1
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Alberoni C, Pavan G, Scattolin T, Aliprandi A. Critical Aspects and Challenges in the Design of Small Molecules for Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Application. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400142. [PMID: 38687095 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has gained renewed interest due to the strong parallel development of luminophores in the field of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with which this technique shares several aspects. In this perspective review we discuss the most relevant advances of the past 15 years in the study of organic and organometallic compounds as ECL emitters, by dividing them in three different classes: i) fluorescent emitters, ii) phosphorescent emitters and iii) Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) emitters; then, water-soluble organic luminophores will be also discussed. We focus on how their design, their photo- and electrochemical properties and, in particular, the nature of the emitter, affect their efficiency in ECL. Regardless of the type of luminophore or the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), the literature converges on the fact that the most determining aspect is the stability of the oxidized/reduced form of the emitter. Even if phosphorescent emitters can show outstanding efficiency, this often requires the absence of oxygen. In the case of TADFs, there is also a strong dependence of photoluminescence both in terms of PLQY and emission energy on the polarity of the media, so compounds, that appear promising in organic solvents, may be very inefficient in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulio Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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2
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Qin X, Huang L, Zhan Z, Fu P, Wang Q, Zhang C, Huang J, Ding Z. Enhancing corannulene chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence and photoluminescence by means of an azabora-helicene to slow down its bowl inversion. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9657-9668. [PMID: 38939143 PMCID: PMC11206500 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01524j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aromatic system extension of corannulene (Cor) is a synthetic challenge to access non-planar polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Herein, we report the design and synthesis of azaborahelicene corannulene 1 through hybridization of an azabora[5] helical structure and subsequent luminescence studies. Significant enhancement in chemiluminescence (CL), electroluminescence (ECL) and photoluminescence (PL) is achieved compared to those of pristine Cor. Specifically, hybrid 1 shows a notable augmentation in absolute luminescence quantum efficiencies: 25-fold for CL, up to 23-fold for ECL with BPO as a coreactant, and 30-fold for PL, respectively, compared to those of pristine Cor. Intriguingly, the blue light emission observed in all three luminescence types suggests the presence of a single excited state. As revealed by variable-temperature (VT) 1H NMR experiments, the bowl inversion frequency apparently decelerates by the steric effect of the helix motif in 1, which could contribute to the enhanced luminescent properties by reducing excited energy losses non-radiatively through fewer molecular motions; these enhanced luminescence observations could be categorized alongside the aggregation induced emission (AIE) and crystallization-induced emission (CIE) phenomena. This work not only provides fundamental insights into improved luminescence quantum efficiencies via strategic modulation of the molecular structure and geometry, but the work also reveals Cor's inherent potential to build efficient blue-light emitting materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 China
| | - Lin Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- International Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
- International Joint Research Centre for Molecular Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Ziying Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Peng Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- International Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
- International Joint Research Centre for Molecular Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park Beijing 102206 China
| | - Congyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Jianhui Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- International Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 China
- International Joint Research Centre for Molecular Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
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3
