1
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Li Y, Zhang T, Bai G, Chen M, Lei X, Ye L, Yu H, Fan Z, Yu T. A target-triggered colorimetric sensor for ultrasensitive detection of miRNAs based on self-powered three-dimensional DNA walker. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135370. [PMID: 39265909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the process of heart failure (HF) and are emerging biomarkers that can be used for the auxiliary diagnosis of HF. However, it is very challenging to accurately analyze the expression levels of trace miRNAs in complex clinical samples. Here, we developed an enzyme-free colorimetric sensor for the ultrasensitive detection of miRNA-423-5p (HF-associated miRNA) based on three-dimensional DNA walkers constructed from functional nucleic acids and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). DNAzyme with cleavage activity was specifically activated by miRNA-423-5p to sustainably cleave the substrate, thereby releasing the trigger sequence to initiate the subsequent mismatched catalytic hairpin assembly (MCHA) cycle. Then, as the MCHA cycle proceeded to continuously expose the G-quadruplex (GQ) sequence, the sequence bound with hemin to form a large amount of GQ/hemin DNAzyme on the surface of the AuNPs, which rapidly catalyzed the chromogenic oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine to yield an amplified colorimetric signal readout. The colorimetric sensor exhibited an ultralow detection limit (32 fM), showed excellent specificity and performed well in serum samples. The sensor was applied to detect miRNA-423-5p in clinical plasma samples from healthy individuals and HF patients, and the results revealed its good clinical application in HF diagnosis. Thus, the developed colorimetric sensor provides a convenient detection tool for early screening and diagnosis of HF, as well as for pathophysiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Li
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gang Bai
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Mengchun Chen
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Xiaodong Lei
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Li Ye
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
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2
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Han Y, Jiang M, Zhou J, Lei H, Yuan R, Chai Y. The Acid-Stimulated Self-Assembled DNA Nanonetwork for Sensitive Detection and Living Cancer Cell Imaging of MicroRNA-221. Anal Chem 2024; 96:16715-16723. [PMID: 39392416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a novel functional DNA structure, acid-stimulated self-assembly DNA nanonetwork (ASDN), was proposed for miRNA-221 sensitive detection and high-resolution living cancer cell imaging. Significantly, the self-assembly of ASDN only occurred in the acidic extracellular environment of cancer cells, which could be endocytosed by cancer cells to eliminate the interference of noncancer cells and deliver the ASDN into cancer cells. Subsequently, endogenous miRNA-221 could trigger the catalytic hairpin assembly within ASDN, resulting in the separation of the fluorophore Cy5 and the quencher BHQ2 to recover the substantial Cy5 fluorescence signals, thus achieving signal amplification for sensitive detection of miRNA-221 with a detection limit of 5.5 pM, as well as facilitating high-resolution and low-background imaging of miRNA-221 in cancer cells. In consequence, this strategy provides an innovative DNA nanonetwork to distinguish cancer cells from other cells for sensitive detection of biomarkers, offering a meaningful reference for the application of DNA nanostructure self-assembly technology in relevant fundamental research and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Han
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Mengshi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hongmin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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3
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Chen X, Xiang Q, Yan S, Wang Y, Su N, Yang X, Gao M, Zhang X. Simultaneous Multi-miRNA Detection in Urinary Small Extracellular Vesicles Using Target-Triggered Locked Hairpin DNA-Functionalized Au Nanoprobes for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:16370-16378. [PMID: 39363542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by multiorgan involvement and complex clinical manifestations, leading to cumbersome diagnostic processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as promising biomarkers for liquid biopsy. Herein, we constructed a simple multi-miRNA detection platform based on target-triggered locked hairpin DNA-functionalized Au nanoprobes (AuNP@LH) as a simple and noninvasive tool for the diagnosis and classification of SLE. The nanoprobes were prepared by modifying locked hairpin DNA designed for target miRNAs on gold nanoparticles. In the presence of target miRNAs, target-triggered hairpin assembly amplification was induced, and then fluorophore-labeled bolt DNA was released, resulting in a fluorescence signal responsive to miRNA concentration. Benefiting from the enzyme-free amplification strategy, the limits of detection (LOD) of three miRNA biomarkers for SLE were 19 pM for microRNA-146a, 66 pM for microRNA-29c, and 19 pM for microRNA-150. The proposed probes have been successfully applied to simultaneously detect multiple miRNAs in urinary sEVs from patients diagnosed with SLE and healthy controls, which exhibited good practicability in SLE diagnosis with the area under curve (AUC) of the receiver characteristic curve reaching 1.00. Furthermore, SLE patients with different disease severity can be differentiated with 81.2% accuracy. Predictably, with the advantages of low cost, rapidity, high sensitivity, and noninvasiveness, our multi-miRNA detection platform is a potential tool for multiple miRNA analysis and related clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qingyong Xiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shaohan Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingyu Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Mingxia Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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4
