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Alberoni C, Pavan G, Scattolin T, Aliprandi A. Critical Aspects and Challenges in the Design of Small Molecules for Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Application. Chempluschem 2024:e202400142. [PMID: 38687095 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has gained renewed interest due to the strong parallel development of luminophores in the field of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with which this technique shares several aspects. In this prospective review we discuss the most relevant advances of the past 15 years in the study of organic and organometallic compounds as ECL emitters, by dividing them in three different classes: i) fluorescent emitters, ii) phosphorescent emitters and iii) Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) emitters; then, water-soluble organic luminophore will be also discussed. We focus on how their design, their photo- and electrochemical properties and, in particular, the nature of the emitter, affects their efficiency in ECL. Regardless of the type of luminophore or the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), the literature converges on the fact that the most determining aspect is the stability of the oxidized/reduced form of the emitter. Even if phosphorescent emitters can show outstanding efficiency, this often requires the absence of oxygen. In the case of TADFs, there is also a strong dependence of photoluminescence both in terms of PLQY and emission energy on the polarity of the media, so compounds that appear promising in organic solvents may be very inefficient in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Alberoni
- University of Padua, Department of Chemical Sciences DISC, ITALY
| | - Giulio Pavan
- University of Padua, Department of Chemical Sciences DISC, ITALY
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- University of Padua, Department of Chemical Sciences DISC, ITALY
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- University of Padova: Universita degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche - DiSC, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, ITALY
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Morgan L, Pavan G, Demitri N, Alberoni C, Scattolin T, Roverso M, Bogialli S, Aliprandi A. Tailoring thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for efficient electrochemiluminescence with tripropylamine as coreactant. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34520-34523. [PMID: 38024983 PMCID: PMC10668078 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06863c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a unified metal-free procedure, a selection of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) emitters has been synthesized and characterized. Different acceptor and donor moieties have been explored in order to develop red emitting dyes with reduction potentials suitable for the application in ECL using tri-propylamine as coreactant. The most promising compound shows terephthalonitrile as the acceptor and diphenylamines as donors, and it displayed an ECL efficiency that is double the one of the standard [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2. Based on such findings, a novel water-soluble TADF emitter (Na4[4DPASO3TPN]) has been synthesized and characterized to enable electrochemiluminescence in an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morgan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giulio Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marco Roverso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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Pavan G, Morgan L, Demitri N, Alberoni C, Scattolin T, Aliprandi A. Highly Efficient Electrochemiluminescence from Imidazole-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301912. [PMID: 37449461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A family of novel thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters has been synthesized by a straightforward and metal-free synthesis, and structurally characterized. In this work we kept the acceptor moiety, 4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile, fixed and systemically tested different donors to correlate their photophysical and electrochemical properties with their performance in electrochemiluminescence using both benzoyl peroxide as co-reactant and co-reactant free (annihilation) conditions. Some compounds exceeded the efficiency of the standard [Ru(bpy)3 ]Cl2 by up to 28 times with benzoyl peroxide and 38 times in annihilation. Interestingly, we found that the efficiency is mainly dictated by the electrochemical reversibility of the redox processes rather than by the photophysical properties in terms of photoluminescence quantum yields or excited-state lifetime. In addition, the annihilation electrochemiluminescence efficiency strongly depends on the pulse sequence. The imidazole moiety can be conveniently alkylated, thus allowing the insertion of functional groups, such a carboxylic acid, and enabling practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Morgan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Tosolini M, Alberoni C, Outis M, Parola AJ, Milani B, Tecilla P, Avó J. Naphthalimide-Dyes Bearing Phosphine and Phosphorylamide Moieties: Synthesis and Optical Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301597. [PMID: 37377174 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
1,8-Naphthalimides (NIs) represent a class of organic dyes with interesting optical properties that has been extensively explored in the last decades in lighting devices, chemosensors, optical probes or medicinal chemistry. However, despite their remarkable potential, reports on organometallic dyes bearing NIs are scarce and virtually inexistent regarding palladium(II) complexes. Herein, we report the synthesis of NIs bearing phosphine and amine chelating moieties and the characterization of their optical properties both as single molecules and when complexed on Pd(II) ions. It is shown that the introduction of phosphine moieties in the naphthalimide core results in a marked increase in non-radiative processes, leading to a significant reduction of the emission efficiency and lifetime of these dyes, compared to amine-bearing counterparts. The complexation to Pd(II) sequesters the electronic contribution of chelating moieties, with complexes assuming an optical behavior similar to that of unsubstituted 1,8-naphthalimide. The complexation significantly increases the acidity of chelating secondary amines, giving rise to an unexpected intramolecular reaction that results in the formation of a novel 1,8-naphthalimide dye bearing a cyclic phosphorylamide moiety. The new dye exhibits good emission quantum yield, long fluorescence lifetime and sensitivity to basic media, evidencing potential for application in optical imaging and sensing scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Tosolini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Alberoni
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mani Outis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - António Jorge Parola
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Barbara Milani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Tecilla
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - João Avó
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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Dall’Anese A, Tosolini M, Alberoni C, Balducci G, Polentarutti M, Pellecchia C, Tecilla P, Milani B. Palladium(II) Complexes with the 4,5‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)acenaphthene Ligand and their Reactivity with Ethylene. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dall’Anese
- Università degli Studi di Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche ITALY
| | - Massimo Tosolini
- Università degli Studi di Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Chiara Alberoni
- Università degli Studi di Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche ITALY
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Università degli Studi di Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche ITALY
| | | | - Claudio Pellecchia
- University of Salerno: Universita degli Studi di Salerno Diaprtimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli" ITALY
| | - Paolo Tecilla
- Università degli Studi di Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche ITALY
| | - Barbara Milani
- Università degli Studi di Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste ITALY
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Alberoni C, D’Alterio MC, Balducci G, Immirzi B, Polentarutti M, Pellecchia C, Milani B. Tunable “In-Chain” and “At the End of the Branches” Methyl Acrylate Incorporation in the Polyolefin Skeleton through Pd(II) Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimo C. D’Alterio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia ″A. Zambelli″, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Immirzi
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Maurizio Polentarutti
- Elettra − Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Claudio Pellecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia ″A. Zambelli″, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Barbara Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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