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Zhang C, Zhang R, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Zhang Zhangjunlong Pku Edu Cn JL, Ding Z. Spectroscopy and absolute quantum efficiency of near-infrared electrochemiluminescence for a macrocyclic palladium complex. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 254:112514. [PMID: 38422586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is widely applied as a reliable tool in clinical diagnosis, including immunoassays, cancer biomarker detection, etc. Metal complexes with emission in the near-infrared (NIR) range possess distinct features such as high transmission and minimal tissue auto-absorption, making them versatile for applications in biosensing and other fields. Through ECL spectral studies of an O-linked nonaromatic benzitripyrrin (C^N^N^N) macrocyclic palladium complex (Pd1) with multiple pyrrole structures, we observed emission peaks from the Qx(0,0) and its vibronic Qx(0,1) bands during both photoluminescence (PL) and ECL. Notably, the emission from the Qx(0,1) band was significantly enhanced in the ECL spectrum, demonstrating higher selectivity for near-infrared light at 743 nm. In the ECL annihilation pathway, the appearance of ECL signals showed a strong correlation with the redox processes of the tri-pyrrin structure, revealing a cyclic tri-pyrrin ligand-centered nature with contributions from the metal center. Upon the introduction of tripropylamine (TPrA) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) coreactants, the ECL signals exhibited enhancements ranging from several hundred to tens of times. Various reaction routes within different coreactant systems are extensively discussed. Additionally, the absolute quantum efficiencies of the Pd1/TPrA coreactant system were determined, showing efficiencies of 0.0032% ± 0.0005% and 0.000074% ± 0.000016% during pulsing and CV scan processes, respectively. This work addresses gaps in the study of palladacycle complexes in ECL and provides insights into the design of NIR luminescent structures that contribute to the fast screening and deep tissue penetration bioimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang Zhangjunlong Pku Edu Cn
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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4
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Fang Y, Yang H, Hou Y, Li W, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y. Timescale correlation of shallow trap states increases electrochemiluminescence efficiency in carbon nitrides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3597. [PMID: 38678039 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient interconversion of different types of energy plays a crucial role in both science and technology. Among them, electrochemiluminescence, an emission of light excited by electrochemical reactions, has drawn attention as a powerful tool for bioassays. Nonetheless, the large differences in timescale among diverse charge-transfer pathways from picoseconds to seconds significantly limit the electrochemiluminescence efficiency and hamper their broad applications. Here, we report a timescale coordination strategy to improve the electrochemiluminescence efficiency of carbon nitrides by engineering shallow electron trap states via Au-N bond functionalization. Quantitative electrochemiluminescence kinetics measurements and theoretic calculations jointly disclose that Au-N bonds endow shallow electron trap states, which coordinate the timescale of the fast electron transfer in the bulk emitter and the slow redox reaction of co-reagent at diffusion layers. The shallow electron trap states ultimately accelerate the rate and kinetics of emissive electron-hole recombination, setting a new cathodic electrochemiluminescence efficiency record of carbon nitrides, and empowering a visual electrochemiluminescence sensor for nitrite ion, a typical environmental contaminant, with superior detection range and limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Fang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuhua Hou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Wang Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China.
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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5
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Qin X, Jahanghiri S, Zhan Z, Chu K, Khangura J, Ding Z. Quantification strategy of absolute chemiluminescence efficiency for systems of luminol with hydrogen peroxide. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:342023. [PMID: 38057060 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
An important feature to be determined in mechanistic studies on chemiluminescence (CL) is its quantum efficiency, which can give significant chemical reaction information on the influence of the reactant structures and reaction conditions. However, most of the previous quantitative measurements of luminescence and quantum efficiencies are complex and incomplete. To overcome the inconvenience and underestimated quantum efficiency in each measurement, we report a simple and highly effective strategy to determine the absolute CL quantum efficiencies for three systems of luminol with hydrogen peroxide by means of a spectrometer along with an integrating sphere. The integrating sphere facilitated collection of all the emitted light and then transferred it to the spectrometer via an optical fiber proportionally. The CL quantum efficiency was determined by taking the ratio of total photons generated in the reaction system to the number of the limiting reactant molecules consumed. Absolute CL efficiencies of three luminol-H2O2 reaction systems with varied reactant concentrations or coreactants were found to be 37 %, 7.0 % and 6.6 % in a time course, which are much higher than those previously reported values of 1.0-1.3 %. Due to our complete photon collection design, a higher absolute CL efficiency can be realized. Furthermore, spooling CL spectra also provided a powerful visualization tool to observe the real-time CL evolution and devolution, allowing the study on kinetics of CL reaction systems. The above investigations are anticipated to promote further development of CL methodologies and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada; College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Sara Jahanghiri