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Wang H, Yang B, Tang H, Ding S, Liu G. Hairpin DNA-based electrochemical amplification strategy for miRNA sensing by using single gold nanoelectrodes. Analyst 2023; 148:5636-5641. [PMID: 37846736 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
A new sensor has been developed to detect miRNA-15 using nanoelectrodes and a hairpin DNA-based electrochemical amplification technique. By utilizing a complex DNA cylinder connected with hairpin DNA1, the sensor is able to absorb more methylene blue (MB) than simple double-stranded DNA. Another hairpin DNA2 is modified on an Au nanoelectrode surface and, when miRNA-15 is introduced, it triggers a chain reaction. This reaction unlocks two hairpins alternatively to polymerize into a complex structure that attaches more MB. The miRNA-15 is then replaced by DNA1 due to strand displacement reactions and continues to react with the next DNA2 to achieve circular amplification. The electrochemical signal from MB oxidation has a linear relationship with the miRNA-15 concentrations, making it possible to detect miRNA-15. Moreover, this method can be readily adapted for the detection of various other miRNA species. The newly devised nanosensor holds promising applications for the in vivo detection of miRNA-15 within biological systems, which is achieved by leveraging the advantageous characteristics of nanoelectrodes, including their low resistance-capacitance time constant, rapid mass transfer kinetics, and small diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P R China.
| | - Binbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P R China.
| | - Haoran Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P R China.
| | - Sufang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P R China.
| | - Gen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P R China.
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Huang X, Chen M, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Shen T, Shi Y, Tong Y, Zou X, Liu SY, Guo J, Dai Z. On-Site-Activated Transmembrane Logic DNA Nanodevice Enables Highly Specific Imaging of Cancer Cells by Targeting Tumor-Related Nucleolin and Intracellular MicroRNA. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14746-14753. [PMID: 37723832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to specifically image cancer cells is essential for cancer diagnosis; however, this ability is limited by the false positive associated with single-biomarker sensors and off-site activation of "always active" nucleic acid probes. Herein, we propose an on-site, activatable, transmembrane logic DNA (TLD) nanodevice that enables dual-biomarker sensing of tumor-related nucleolin and intracellular microRNA for highly specific cancer cell imaging. The TLD nanodevice is constructed by assembling a tetrahedral DNA nanostructure containing a linker (L)-blocker (B)-DNAzyme (D)-substrate (S) unit. AS-apt, a DNA strand containing an elongated segment and the AS1411 aptamer, is pre-anchored to nucleolin protein, which is specifically expressed on the membrane of cancer cells. Initially, the TLD nanodevice is firmly sealed by the blocker containing an AS-apt recognition zone, which prevents off-site activation. When the nanodevice encounters a target cancer cell, AS-apt (input 1) binds to the blocker and unlocks the sensing ability of the nanodevice for miR-21 (input 2). The TLD nanodevice achieves dual-biomarker sensing from the cell membrane to the cytoplasm, thereby ensuring cancer cell-specific imaging. This TLD nanodevice represents a promising strategy for the highly reliable analysis of intracellular biomarkers and a promising platform for cancer diagnosis and related biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhan Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Taorong Shen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yakun Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yanli Tong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zou
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Si-Yang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jianhe Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zong Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Li Y, Zhang S, Wang M, Guo C, Zhang Z, Zhou N. A novel PEC and ECL bifunctional aptasensor based on V 2CT x MXene-derived MOF embedded with silver nanoparticles for selectively aptasensing miRNA-126. