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Han T, Xu W, Han J, Adibnia V, He H, Zhang C, Luo J. Counterion Distribution in the Stern Layer on Charged Surfaces. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10443-10450. [PMID: 39140834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Counterion adsorption at the solid-liquid interface affects numerous applications. However, the counterion adsorption density in the Stern layer has remained poorly evaluated. Here we report the direct determination of surface charge density at the shear plane between the Stern layer and the diffuse layer. By the Grahame equation extension and streaming current measurements for different solid surfaces in different aqueous electrolytes, we are able to obtain the counterion adsorption density in the Stern layer, which is mainly related to the surface charge density but is less affected by the bulk ion concentration. The charge inversion concentration is further found to be sensitive to the ion type and ion valence rather than to the charged surface, which is attributed to the ionic competitive adsorption and ion-ion correlations. Our findings offer a framework for understanding ion distribution in many physical and chemical processes where the Stern layer is ubiquitous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Vahid Adibnia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Hongjiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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2
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Nigam R, Kar KK. Effect of Mixed Morphology (Simple Cubic, Face-Centered Cubic, and Body-Centered Cubic)-Based Electrodes on the Electric Double Layer Capacitance of Supercapacitors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:14266-14280. [PMID: 38941262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Supercapacitors store energy due to the formation of an electric double layer (EDL) at the interface of the electrodes and electrolyte. The present article deals with the finite element study of equilibrium electric double layer capacitance (EDLC) in the mixed morphology electrodes comprising all three fundamental crystal structures, simple cubic (SC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and face-centered cubic morphologies (FCC). Mesoporous-activated carbon forms the electrode in the supercapacitor with (C2H5)4NBF4/propylene carbonate organic electrolyte. Electrochemical interference is clearly demonstrated in the supercapacitors with the formation of the potential bands, as in the case of interference theory due to the increasing packing factor. The effects of electrode thickness varying from a wide range of 50 nm to 0.04 mm on specific EDLC have been discussed in detail. The interfacial geometry of the unit cell in contact with the electrolyte is the most important parameter determining the properties of the EDL. The critical thickness of the electrodes is 1.71 μm in all the morphologies. Polarization increases the interfacial potential and leads to EDL formation. The Stern layer specific capacitance is 167.6 μF cm-2 in all the morphologies. The maximum capacitance is in the decreasing order of interfacial geometry, as FCC > BCC > SC, dependent on the packing factor. The minimum transmittance in all the morphologies is 98.35%, with the constant figure of merit at higher electrode thickness having applications in the chip interconnects. The transient analysis shows that the interfacial current decreases with increasing polarization in the EDL. The capacitance also decreases with the increase of the scan rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Nigam
- Advanced Nanoengineering Materials Laboratory, Materials Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Kamal K Kar
- Advanced Nanoengineering Materials Laboratory, Materials Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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Choi MH, Booth W, Edwards B, Timperman AT. Electroneutral Layer Dynamics Drive Ion Migration in Low Frequency AC Electrophoresis Below the Water Electrolysis Threshold. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39010789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Low-frequency AC electrophoresis lies in a regime between DC microchannel electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis, which typically utilizes frequencies above 1000 Hz. Although few electrophoretic methods have been reported in this ≤100 Hz range, traveling wave electrophoresis (TWE) and transverse AC electrophoresis (TrACE) operate in this frequency range, and use low voltages to avoid bubble formation from water electrolysis. TWE provides molecular separations with enhanced control and TrACE provides multiplexed, multiparameter particle characterization. However, two related fundamental questions remain about the mechanisms of electrophoretic migration in these systems. First, particle electrophoresis in TrACE is largely captured by a simple model that combines the alternating electric field with DC electrokinetics, but a deviation from the model is observed for applied square electric field waves that increases with decreasing frequency. Second, although electrode charging is believed to drive ion migration in TWE, the estimated electrode charging time is about 2-3 orders of magnitude faster than the wave period. In this study, a 1D finite numerical model that excludes Faradaic reactions simulates ion and particle migration across the microchannel width in TrACE. The 1D model results show good agreement with both particle and ion migration in TrACE systems. Furthermore, although ion migration between the pair of electrodes slows during each excursion of a 1 Hz square wave, there is substantial ion migration throughout the 0.5 s half-period. This modeling result agrees with experimental observations in TWE. Therefore, the clarification of the mechanisms of ion migration in these low-frequency and low-voltage AC electrophoresis is expected to expand their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hannah Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - William Booth