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ziying Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kenneth Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jugraj Khangura
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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6
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Pavan G, Morgan L, Demitri N, Alberoni C, Scattolin T, Aliprandi A. Highly Efficient Electrochemiluminescence from Imidazole-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301912. [PMID: 37449461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A family of novel thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters has been synthesized by a straightforward and metal-free synthesis, and structurally characterized. In this work we kept the acceptor moiety, 4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile, fixed and systemically tested different donors to correlate their photophysical and electrochemical properties with their performance in electrochemiluminescence using both benzoyl peroxide as co-reactant and co-reactant free (annihilation) conditions. Some compounds exceeded the efficiency of the standard [Ru(bpy)3 ]Cl2 by up to 28 times with benzoyl peroxide and 38 times in annihilation. Interestingly, we found that the efficiency is mainly dictated by the electrochemical reversibility of the redox processes rather than by the photophysical properties in terms of photoluminescence quantum yields or excited-state lifetime. In addition, the annihilation electrochemiluminescence efficiency strongly depends on the pulse sequence. The imidazole moiety can be conveniently alkylated, thus allowing the insertion of functional groups, such a carboxylic acid, and enabling practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Morgan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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7
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Chu K, Ding Z, Zysman-Colman E. Materials for Electrochemiluminescence: TADF, Hydrogen-Bonding, and Aggregation- and Crystallization-Induced Emission Luminophores. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301504. [PMID: 37344360 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a rapidly growing discipline with many analytical applications from immunoassays to single-molecule detection. At the forefront of ECL research is materials chemistry, which looks at engineering new materials and compounds exhibiting enhanced ECL efficiencies compared to conventional fluorescent materials. In this review, we summarize recent molecular design strategies that lead to high efficiency ECL. In particular, we feature recent advances in the use of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters to produce enhanced electrochemiluminescence. We also document how hydrogen bonding, aggregation, and crystallization can each be recruited in the design of materials showing enhanced electrochemiluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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8
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Li Z, Wang P, Liang Z, Wang D, Nie Y, Ma Q. Bismuth Nano-Nest/Ti 3CN Quantum Dot-Based Surface Plasmon Coupling Electrochemiluminescence Sensor for Ascites miRNA-421 Detection. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37294618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel surface plasmon-coupled electrochemiluminescence (SPC-ECL) biosensor was developed based on bismuth nano-nest and Ti3CN quantum dots (Ti3CN QDs). First, MXene derivative QDs (Ti3CN QDs) with excellent luminescence performance were prepared as the ECL luminescent. The N doping in Ti3CN QDs can effectively improve the luminescence performance and catalytic activity. Therefore, the luminescence performance of QDs has been effectively improved. Furthermore, the bismuth nano-nest structure with a strong localized surface plasmon resonance effect has been designed as the sensing interface via the electrochemical deposition method. It was worth noticed that the morphology of bismuth nanomaterials can be controlled effectively on the electrode surface by the step potential method. Due to the abundant surface plasmon hot spots generated between the bismuth nano-nests, the isotropic ECL signal of Ti3CN QDs can be not only significantly enhanced by 5.8 times but also converted into polarized emission. Finally, the bismuth nano-nest/Ti3CN QD-based SPC-ECL sensor was used to quantify miRNA-421 in the range of 1 fM to 10 nM. The biosensor has been successfully used for miRNA in ascites samples from gastric cancer patients, which indicated that the SPC-ECL sensor developed in this study has great potential for clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrun Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Peilin Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zihui Liang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yixin Nie
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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9
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Qin X, Yang L, Zhan Z, Cieplechowicz E, Chu K, Zhang C, Jahanghiri S, Welch GC, Ding Z. A graphene-like N-annulated perylene diimide dimer compound for highly efficient electrochemiluminescence. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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10