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8657-8665. [PMID: 37609716 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01380d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) bifunctional aptasensor has been established for the detection of miRNA-126 using V2CTx MXene-derived porphyrin-based metal-organic framework embedded with Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) (denoted as AgNPs@V-PMOF) as a robust bioplatform. Due to the presence of V nodes in V2CTx MXene nanosheets, V-based MOF was prepared using tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin as ligand, followed by the incorporation of Ag+ ions to form the AgNPs@V-PMOF Schottky heterojunction. Benefiting from the fast electron transfer of the V2CTx substrate and well-matched band-edge energy level of the photosensitive Ag NPs and V-PMOF, the constructed AgNPs@V-PMOF Schottky heterojunction exhibited the promoted transfer of the photogenerated carriers, showing superior PEC and ECL performances. Moreover, a large number of the complementary DNA strand of miRNA-126 can be immobilized over AgNPs@V-PMOF in view of the combined interaction of π-π stacking, van der Waals force, and Ag-N coordination between AgNPs@V-PMOF. Consequently, the developed AgNPs@V-PMOF-based aptasensor illustrated extremely low detection limits of 0.78 and 0.53 fM within a wide range from 1.0 fM to 1.0 nM of miRNA-126 detected by PEC and ECL techniques, respectively, superior to most reported miRNA aptasensors. Also, the provided bifunctional aptasensor demonstrated high selectivity, good stability, fine reproducibility, and acceptable regenerability, as well as promising potential for the analysis of miRNA-126 from living cancer cells. This work puts forward the development of aptasensors for the early and accurate diagnosis of cancer markers and extends the application of MOF in the biosensing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Mengfei Wang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanpan Guo
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China.
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7
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Nie L, Zeng X, Hongbo L, Wang S, Lu Z, Yu R. Entropy-driven DNA circuit with two-stage strand displacement for elegant and robust detection of miRNA let-7a. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1269:341392. [PMID: 37290851 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) research in cancer diagnosis is expanding, on account of miRNAs were demonstrated to be key indicator of gene expression and hopeful candidates for biomarkers. In this study, a stable miRNA-let-7a fluorescent biosensor was successfully designed based on an exonuclease Ⅲ-assisted two-stage strand displacement reaction (SDR). First, an entropy-driven SDR containing a three-chain structure of the substrate is used in our designed biosensor, leading to reduce the reversibility of the target recycling process in each step. The target acts on the first stage to start the entropy-driven SDR, which generates the trigger used to stimulate the exonuclease Ⅲ-assisted SDR in the second stage. At the same time, we design a SDR one-step amplification strategy as a comparison. Expectly, this developed two-stage strand displacement system has a low detection limit of 25.0 pM as well as a broad detection range of 4 orders of magnitude, making it more sensitive than the SDR one-step sensor, whose detection limit is 0.8 nM. In addition, this sensor has high specificity across members of the miRNA family. Therefore, we can take advantage of this biosensor to promote miRNA research in cancer diagnosis sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Nie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, PR China
| | - Li Hongbo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Energy Catalysis and Conversion of Nanchang, Nanchang, 330022, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Suqin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, PR China
| | - Zhanghui Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Energy Catalysis and Conversion of Nanchang, Nanchang, 330022, PR China.
| | - Ruqin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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8
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Zhou M, Li X, Wen H, Huang B, Ren J, Zhang J. The construction of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated FRET 16S rDNA sensor for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Analyst 2023; 148:2308-2315. [PMID: 37083189 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00462g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The simple and efficient detection of nucleic acids is important in the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). However, base mismatch will lead to false positive and false negative nucleic acid test, which seriously interferes with the accuracy of the final results. Herein, we demonstrated a CRISPR/Cas-9-mediated fluorescent strategy utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for the detection of bacteria. High-variable region of M. tuberculosis 16S rDNA fragment was used as the target, and CRISPR/Cas9 was used as the recognition element. The binding of the P1 probe of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) @SiO2-P1 and the P2 probe of Fe3O4@Au-P2 caused the fluorescence quenching of UCNPs. In the presence of the target, the P2 probe hybridized with the target to form double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which was recognized and cleaved by CRISPR/Cas9, resulting in the breaking of the P1-P2 duplex linkage. UCNPs moved away from Fe3O4@Au under a magnetic field, and the fluorescence signal was restored; bacteria were detected under the excitation of a 980 nm laser source. Using the CRISPR/Cas-9-mediated system, the sensor could distinguish single-base mismatches in 10 bases from the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) region. The limit of detection (LOD) was 20 CFU mL-1 and the detection time was 2 h. It developed a new way of accurate nucleic acid detection for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Herui Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Jiali Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Changsha, 410004, P. R. China.
