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Zhou Y, Li J, Wu W, Chen Y, Cheng H, Li M, Sun Y, Yang J, Peng D, Xue Q, Ma H. Immunogenicity evaluation of viral peptides via nonspecific interactions between anti-peptide IgYs and non-cognate peptides. Int Immunol 2023; 35:243-253. [PMID: 36591893 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity can be evaluated by detecting antibodies (Abs) induced by an antigen. Presently deployed assays, however, do not consider the negative impacts of Ab poly-specificity, which is well established at the monoclonal antibody level. Here, we studied antibody poly-specificity at the serum level (i.e. nonspecific Ab-probe interactions, NSIs), and ended up establishing a new platform for viral peptide immunogenicity evaluation. We first selected three peptides of high, medium and low immunogenicity, using a 'vaccine serum response rate'-based approach (i.e. the gold standard). These three peptides (Pi) in the bovine serum albumin-Pi form were used to immunize chickens, resulting in longitudinal serum samples for screening with a non-cognate peptide library. The signal intensity of Ab-peptide specific binding and 'NSI count' was used to evaluate the viral peptides' immunogenicity. Only the NSI count agreed with the gold standard. The NSI count also provides more informative data on antibody production than the aggregated signal intensity by whole-protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhou
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingzhi Li
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wenya Wu
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hu Cheng
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yiyue Sun
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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Xu W, Chen H, Li Y, Cheng H, Deng Y, Zheng P, Li J, Yang L, He S, Ma D, Zhu Q, Gu D, Han J, Sun B, Ma H. Removing Negative Impacts from Inevitable Nonreproducible and Nonspecific Antibody-Probe Interactions in Viral Serology. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1867-1879. [PMID: 36606691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serological assays are indispensable tools in public health. Presently deployed serological assays, however, largely overlook research progress made in the last two decades that jeopardizes the conceptual foundation of these assays, i.e., antibody (Ab) specificity. Challenges to traditional understanding of Ab specificity include Ab polyspecificity and most recently nonreproducible Ab-probe interactions (NRIs). Here, using SARS-CoV-2 and four common livestock viruses as a test bed, we developed a new serological platform that integrates recent understanding about Ab specificity. We first demonstrate that the response rate (RR) from a large-sized serum pool (∼100) is not affected by NRIs or by nonspecific Ab-probe interactions (NSIs), so RR can be incorporated into the diagnostic probe selection process. We subsequently used multiple probes (configured as a "protein peptide hybrid microarray", PPHM) to generate a digital microarray index (DMI) and finally demonstrated that DMI-based analysis yields an extremely robust probabilistic trend that enables accurate diagnosis of viral infection that overcomes multiple negative impacts exerted by NSI/NRI. Thus, our study with SARS-CoV-2 confirms that the PPHM-RR-DMI platform enables very rapid development of serological assays that outperform traditional assays (for both sensitivity and specificity) and supports that the platform is extendable to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xu
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Department of Allergy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hu Cheng
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of science and technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Deng
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of science and technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingzhi Li
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shiping He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Dongli Ma
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for High-throughput Gene Sequencing of Pathogens, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Dayong Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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Immunoglobin G Sero-Dynamics Aided Host Specific Linear Epitope Identification and Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Hosts. J Virol 2022; 96:e0014322. [PMID: 35658531 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00143-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of infected from vaccinated hosts (DIVH) is a critical step in virus eradication programs. DIVH-compatible vaccines, however, take years to develop, and are therefore unavailable for fighting the sudden outbreaks that typically drive pandemics. Here, we establish a protocol for the swift and efficient development of DIVH assays, and show that this approach is compatible with any type of vaccines. Using porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) as the experimental model, the first step is to use Immunoglobin G (IgG) sero-dynamics (IsD) curves to aid epitope discovery (IsDAED): PCV2 Cap peptides were categorized into three types: null interaction, nonspecific interaction (NSI), and specific interaction (SI). We subsequently compared IsDAED approach and traditional approach, and demonstrated identifying SI peptides and excluding NSI peptides supports efficient diagnostic kit development, specifically using a protein-peptide hybrid microarray (PPHM). IsDAED directed the design of a DIVH protocol for three types of PCV2 vaccines (while using a single PPHM). Finally, the DIVH protocol successfully differentiated infected pigs from vaccinated pigs at five farms. This IsDAED approach is almost certainly extendable to other viruses and host species. IMPORTANCE Sudden outbreaks of pandemics caused by virus, such as SARS-CoV-2, has been determined as a public health emergency of international concern. However, the development of a DIVH-compatible vaccine is time-consuming and full of uncertainty, which is unsuitable for an emergent situation like the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Along with the development and public health implementation of new vaccines to prevent human diseases, e.g., human papillomavirus vaccines for cervical cancer; enterovirus 71 vaccines for hand, foot, and mouth disease; and most recently SARS-CoV-2, there is an increasing demand for DIVH. Here, we use the IsDAED approach to confirm SI peptides and to exclude NSI peptides, finally to direct the design of a DIVH protocol. It is plausible that our IsDAED approach is applicable for other infectious disease.
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