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Kerr E, Knezevic S, Francis PS, Hogan CF, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Kanoufi F, Sojic N. Electrochemiluminescence Amplification in Bead-Based Assays Induced by a Freely Diffusing Iridium(III) Complex. ACS Sens 2023; 8:933-939. [PMID: 36701204 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assays employing tri-n-propylamine as a co-reactant and a tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) derivative as an emissive label are integral to the majority of academic and commercial applications of ECL sensing. This model system is an active research area and constitutes the basis of successfully commercialized bead-based ECL immunoassays. Herein, we propose a novel approach to the enhancement of such conventional ECL assays via the incorporation of a second metal coordination complex, [Ir(sppy)3]3- (where sppy = 5'-sulfo-2-phenylpyridinato-C2,N), to the experimental system. By employing ECL microscopy, we are able to map the spatial distribution of ECL emission at the surface of the bead, from [Ru(bpy)3]2+ labels, and solution-phase emission, from [Ir(sppy)3]3-. The developed [Ir(sppy)3]3--mediated enhancement approach elicited a significant improvement (70.9-fold at 0.9 V and 2.9-fold at 1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl) of the ECL signal from [Ru(bpy)3]2+ labels immobilized on the surface of a polystyrene bead. This dramatic enhancement in ECL signal, particularly at low oxidation potentials, has important implications for the improvement of existing heterogeneous ECL assays and ECL-based microscopy, by amplifying the signal, opening new bioanalytical detection schemes, and reducing both electrode surface passivation and deleterious side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Sara Knezevic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Scie nces Moléculaires, UMR 5255, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Biomedical and Environmental Sensor Technology Centre, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Scie nces Moléculaires, UMR 5255, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
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11
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Wang Y, Ding J, Zhou P, Liu J, Qiao Z, Yu K, Jiang J, Su B. Electrochemiluminescence Distance and Reactivity of Coreactants Determine the Sensitivity of Bead-Based Immunoassays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216525. [PMID: 36812044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the study of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) generation by tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (Ru(bpy)3 2+ ) and five tertiary amine coreactants. The ECL distance and lifetime of coreactant radical cations were measured by ECL self-interference spectroscopy. And the reactivity of coreactants was quantitatively evaluated in terms of integrated ECL intensity. By statistical analysis of ECL images of single Ru(bpy)3 2+ -labeled microbeads, we propose that ECL distance and reactivity of coreactant codetermine the emission intensity and thus the sensitivity of immunoassay. 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2',2''-nitrilotriethanol (BIS-TRIS) can well balance ECL distance-reactivity trade-off and enhance the sensitivity by 236 % compared with tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) in the bead-based immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen. The study brings an insightful understanding of ECL generation in bead-based immunoassay and a way of maximizing the analytical sensitivity from the aspect of coreactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jialian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jilin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Qiao
- School of Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology (Weihai), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 150090, China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology (Weihai), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 150090, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.,School of Environment, School of Marine Science and Technology (Weihai), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 150090, China.,State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bin Su
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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12
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Chu K, Adsetts JR, Whitworth Z, Kumar S, Zysman-Colman E, Ding Z. Elucidation of an Aggregate Excited State in the Electrochemiluminescence and Chemiluminescence of a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Emitter. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2829-2837. [PMID: 36763045 PMCID: PMC9948541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence (ECL), and chemiluminescence (CL) properties of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter 4,4'-(1,2-dihydroacenaphthylene-5,6-diyl)bis(N,N-diphenylaniline) (TPA-ace-TRZ) and three of its analogues were investigated. TPA-ace-TRZ exhibits both (a) delayed onset of ECL and (b) long-persistent luminescence, which we have attributed to the formation of an aggregate excited state in excimer or exciplex form. The evidence of this aggregate excited state was consistent across ECL annihilation and coreactant pathways as well as in CL. The absolute ECL efficiency of TPA-ace-TRZ using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a coreactant was found to be 0.028%, which was 9-fold stronger than the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/BPO reference coereactant system. Furthermore, the absolute CL quantum efficiency of TPA-ace-TRZ was determined to be 0.92%. The performance and flexibility of the TADF emitter TPA-ace-TRZ under these various emissive pathways are highly desirable toward applications in sensing, imaging, and light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Chu
