1
|
Afonso MB, Marques V, van Mil SW, Rodrigues CM. Human liver organoids: From generation to applications. Hepatology 2024; 79:1432-1451. [PMID: 36815360 PMCID: PMC11095893 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, research into human hepatology has been revolutionized by the development of mini human livers in a dish. These liver organoids are formed by self-organizing stem cells and resemble their native counterparts in cellular content, multicellular architecture, and functional features. Liver organoids can be derived from the liver tissue or pluripotent stem cells generated from a skin biopsy, blood cells, or renal epithelial cells present in urine. With the development of liver organoids, a large part of previous hurdles in modeling the human liver is likely to be solved, enabling possibilities to better model liver disease, improve (personalized) drug testing, and advance bioengineering options. In this review, we address strategies to generate and use organoids in human liver disease modeling, followed by a discussion of their potential application in drug development and therapeutics, as well as their strengths and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta B. Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanda Marques
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Saskia W.C. van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M.P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hrušková H, Olsen C, Řemínek R, Wang C, Aizenshtadt A, Krauss S, Scholz H, Røberg-Larsen H, Foret F, Wilson SR. Preparative agarose gel electrophoresis for reducing matrix interferences of organoid cell medium prior to LC-MS analysis of insulin. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464669. [PMID: 38278130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Organoids are 3D cell cultures with microanatomies mimicking aspects of real organs, useful for e.g. animal-free studies of development, disease, and drug discovery. The cell medium of organoid models of Langerhans islets, regulating blood glucose levels by insulin secretion, can be analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, organoid medium complexity is a major challenge, as matrix interferences can reduce sensitivity and selectivity, even with optimized LC-MS conditions. By applying preparative agarose gel electrophoresis-electrodialysis (PGE-ED), we were able to decrease the cell medium background signal, allowing for reduced interferences affecting LC-MS analysis of human insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Hrušková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 967/97, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Christine Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roman Řemínek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 967/97, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Chencheng Wang
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Røberg-Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - František Foret
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 967/97, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schüller M, Lucic I, Øiestad ÅML, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Øiestad EL. High-throughput quantification of emerging "nitazene" benzimidazole opioid analogs by microextraction and UHPLC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:787-796. [PMID: 37700512 PMCID: PMC10714918 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazole opioids, often referred to as nitazenes, represent a subgroup of new psychoactive substances with a recent increase in fatal overdoses in the USA and Europe. With a variety of analogs emerging on the illicit drug market, forensic laboratories are challenged to identify these potent drugs. We here present a simple quantitative approach for the determination of nine nitazene analogs, namely, clonitazene, etodesnitazene, etonitazene, etonitazepyne, flunitazene, isotonitazene, metodesnitazene, metonitazene and protonitazene in whole blood using liquid-phase microextraction and electromembrane extraction in a 96-well format and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Green and efficient sample preparation was accomplished by liquid-phase microextraction in a 96-well format and resulted in high extraction yields for all analytes (>81%). Here, blood diluted with buffer (1:1, %v) was extracted from a donor compartment across a thin organic liquid membrane and into an aqueous acceptor solution. The acceptor solution was collected and directly injected into the analysis platform. Chromatographic separation was accomplished with a biphenyl column, allowing for a baseline separation of the structural isomers isotonitazene and protonitazene before detection by multiple reaction monitoring. Validation was performed according to Scientific Working Group of Forensic Toxicology guidelines. The calibration range was from 0.5 to 50 nM (except for protonitazene and clonitazene from 0.1 nM) with good linearity and limits of detection down to 0.01 nM. An AGREEprep assessment was performed to evaluate sample preparation greenness, with a final score of 0.71. Nitazenes represent a current threat to public health, and analytical methods that cover a wide range of these analogs are limited. Here, the described method may assist in the detection of nitazenes in whole blood and prevent these substances from being missed in postmortem investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schüller
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Ivana Lucic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Åse Marit Leere Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4459 Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4459 Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schüller M, McQuade TAP, Bergh MSS, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Øiestad EL. Determination of tryptamine analogs in whole blood by 96-well electromembrane extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. TALANTA OPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