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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9
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Yang X, Yuan L, Xu Y, He B. Target-catalyzed self-assembled spherical G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzymes for highly sensitive colorimetric detection of microRNA in serum. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1247:340879. [PMID: 36781247 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The accurate and visual detection of circulating microRNA (miRNA) has attracted increasing interest due to its pivotal role in clinical disease diagnosis. Taking advantages of nucleic acid isothermal amplification and enzyme-catalyzed chromogenic reaction, here, a colorimetric sensing strategy was proposed for sensitive miRNA analysis. When the target miRNA was present, local catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) would be triggered and proceed continuously to form dozens of double-stranded oligonucleotides with G-rich sticky ends on the gold nanoparticle, which could self-assemble into a spherical G-quadruplex (GQ)/hemin DNAzyme by binding with hemin and potassium ions. As a horseradish peroxidase-mimic, GQ/hemin DNAzyme could catalyze the redox reaction and color change of the substrates. Taking miRNA-21 as an example, the developed method exhibited satisfactory specificity as well as high sensitivity with a detection limit of 90.3 fM. Furthermore, the sensing platform has been successfully employed to detect miRNA-21 in spiked serum, providing a promising tool for early diagnosis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Liquan Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yue Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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10
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Yu S, Sun Y, Cai J, Zhou Y, Zhu JJ. A separable nanodevice enables multilayer imaging of diverse biomarkers for precise diagnosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3419-3422. [PMID: 36853267 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
An acid-driven separable nanodevice was designed for multilayer imaging of diverse biomarkers with different spatial distributions in living cells. The proposed nanodevice can simultaneously perform in situ imaging of the intracellular microRNAs and extracellular pH, affording a new approach to develop a precise imaging system for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jingyi Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yuanzhen Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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11
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Zhang Z, Xu H, Fan Y, Zhang X, Wang W, Zhu JJ, Min Q. Mass Nanotags Mediate Parallel Amplifications on Nanointerfaces for Multiplexed Profiling of RNAs. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1820-1829. [PMID: 36790360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed profiling of RNAs aids in a comprehensive understanding of multiparameter-defined cellular processes and pathological states. We herein present a mass nanotags-enabled interfacial assembly system (MNTs-AS) with parallel amplification motors for simultaneous assaying of multiple RNAs in biosystems by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). Four kinds of MNTs encoding corresponding RNA can be cyclically assembled on magnetic beads by target-triggered catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) machineries on nanointerfaces, generating multiplexed and amplified characteristic ion signals assigned to target RNAs upon MALDI MS interrogation. By virtue of high sensitivity and multiplexing capability, the MNTs-AS-based MS assay allows precision subtyping of diverse breast cancer cells and their exosomes by multiplexed profiling of miRNA-21, miRNA-373, miRNA-155, and manganese superoxide dismutase mRNA via a single MS inquiry. This method provides a promising tool for unraveling multiple RNA-involved biological events in fundamental research and distinguishing different cancer subtypes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Yinyin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qianhao Min
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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12