- Department
of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | | | - Zackry Whitworth
- Department
of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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13
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Zhan Z, Qin X, Chu K, Sun X, Ding H. Absolute Quantum Efficiencies for Electrochemiluminescence and Chemiluminescence of Protoporphyrin IX Dimethyl Ester**. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrun Dong
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiandong Feng
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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15
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Yang Q, Huang X, Gao B, Gao L, Yu F, Wang F. Advances in electrochemiluminescence for single-cell analysis. Analyst 2022; 148:9-25. [PMID: 36475529 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of innovative analytical methods with high sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution that allowed qualitative and quantitative analysis to be carried out at single-cell and subcellular levels. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a unique chemiluminescence of high-energy electron transfer triggered by electrical excitation. The ingenious combination of electrochemistry and chemiluminescence results in the distinct advantages of high sensitivity, a wide dynamic range and good reproducibility. Specifically, single-cell ECL (SCECL) analysis with excellent spatiotemporal resolution has emerged as a promising toolbox in bioanalysis for revealing individual cells' heterogeneity and stochastic processes. This review focuses on advances in SCECL analysis and bioimaging. The history and recent advances in ECL probes and strategies for system design are briefly reviewed. Subsequently, the latest advances in representative SCECL analysis techniques for bioassays, bioimaging and therapeutics are also highlighted. Then, the current challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. .,Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Beibei Gao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Fu Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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16
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Wei X, Chu K, Adsetts JR, Li H, Kang X, Ding Z, Zhu M. Nanocluster Transformation Induced by SbF 6- Anions toward Boosting Photochemical Activities. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20421-20433. [PMID: 36260434 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between SbF6- and metal nanoclusters are of significance for customizing clusters from both structure and property aspects; however, the whole-segment monitoring of this customization remains challenging. In this work, by controlling the amount of introduced SbF6- anions, the step-by-step nanocluster evolutions from [Pt1Ag28(S-Adm)18(PPh3)4]Cl2 (Pt1Ag28-Cl) to [Pt1Ag28(S-Adm)18(PPh3)4](SbF6)2 (Pt1Ag28-SbF6) and then to [Pt1Ag30Cl1(S-Adm)18(PPh3)3](SbF6)3 (Pt1Ag30-SbF6) have been mapped out with X-ray crystallography, with which atomic-level SbF6- counterion effects in reconstructing and rearranging nanoclusters are determined. The structure-dependent optical properties, including optical absorption, photoluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence (ECL), of these nanoclusters are then explored. Notably, the Pt1Ag30-SbF6 nanocluster was ultrabright with a high phosphorescence quantum yield of 85% in N2-purged solutions, while Pt1Ag28 nanoclusters were fluorescent with weaker emission intensities. Furthermore, Pt1Ag30-SbF6 displayed superior ECL efficiency over Pt1Ag28-SbF6, which was rationalized by its increased effectively exposed reactive facets. Both Pt1Ag30-SbF6 and Pt1Ag28-SbF6 demonstrated unprecedented high absolute ECL quantum efficiencies at sub-micromolar concentrations. This work is of great significance for revealing the SbF6- counterion effects on the control of both structures and luminescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui230601, China
| | - Kenneth Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, LondonOntarioN6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Ralph Adsetts
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, LondonOntarioN6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui230601, China
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui230601, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, LondonOntarioN6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui230601, China
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17