- The Terra Academy, Vernal, Utah 84078, United States
| | - Boyd Edwards
- Department of Physics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Aaron T Timperman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Sun S, Zhang M, Bian J, Xu T, Su J. In 2O 3/ZnO heterojunction thin film transistor for high recognition accuracy neuromorphic computing and optoelectronic artificial synapses. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:365602. [PMID: 38861958 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad5685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Solid electrolyte-gated transistors exhibit improved chemical stability and can fulfill the requirements of microelectronic packaging. Typically, metal oxide semiconductors are employed as channel materials. However, the extrinsic electron transport properties of these oxides, which are often prone to defects, pose limitations on the overall electrical performance. Achieving excellent repeatability and stability of transistors through the solution process remains a challenging task. In this study, we propose the utilization of a solution-based method to fabricate an In2O3/ZnO heterojunction structure, enabling the development of efficient multifunctional optoelectronic devices. The heterojunction's upper and lower interfaces induce energy band bending, resulting in the accumulation of a large number of electrons and a significant enhancement in transistor mobility. To mimic synaptic plasticity responses to electrical and optical stimuli, we utilize Li+-doped high-k ZrOxthin films as a solid electrolyte in the device. Notably, the heterojunction transistor-based convolutional neural network achieves a high accuracy rate of 93% in recognizing handwritten digits. Moreover, our research involves the simulation of a typical sensory neuron, specifically a nociceptor, within our synaptic transistor. This research offers a novel avenue for the advancement of cost-effective three-terminal thin-film transistors tailored for neuromorphic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangheng Sun
- School of Physics Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghao Zhang
- School of Physics Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Bian
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Su
- School of Physics Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Physics Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Reviakine I. Quartz crystal microbalance in soft and biological interfaces. Biointerphases 2024; 19:010801. [PMID: 38416603 DOI: 10.1116/6.0003312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Applications of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation to studying soft and biological interfaces are reviewed. The focus is primarily on data analysis through viscoelastic modeling and a model-free approach focusing on the acoustic ratio. Current challenges and future research and development directions are discussed.
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Leppin C, Langhoff A, Höfft O, Johannsmann D. A Modulation QCM Applied to Copper Electrodeposition and Stripping. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leppin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Oliver Höfft
- Institute of Electrochemistry Clausthal University of Technology Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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Leppin C, Langhoff A, Poggemann HF, Gödde AS, Johannsmann D. Fast and slow EQCM response of zwitterionic weak electrolytes to changes in the electrode potential: a pH-mediated mechanism. Analyst 2021; 146:6005-6013. [PMID: 34505583 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a fast electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), zwitterionic electrolytes were studied with regard to changes of resonance frequency and resonance bandwidth after the electrode potential was switched. In addition to a fast change of frequency (within milliseconds), a further, slower process with opposite direction is observed. Both the fast and the slow process change sign when the pH is varied across the isoelectric point (pI). The fast process can be attributed to double layer recharging. Its characteristic time is slightly larger than the charge response time (the RC-time) as inferred from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). With regard to the slow process, amino acids with moderate concentration behave markedly different from concentrated solutions of proteins. For amino acids, the slow process is larger in amplitude than the fast process and the QCM response is Sauerbrey-like. The shift in half bandwidth is smaller than the shift in frequency and the overtone-normalized frequency shifts agree between overtones (-Δf/n ≈ const. with n the overtone order). This can be explained with a viscosity change in the diffuse double layer. Independent measurements show that the viscosities of these electrolytes are higher than the average in a pH range around the pI. Presumably, the slow process reflects a rearrangement of molecules after the net charge on the molecule has increased or decreased, changing the degree of dipolar coupling and, in consequence, the viscosity. For concentrated solutions of bovine serum albumin (BSA), the QCM response does not follow Sauerbrey behaviour, which can be explained with viscoelasticity and viscoelastic dispersion. The slow process lets the frequency and the bandwidth relax towards a baseline, which is the same for jumps to more positive and to more negative potentials. Presumably, the slow process in this case is caused by a reorientation of molecules inside the Helmholtz layer, such that they screen the electric field more efficiently than immediately after the voltage jump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leppin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Hanna-Friederike Poggemann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Alexander Simon Gödde