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Xiang L, Liu LL, Yuan R, Chai YQ. Aggregation-Induced Electrochemiluminescence of Copper Nanoclusters by Regulating Valence State Ratio of Cu(I)/Cu(0) for Ultrasensitive Detection of MicroRNA. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4454-4460. [PMID: 36880263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Cu nanoclusters (Cu NCs) with strong aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) as emitters were used to construct an ECL biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of microRNA-141 (miR-141). Impressively, the ECL signals enhanced with the increased content of Cu(I) in the aggregative Cu NCs. When the ratio of Cu(I)/Cu(0) in aggregative Cu NCs was 3.2, Cu NCs aggregates showed the highest ECL intensity, in which Cu(I) could enhance the cuprophilic Cu(I)···Cu(I) interaction to form rod-shaped aggregates for restricting nonradiative transitions to obviously improve the ECL response. As a result, the ECL intensity of the aggregative Cu NCs was 3.5 times higher than that of the monodispersed Cu NCs. With the aid of the cascade strand displacement amplification (SDA) strategy, an outstanding ECL biosensor was developed to achieve the ultrasensitive detection of miR-141, whose linear range varied from 10 aM to 1 nM with a detection limit of 1.2 aM. This approach opened an avenue to prepare non-noble metal nanomaterials as robust ECL emitters and provided a new idea for detection of biomolecules for diagnosis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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13
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Yin H, Chu Y, Wang W, Zhang Z, Meng Z, Min Q. Mass tag-encoded nanointerfaces for multiplexed mass spectrometric analysis and imaging of biomolecules. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2529-2540. [PMID: 36688447 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06020e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Revealing multiple biomolecules in the physiopathological environment simultaneously is crucial in biological and biomedical research. Mass spectrometry (MS) features unique technical advantages in multiplexed and label-free analyses. However, owing to comparably low abundance and poor ionization efficiency of target biomolecules, direct MS profiling of these biological species in vitro or in situ remains a challenge. An emerging route to solve this issue is to devise mass tag (MT)-encoded nanointerfaces which specifically convert the abundance or activity of biomolecules into amplified ion signals of mass tags, offering an ideal strategy for synchronous MS assaying and mapping of multiple targets in biofluids, cells and tissues. This review provides a thorough and organized overview of recent advances in MT-encoded nanointerfaces elaborately tailored for several practical applications in multiplexed MS bioanalysis and biomedical research. First, we start with elucidation of the structural characteristics and working principle of MT-encoded nanointerfaces in specific labeling and sensing of multiple biological targets. In addition, we further discuss the application scenarios of MT-encoded nanointerfaces particularly in multiplexed biomarker assays, cell analysis, and tissue imaging. Finally, the current challenges are pointed out and future prospects of these nanointerfaces in MS analysis are forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Yanxin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Qianhao Min
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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14
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Yang C, Wang K, Tian S, Mo L, Lin W. Functionalized photosensitive metal-organic framework as a theranostic nanoplatform for turn-on detection of MicroRNA and photodynamic therapy. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340689. [PMID: 36628708 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Developing a theranostic platform integrating precise diagnostic and efficient treatment is significant but challenging. Here, we reported a new theranostic platform - hairpin probe - photosensitizing MOFs (HPMOF) composed of photosensitizing MOFs (PMOFs) and hairpin probes labeled with fluorophore and quencher, in which PMOF played the role of photosensitizer and nanocarrier of the hairpin probe. The HPMOF was covered with a layer of ZIF-8 to achieve the dual-layered nanotheranostics (HPMOF@ZIF-8). The HPMOF@ZIF-8 achieved high DNA loading capacity and intracellular delivery for tumor-related miRNA imaging. Moreover, HPMOF@ZIF-8 could generate reactive oxygen species with high efficiency, which induced cell apoptosis, leading to efficient photodynamic therapy. Due to the different expression of miRNA between normal cells and cancer cells, the HPMOF@ZIF-8 could recognize cancer cells through imaging of miRNA, leading to more accurate treatment of cancer, providing a promising theranostic nanoplatform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Liuting Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China.