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Kim JH, Choi J, Kim J, Kim J. Enhanced near-infrared electrochemiluminescence of Au nanoclusters treated with piperidine. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 147:108192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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He S, Wang X, Xiang G, Lac K, Wang C, Ding Z. Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence of A Macrocyclic Tetradentate Chelate Pt(II) Molecule via Its Collisional Interactions with the Electrode. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200727. [PMID: 35997551 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A macrocyclic tetradentate chelate Pt(II) molecule (Pt1) served as an excellent luminophore in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) processes. The blue ECL of Pt1/S2O82- coreactant system in N,N'-dimethylformamide was found to be 46 times higher than that of the Ru(bpy)2+/S2O82- system or 30 times higher than that of the 9,10-diphenylanthracene/S2O82- system. The unprecedented high ECL quantum efficiencies were caused by the cyclic generation of monomer excited states through collisional interactions of Pt1 molecules with the electrode at an elevated frequency. The ECL is tunable from bright blue to pure white by simply changing the solvent from N,N'-dimethylformamide to dichloromethane. The white ECL of Pt(II) molecule was reported for the first time and the mechanism was proposed to be the simultaneous emissions from the monomer excited state (blue) and excimer (red).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijian He
- Nanjing Forestry University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, CHINA
| | | | | | - Kevin Lac
- Western University, Chemistry, CANADA
| | - Changshui Wang
- Nanjing Forestry University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, CHINA
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- University of Western Ontario, Chemistry, 1151 Richmond St, N6A5B7, London, CANADA
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19
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Qin X, Yang L, Wang X, Patel D, Chu K, Kelland L, Adsetts J, Zhang C, Workentin MS, Pagenkopf B, Ding Z. Correlating Structures to Electrochemiluminescence Efficiencies of Silole Compounds in Coreactant Systems. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Wang
- Western University Chemistry CANADA
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Adsetts
- Western University Chemistry 1151 Richmond StreetChemistry N6A5B7 London CANADA
| | | | | | | | - Zhifeng Ding
- University of Western Ontario Chemistry 1151 Richmond St N6A5B7 London CANADA
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20
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Rigid-induced aggregated annihilation electrochemiluminescence of 1,2,3-triaryl-substituted indoles in aqueous phase. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Cong S, Jiang Z, Zhang R, Lv H, Guo J, Zhang L, Lu X. Polymer Carbon Nanodots: A Novel Electrochemiluminophore for Dual Mode Detection of Ferric Ions. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6695-6702. [PMID: 35483019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of simple and effective dual-mode analytical methods plays crucial regulatory roles in the discrimination of relevant target species, because of their built-in cross reference correction and high accuracy. In this work, a novel polymer carbon nanodots (PCNDs) prepared from a facile one-pot hydrothermal procedure using readily available l-tryptophan and l-phenylalanine as precursors, showed excellent aqueous solubility and blue fluorescence property with a high quantum yield of 29%. Moreover, the PCNDs was demonstrated to be a robust luminophore with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency of 43% was achieved by using K2S2O8 as a coreactant. The spooling ECL spectroscopy was employed to take insight into excited states responsible for the potential-dependent ECL emissions. Most importantly, when introduced into construction of the fluorescence and ECL dual mode sensing platform, for the first time, the PCNDs displayed prominent performance for the detection of ferric ions (Fe3+). The ferric ions could be quantified ranging from micromolar to millimolar with a detection limit of 0.22 and 5.3 μM, respectively. Such a dual-functional sensing platform also exhibits excellent selectivity, reproducibility and stability. Results from this work indicate that PCNDs showing great promise as a bright luminophore for the fabrication of low-cost, high-performance dual-signal readout platforms for ferric ions determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Cong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinna Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Libing Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
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22
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Ding J, Zhou P, Su B. Quantum efficiency of electrochemiluminescence generation by tris(2,2'‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and tri‐n‐propylamine revisited from a kinetic reaction model. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialian Ding
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Bin Su
- Zhejiang University Chemistry Yuhangtang Road 866 310058 Hangzhou CHINA
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23
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Watanabe T, Ishikawa R, Hara N, Iwasaki T, Miyachi M, Shiigi Y, Takahashi M, Kuroki D, Koh S. Single-layer graphene as a transparent electrode for electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensing. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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24