5
|
Isin EM. Unusual Biotransformation Reactions of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:413-426. [PMID: 36653118 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed assessment of the fate of drugs in nonclinical test species and humans is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines in patients. In this context, biotransformation of drugs and drug candidates has been an area of keen interest over many decades in the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia. Although many of the enzymes and biotransformation pathways involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and more specifically drugs have been well characterized, each drug molecule is unique and constitutes specific challenges for the biotransformation scientist. In this mini-review written for the special issue on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary celebration of Drug Metabolism and Disposition and to celebrate contributions of F. Peter Guengerich, one of the pioneers of the drug metabolism field, recently reported "unusual" biotransformation reactions are presented. Scientific and technological advances in the "toolbox" of the biotransformation scientists are summarized. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to explore therapeutic modalities different from the traditional small molecule drugs, the new challenges confronting the biotransformation scientist as well as future opportunities are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: For the biotransformation scientists, it is essential to share and be aware of unexpected biotransformation reactions so that they can increase their confidence in predicting metabolites of drugs in humans to ensure the safety and efficacy of these metabolites before the medicines reach large numbers of patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent observations of "unusual" metabolites so that the scientists working in the area of drug metabolism can strengthen their readiness in expecting the unexpected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emre M Isin
- Translational Medicine, Servier, 25/27 Rue Eugène Vignat, 45000, Orléans, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kogler S, Kømurcu KS, Olsen C, Shoji JY, Skottvoll FS, Krauss S, Wilson SR, Røberg-Larsen H. Organoids, organ-on-a-chip, separation science and mass spectrometry: An update. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
|
7
|
Olsen C, Wang C, Abadpour S, Lundanes E, Hansen AS, Skottvoll FS, Scholz H, Wilson SR. Determination of insulin secretion from stem cell-derived islet organoids with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123577. [PMID: 36542899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are laboratory-grown 3D organ models, mimicking human organs for e.g. drug development and personalized therapy. Islet organoids (typically 100-200 µm), which can be grown from the patient́s own cells, are emerging as prototypes for transplantation-based therapy of diabetes. Selective methods for quantifying insulin production from islet organoids are needed, but sensitivity and carry-over have been major bottlenecks in previous efforts. We have developed a reverse phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS/MS) method for studying the insulin secretion of islet organoids. In contrast to our previous attempts using nano-scale LC columns, conventional 2.1 mm inner diameter LC column (combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry) was well suited for sensitive and selective measurements of insulin secreted from islet organoids with low microliter-scale samples. Insulin is highly prone to carry-over, so standard tubings and injector parts were replaced with shielded fused silica connectors. As samples were expected to be very limited, an extended Box-Behnken experimental design for the MS settings was conducted to maximize performance. The finale method has excellent sensitivity, accuracy and precision (limit of detection: ≤0.2 pg/µL, relative error: ≤±10%, relative standard deviation: <10%), and was well suited for measuring 20 µL amounts of Krebs buffer containing insulin secreted from islet organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chencheng Wang
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shadab Abadpour
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Hanne Scholz
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kogler S, Aizenshtadt A, Harrison S, Skottvoll FS, Berg HE, Abadpour S, Scholz H, Sullivan G, Thiede B, Lundanes E, Bogen IL, Krauss S, Røberg-Larsen H, Wilson SR. "Organ-in-a-Column" Coupled On-line with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17677-17684. [PMID: 36484723 PMCID: PMC9773175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organoids, i.e., laboratory-grown organ models developed from stem cells, are emerging tools for studying organ physiology, disease modeling, and drug development. On-line analysis of organoids with mass spectrometry would provide analytical versatility and automation. To achieve these features with robust hardware, we have loaded liquid chromatography column housings with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived liver organoids and coupled the "organ-in-a-column" units on-line with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Liver organoids were coloaded with glass beads to achieve an even distribution of organoids throughout the column while preventing clogging. The liver organoids were interrogated "on column" with heroin, followed by on-line monitoring of the drug's phase 1 metabolism. Enzymatic metabolism of heroin produced in the "organ-in-a-column" units was detected and monitored using a triple quadrupole MS instrument, serving as a proof-of-concept for on-line coupling of liver organoids and mass spectrometry. Taken together, the technology allows direct integration of liver organoids with LC-MS, allowing selective and automated tracking of drug metabolism over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stian Kogler