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15
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Ma X, Li X, Luo G, Jiao J. DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles: Modification, characterization, and biomedical applications. Front Chem 2022; 10:1095488. [PMID: 36583149 PMCID: PMC9792995 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1095488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of technologies based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), bare AuNPs cannot meet the increasing requirements of biomedical applications. Modifications with different functional ligands are usually needed. DNA is not only the main genetic material, but also a good biological material, which has excellent biocompatibility, facile design, and accurate identification. DNA is a perfect ligand candidate for AuNPs, which can make up for the shortcoming of bare AuNPs. DNA-modified AuNPs (DNA-AuNPs) have exciting features and bright prospects in many fields, which have been intensively investigated in the past decade. In this review, we summarize the various approaches for the immobilization of DNA strands on the surface of AuNPs. Representative studies for biomedical applications based on DNA-AuNPs are also discussed. Finally, we present the challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Gangyin Luo
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Gangyin Luo, ; Jin Jiao,
| | - Jin Jiao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Gangyin Luo, ; Jin Jiao,
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16
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Yao T, Kong L, Liu Y, Li H, Yuan R, Chai Y. Highly Efficient Quadruped DNA Walker Guided by Ordered DNA Tracks for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of miRNA-21. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12256-12262. [PMID: 35996894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a long period liner DNA tandem (Lr-DNT) was intelligently designed as DNA track for quadruped DNA walker (q-walker) to run in an orderly and efficient manner, which could be applied to construct an electrochemical biosensor for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of microRNA-21 (miRNA-21). Impressively, benefiting from the orderliness and equidistance of Lr-DNT, the q-walker could be endowed with a high controllability, directionality as well as a quite short reaction time down to 20 min compared with those of traditional DNA walkers walked on the stochastic tracks. Once the target miRNA-21 interacted with the locked q-walker, the q-walker could be activated to expeditiously cleave Lr-DNT for releasing amounts of signal probes ferrocene (Fc) with the assistance of the Nt.BbvCI enzyme. This way, the developed q-walker could not only readily overcome the problem of low reaction efficiency but also address the drawback of time consumption in a previous strategy. As a proof of concept, the prepared biosensor could accomplish sensitive detection of target miRNA-21 with a detection limit down to 31 aM. As a result, this tactic gave impetus to design high-performance sensing platform with ultimate application in clinical sample analysis and nucleic acid based cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Lingqi Kong
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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17
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Delgado-Gonzalez A, Laz-Ruiz JA, Cano-Cortes MV, Huang YW, Gonzalez VD, Diaz-Mochon JJ, Fantl WJ, Sanchez-Martin RM. Hybrid Fluorescent Mass-Tag Nanotrackers as Universal Reagents for Long-Term Live-Cell Barcoding. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10626-10635. [PMID: 35866879 PMCID: PMC9352147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Barcoding and pooling cells for processing as a composite
sample
are critical to minimize technical variability in multiplex technologies.
Fluorescent cell barcoding has been established as a standard method
for multiplexing in flow cytometry analysis. In parallel, mass-tag
barcoding is routinely used to label cells for mass cytometry. Barcode
reagents currently used label intracellular proteins in fixed and
permeabilized cells and, therefore, are not suitable for studies with
live cells in long-term culture prior to analysis. In this study,
we report the development of fluorescent palladium-based hybrid-tag
nanotrackers to barcode live cells for flow and mass cytometry dual-modal
readout. We describe the preparation, physicochemical characterization,
efficiency of cell internalization, and durability of these nanotrackers
in live cells cultured over time. In addition, we demonstrate their
compatibility with standardized cytometry reagents and protocols.
Finally, we validated these nanotrackers for drug response assays
during a long-term coculture experiment with two barcoded cell lines.
This method represents a new and widely applicable advance for fluorescent
and mass-tag barcoding that is independent of protein expression levels
and can be used to label cells before long-term drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Delgado-Gonzalez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Gov-ernment, PTS Granada, Avda. Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain.,Department of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of "Chemistry applied to Biomedi-cine and the Environment", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Grana-da, 18012 Granada, Spain.,Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jose Antonio Laz-Ruiz
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Gov-ernment, PTS Granada, Avda. Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain.,Department of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of "Chemistry applied to Biomedi-cine and the Environment", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Grana-da, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - M Victoria Cano-Cortes
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Gov-ernment, PTS Granada, Avda. Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain.,Department of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of "Chemistry applied to Biomedi-cine and the Environment", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Grana-da, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Veronica D Gonzalez
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan Jose Diaz-Mochon
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Gov-ernment, PTS Granada, Avda. Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain.,Department of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of "Chemistry applied to Biomedi-cine and the Environment", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Grana-da, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Wendy J Fantl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, United States
| | - Rosario M Sanchez-Martin
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Gov-ernment, PTS Granada, Avda. Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain.,Department of Medicinal & Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of "Chemistry applied to Biomedi-cine and the Environment", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Grana-da, 18012 Granada, Spain
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