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Sakanoue K, Fiorani A, Santo CI, Irkham, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Einaga Y. Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode Outperforms the State-of-the-Art Electrochemiluminescence from Microbeads Immunoassay. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1145-1155. [PMID: 35298151 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful transduction technique where light emission from a molecular species is triggered by an electrochemical reaction. Application to biosensors has led to a wide range of electroanalytical methods with particular impact on clinical analysis for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring. Therefore, the quest for increasing the sensitivity while maintaining reproducible and easy procedures has brought investigations and innovations in (i) electrode materials, (ii) luminophores, and (iii) reagents. Particularly, the ECL signal is strongly affected by the electrode material and its surface modification during the ECL experiments. Here, we exploit boron-doped diamond (BDD) as an electrode material in microbead-based ECL immunoassay to be compared with the approach used in commercial instrumentation. We conducted a careful characterization of ECL signals from a tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+)/tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) system, both homogeneous (i.e., free diffusing Ru(bpy)32+) and heterogeneous (i.e., Ru(bpy)32+ bound on microbeads). We investigated the methods to promote TPrA oxidation, which led to the enhancement of ECL intensity, and the results revealed that the BDD surface properties greatly affect the ECL emission, so it does the addition of neutral, cationic, or anionic surfactants. Our results from homogeneous and heterogeneous microbead-based ECL show opposite outcomes, which have practical consequences in ECL optimization. In conclusion, by using Ru(bpy)32+-labeled immunoglobulins bound on microbeads, the ECL resulted in an increase of 70% and a double signal-to-noise ratio compared to platinum electrodes, which are actually used in commercial instrumentation for clinical analysis. This research infers that microbead-based ECL immunoassays with a higher sensitivity can be realized by BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sakanoue
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Claudio Ignazio Santo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irkham
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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25
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Wu S, Wang S, Li Z, Wu C, Ma DL, Miao X. G-quadruplex-selective iridium(III) complex as a novel electrochemiluminescence probe for switch-on assay of double-stranded DNA. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3755-3763. [PMID: 35396609 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized an iridium(III) complex and studied its selective ability to interact with a specific G-quadruplex DNA sequence (GTGGGTAGGGCGGGTTGG). Results showed that the iridium(III) complex exhibits high selectivity for the G-quadruplex DNA and could be used as an efficient electrochemiluminescence (ECL) probe in a switch-on assay format for the detection of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). To construct the assay, a hairpin-structured capture probe (CP) which was modified by thiol at its 3' end and contained the G-quadruplex sequence at its 5' end was firstly immobilized on a gold electrode. Upon the specific recognition of the dsDNA sequence with the corresponding CP, the hairpin structure of the CP was opened to free G-quadruplex sequence, forming the G-quadruplex structure with the assistance of K+. Then, the iridium(III) complex was able to specifically interact with the G-quadruplex to produce an obvious ECL signal that was proportional to the dsDNA concentration. Notably, this iridium(III) complex/G-quadruplex-based strategy was universal and was not limited to the analysis of DNA using specific sequences, thus opening a new avenue for the application of the G-quadruplex-selective iridium(III) complex in the field of ECL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Songen Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Zongbing Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Xiangmin Miao
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
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26
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Dong J, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Feng J. Operando Imaging of Chemical Activity on Gold Plates with Single-Molecule Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200187. [PMID: 35084097 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Classical electrochemical characterization tools cannot avoid averaging between the active reaction sites and their support, thus obscuring their intrinsic roles. Single-molecule electrochemical techniques are thus in high demand. Here, we demonstrate super-resolution imaging of Ru(bpy)3 2+ based reactions on Au plates using single-molecule electrochemiluminescence microscopy. By converting electrochemical signals into optical signals, we manage to achieve the ultimate sensitivity of single-entity chemistry, that is directly resolving the single photons from individual electrochemical reactions. High spatial resolution, up to 37 nm, further enables mapping Au chemical activity and the reaction kinetics. The spatiotemporally resolved dynamic structure-activity relationship on Au plates shows that the restructuring of catalysts plays an important role in determining the reactivity. Our approach may lead to gaining new insights towards evaluating and designing electrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrun Dong