- Hybrid
Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway,Section
for Chemical Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid
Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sean Harrison
- Hybrid
Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway,Department
of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Frøydis Sved Skottvoll
- Hybrid
Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway,Section
for Chemical Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henriette Engen Berg
- Section
for Chemical Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Shadab Abadpour
- Hybrid
Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway,Department
of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Hybrid
Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth Sullivan
- Department
of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway,Institute
of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Section for
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Section
for Chemical Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Lise Bogen
- Section
for Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid
Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway,Department
of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Røberg-Larsen
- Section
for Chemical Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Hybrid
Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway,Section
for Chemical Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway,. Phone: +47 97010953
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shang Q, Mei H, Huang C, Shen X. Fundamentals, operations and applications of electromembrane extraction: An overview of reviews. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
10
|
Murphy SE, Sweedler JV. Metabolomics-based mass spectrometry methods to analyze the chemical content of 3D organoid models. Analyst 2022; 147:2918-2929. [PMID: 35660810 PMCID: PMC9533735 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics, the study of metabolites present in biological samples, can provide a global view of sample state as well as insights into biological changes caused by disease or environmental interactions. Mass spectrometry (MS) is commonly used for metabolomics analysis given its high-throughput capabilities, high sensitivity, and capacity to identify multiple compounds in complex samples simultaneously. MS can be coupled to separation methods that can handle small volumes, making it well suited for analyzing the metabolome of organoids, miniaturized three-dimensional aggregates of stem cells that model in vivo organs. Organoids are being used in research efforts to study human disease and development, and in the design of personalized drug treatments. For organoid models to be useful, they need to recapitulate morphological and chemical aspects, such as the metabolome, of the parent tissue. This review highlights the separation- and imaging-based MS-based metabolomics methods that have been used to analyze the chemical contents of organoids. Future perspectives on how MS techniques can be optimized to determine the accuracy of organoid models and expand the field of organoid research are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Olsen C, Wiborg E, Lundanes E, Abadpour S, Scholz H, Wilson SR. On‐line reduction of insulin disulfide bonds with photoinduced radical reactions, upstream to nano liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Olsen
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Elisa Wiborg
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Shadab Abadpour
- Hybrid Technology Hub‐Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Hybrid Technology Hub‐Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub‐Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eie LV, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hansen FA. Electromembrane extraction of polar substances - Status and perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114407. [PMID: 34634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of polar substances (log P < 2) is reviewed. EME is an extraction technique based on electrokinetic migration of analyte ions from an aqueous sample, across an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an aqueous acceptor solution. Because extraction is based on voltage-assisted partitioning, EME is fundamentally suitable for extraction of polar and ionizable substances that are challenging in many other extraction techniques. The article provides an exhaustive overview of papers on EME of polar substances. From this, different strategies to improve the mass transfer of polar substances are reviewed and critically discussed. These strategies include different SLM chemistries, modification of supporting membranes, sorbent additives, aqueous solution chemistry, and voltage/current related strategies. Finally, the future applicability of EME for polar substances is discussed. We expect EME in the coming years to be developed towards both very selective targeted analysis, as well as untargeted analysis of polar substances in biomedical applications such as metabolomics and peptidomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal Eie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|