs is present. The method outlined here is generally applicable to elucidate the copolymerization behavior of supramolecular monomers both in solution as well as in the solid state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lafayette N J de Windt
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zulema Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-Míguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martínez M, Doncel-Giménez A, Cerdá J, Calbo J, Rodríguez R, Aragó J, Crassous J, Ortí E, Sánchez L. Distance Matters: Biasing Mechanism, Transfer of Asymmetry, and Stereomutation in N-Annulated Perylene Bisimide Supramolecular Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13281-13291. [PMID: 34378925 PMCID: PMC8478275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two series of N-annulated perylene bisimides (PBIs), compounds 1 and 2, is reported, and their self-assembling features are thoroughly investigated by a complete set of spectroscopic measurements and theoretical calculations. The study corroborates the enormous influence that the distance between the PBI core and the peripheral groups exerts on the chiroptical properties and the supramolecular polymerization mechanism. Compounds 1, with the peripheral groups separated from the central PBI core by two methylenes and an ester group, form J-type supramolecular polymers in a cooperative manner but exhibit negligible chiroptical properties. The lack of clear helicity, due to the staircase arrangement of the self-assembling units in the aggregate, justifies these features. In contrast, attaching the peripheral groups directly to the N-annulated PBI core drastically changes the self-assembling properties of compounds 2, which form H-type aggregates following an isodesmic mechanism. These H-type aggregates show a strong aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect that leads to nonemissive aggregates. Chiral (S)-2 and (R)-2 experience an efficient transfer of asymmetry to afford P- and M-type aggregates, respectively, although no amplification of asymmetry is achieved in majority rules or "sergeants-and-soldiers" experiments. A solvent-controlled stereomutation is observed for chiral (S)-2 and (R)-2, which form helical supramolecular polymers of different handedness depending on the solvent (methylcyclohexane or toluene). The stereomutation is accounted for by considering the two possible conformations of the terminal phenyl groups, eclipsed or staggered, which lead to linear or helical self-assemblies, respectively, with different relative stabilities depending on the solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel
A. Martínez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Azahara Doncel-Giménez
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José
Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jesús Cerdá
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José
Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José
Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- Univ
Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José
Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Univ
Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José
Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Equilibrium swelling of multi-stimuli-responsive copolymer gels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 121:104623. [PMID: 34098283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Copolymer gels prepared by polymerization of thermo-responsive and anionic monomers demonstrate strong sensitivity to several triggers such as temperature, pH and ionic strength of aqueous solutions. For biomedical applications of these materials (as on-off switches in controlled drug delivery and release), fine tuning of their volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) and a sharp decay in degree of swelling upon transition from the swollen to the collapsed state are needed. These requirements are fulfilled under swelling of copolymer gels and microgels in water under acidic conditions, but are violated when tests are conducted under alkaline conditions or in aqueous solutions of salts with physiological salinity. A model is developed for equilibrium swelling of multi-stimuli-responsive copolymer gels in aqueous solutions with arbitrary pH and molar fractions of a monovalent salt. Unlike conventional approaches, the model accounts for secondary interactions between chains (hydrogen bonding) to describe the kinetics of aggregation of hydrophobic segments above VPTT. Material constants are determined by fitting experimental swelling diagrams on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) gels with various molar fractions of ionic monomers. The effects of temperature, pH and molar fraction of salt on the equilibrium degree of swelling below and above VPTT are studied numerically.
Collapse
|
10
|
Drozdov AD, Christiansen JD. The effects of pH and ionic strength on the volume phase transition temperature of thermo-responsive anionic copolymer gels. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Dorca Y, Sánchez‐Naya R, Cerdá J, Calbo J, Aragó J, Gómez R, Ortí E, Sánchez L. Impact of Molecular Size and Shape on the Supramolecular Co‐Assembly of Chiral Tricarboxamides: A Comparative Study. Chemistry 2020; 26:14700-14707. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeray Dorca
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Roberto Sánchez‐Naya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Jesús Cerdá
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) Universidad de Valencia c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) Universidad de Valencia c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) Universidad de Valencia c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) Universidad de Valencia c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Supramolecular double-stranded Archimedean spirals and concentric toroids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3578. [PMID: 32681045 PMCID: PMC7368029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Connecting molecular-level phenomena to larger scales and, ultimately, to sophisticated molecular systems that resemble living systems remains a considerable challenge in supramolecular chemistry. To this end, molecular self-assembly at higher hierarchical levels has to be understood and controlled. Here, we report unusual self-assembled structures formed from a simple porphyrin derivative. Unexpectedly, this formed a one-dimensional (1D) supramolecular polymer that coiled to give an Archimedean spiral. Our analysis of the supramolecular polymerization by using mass-balance models suggested that the Archimedean spiral is formed at high concentrations of the monomer, whereas other aggregation types might form at low concentrations. Gratifyingly, we discovered that our porphyrin-based monomer formed supramolecular concentric toroids at low concentrations. Moreover, a mechanistic insight into the self-assembly process permitted a controlled synthesis of these concentric toroids. This study both illustrates the richness of self-assembled structures at higher levels of hierarchy and demonstrates a topological effect in noncovalent synthesis. Connecting molecular-level phenomena to larger scales and molecular systems that resemble living systems remains a considerable challenge in supramolecular chemistry. Here, the authors report different self-assembly patterns in a porphyrin structure which can form – depending on the concentration - spirals or toroids.
Collapse
|
13
|
Weyandt E, Ter Huurne GM, Vantomme G, Markvoort AJ, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Photodynamic Control of the Chain Length in Supramolecular Polymers: Switching an Intercalator into a Chain Capper. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6295-6303. [PMID: 32167302 PMCID: PMC7118707 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Supramolecular systems are intrinsically
dynamic and sensitive
to changes in molecular structure and external conditions. Because
of these unique properties, strategies to control polymer length,
composition, comonomer sequence, and morphology have to be developed
for sufficient control over supramolecular copolymerizations. We designed
photoresponsive, mono acyl hydrazone functionalized benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide
(m-BTA) monomers that play a dual role in the coassembly
with achiral alkyl BTAs (a-BTA). In the E isomer form, the chiral m-BTA monomers intercalate
into stacks of a-BTA and dictate the chirality of the
helices. Photoisomerization to the Z isomer transforms
the intercalator into a chain capper, allowing dynamic shortening
of chain length in the supramolecular aggregates. We combine optical
spectroscopy and light-scattering experiments with theoretical modeling
to show the reversible decrease in length when switching from the E to Z isomer of m-BTA in
the copolymer with inert a-BTA. With a mass-balance thermodynamic
model, we gain additional insights into the composition of copolymers
and length distributions of the species over a broad range of concentrations
and mixing ratios of a-BTA/m-BTA. Moreover,
the model was used to predict the impact of an additive (chain capper
and intercalator) on the chain length over a range of concentrations,
showing a remarkable amplification of efficiency at high concentrations.
By employing a stimuli-responsive comonomer in a mostly inert polymer,
we can cooperatively amplify the effect of the switching and obtain
photocontrol of polymer length. Moreover, this dynamic decrease in
chain length causes a macroscopic gel-to-sol phase transformation
of the copolymer gel, although 99.4% of the organogel is inert to
the light stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Weyandt
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs M Ter Huurne
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Markvoort
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|