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ziqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Feng
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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27
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Zhao Y, Bouffier L, Xu G, Loget G, Sojic N. Electrochemiluminescence with semiconductor (nano)materials. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2528-2550. [PMID: 35356679 PMCID: PMC8890139 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06987j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the light production triggered by reactions at the electrode surface. Its intrinsic features based on a dual electrochemical/photophysical nature have made it an attractive and powerful method across diverse fields in applied and fundamental research. Herein, we review the combination of ECL with semiconductor (SC) materials presenting various typical dimensions and structures, which has opened new uses of ECL and offered exciting opportunities for (bio)sensing and imaging. In particular, we highlight this particularly rich domain at the interface between photoelectrochemistry, SC material chemistry and analytical chemistry. After an introduction to the ECL and SC fundamentals, we gather the recent advances with representative examples of new strategies to generate ECL in original configurations. Indeed, bulk SC can be used as electrode materials with unusual ECL properties or light-addressable systems. At the nanoscale, the SC nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) constitute excellent bright ECL nano-emitters with tuneable emission wavelengths and remarkable stability. Finally, the challenges and future prospects are discussed for the design of new detection strategies in (bio)analytical chemistry, light-addressable systems, imaging or infrared devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226 Rennes F-35000 France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 Pessac 33607 France
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Gabriel Loget
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226 Rennes F-35000 France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 Pessac 33607 France
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, South Ural State University Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation
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28
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Yang L, Adsetts JR, Zhang R, Balónová B, Piqueras MT, Chu K, Zhang C, Zysman-Colman E, Blight BA, Ding Z. Determining absolute electrochemiluminescence efficiencies of two iridium complexes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Dong J, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Feng J. Operando Imaging of Chemical Activity on Gold Plates with Single‐Molecule Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrun Dong
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yang Xu
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Ziqing Zhang
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
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30
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Adsetts JR, Whitworth Z, Chu K, Yang L, Zhang C, Ding Z. Closely Following Equivalent Circuit Changes during Operation of Graphene Dot Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells**. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhifeng Ding
- University of Western Ontario Chemistry 1151 Richmond St N6A5B7 London CANADA
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Hesari M, Ma H, Ding Z. Monitoring single Au 38 nanocluster reactions via electrochemiluminescence. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14540-14545. [PMID: 34881005 PMCID: PMC8580063 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report for the first time single Au38 nanocluster reaction events of highly efficient electrochemiluminescence (ECL) with tri-n-propylamine radicals as a reductive co-reactant at the surface of an ultramicroelectrode (UME). The statistical analyses of individual reactions confirm stochastic single ones influenced by the applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hesari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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Hesari M, Ding Z. Efficient Near-Infrared Electrochemiluminescence from Au 18 Nanoclusters. Chemistry 2021; 27:14821-14825. [PMID: 34543484 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bright, near-infrared electrochemiluminescence (NIR-ECL) of Au18 nanoclusters is reported herein. Spooling ECL and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to track and link NIR emissions at 832 and 848 nm to three emissive species, Au18 0 *, Au18 1+ * and Au18 2+ *, with a considerably high ECL efficiency of 5.5 relative to that of the gold standard Ru(bpy)3 2+ /TPrA (with 5-6 % reported ECL efficiency). The unprecedentedly high efficiency is due to the overlapped oxidation potentials of Au18 0 and tri-n-propylamine as co-reactant, the exposed facets of Au18 0 gold core, and electrocatalytic loops. These discoveries will add a new member to the efficient NIR-ECL gold nanoclusters family and bring more potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hesari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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