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany. .,Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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Giordano GF, Freitas VMS, Schleder GR, Santhiago M, Gobbi AL, Lima RS. Bifunctional Metal Meshes Acting as a Semipermeable Membrane and Electrode for Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Volatile Compounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:35914-35923. [PMID: 34309352 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of toxic inorganic gases and volatile organic compounds has brought the development of field-deployable, sensitive, and scalable sensors into focus. Here, we attempted to meet these requirements by using concurrently microhole-structured meshes as (i) a membrane for the gas diffusion extraction of an analyte from a donor sample and (ii) an electrode for the sensitive electrochemical determination of this target with the receptor electrolyte at rest. We used two types of meshes with complementary benefits, i.e., Ni mesh fabricated by robust, scalable, and well-established methods for manufacturing specific designs and stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM), which is commercially available at a low cost. The diffusion of gas (from a donor) was conducted in headspace mode, thus minimizing issues related to mesh fouling. When compared with the conventional polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane, both the meshes (40 μm hole diameter) led to a higher amount of vapor collected into the electrolyte for subsequent detection. This inedited fashion produced a kind of reverse diffusion of the analyte dissolved into the electrolyte (receptor), i.e., from the electrode to bulk, which further enabled highly sensitive analyses. Using Ni mesh coated with Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles, the limit of detection reached for ethanol was 24-fold lower than the data attained by a platform with a PTFE membrane and placement of the electrode into electrolyte bulk. This system was applied in the determination of ethanol in complex samples related to the production of ethanol biofuel. It is noteworthy that a simple equation fitted by machine learning was able to provide accurate assays (accuracies from 97 to 102%) by overcoming matrix effect-related interferences on detection performance. Furthermore, preliminary measurements demonstrated the successful coating of the meshes with gold films as an alternative raw electrode material and the monitoring of HCl utilizing Au-coated SSWMs. These strategies extend the applicability of the platform that may help to develop valuable volatile sensing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F Giordano
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Vitoria M S Freitas
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Schleder
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Murilo Santhiago
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Gobbi
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Renato S Lima
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
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Matsumoto A, Yoshizawa R, Urakawa O, Inoue T, Shen AQ. Rheological Scaling of Ionic Liquid-Based Polyelectrolytes in the Semidilute Unentangled Regime from Low to High Salt Concentrations. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Matsumoto
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Ryota Yoshizawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Osamu Urakawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inoue
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Johannsmann D, Langhoff A, Leppin C. Studying Soft Interfaces with Shear Waves: Principles and Applications of the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3490. [PMID: 34067761 PMCID: PMC8157064 DOI: 10.3390/s21103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The response of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM, also: QCM-D for "QCM with Dissipation monitoring") to loading with a diverse set of samples is reviewed in a consistent frame. After a brief introduction to the advanced QCMs, the governing equation (the small-load approximation) is derived. Planar films and adsorbates are modeled based on the acoustic multilayer formalism. In liquid environments, viscoelastic spectroscopy and high-frequency rheology are possible, even on layers with a thickness in the monolayer range. For particulate samples, the contact stiffness can be derived. Because the stress at the contact is large, the force is not always proportional to the displacement. Nonlinear effects are observed, leading to a dependence of the resonance frequency and the resonance bandwidth on the amplitude of oscillation. Partial slip, in particular, can be studied in detail. Advanced topics include structured samples and the extension of the small-load approximation to its tensorial version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Christian Leppin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Leppin C, Peschel A, Meyer FS, Langhoff A, Johannsmann D. Kinetics of viscoelasticity in the electric double layer following steps in the electrode potential studied by a fast electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). Analyst 2021; 146:2160-2171. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01965h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A fast EQCM measures the kinetics of the viscosity changes inside the double layer following voltage jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leppin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Astrid Peschel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Frederick Sebastian Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
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