1
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Li Y, Wang Y, Shenoy VM, Niu S, Jenkins GJ, Sarvaiya H. Intact quantitation of cysteine-conjugated antibody-drug conjugates using native mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9774. [PMID: 38812280 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE A common strategy for antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) quantitation from in vivo study samples involves measurement of total antibody, conjugated ADC, and free payload concentrations using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. This not only provides a limited picture of biotransformation but can also involve lengthy method development. Quantitation of ADCs directly at the intact protein level in native conditions using high-resolution mass spectrometers presents the advantage of measuring exposure readout as well as monitoring the change in average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and in vivo stability of new linker payloads with minimal method development. Furthermore, site-specific cysteine-conjugated ADCs often rely on non-covalent association to retain their quaternary structure, which highlights the unique capabilities of native mass spectrometry (nMS) for intact ADC quantitation. METHODS We developed an intact quantitation workflow involving three stages: automated affinity purification, nMS analysis, and data processing in batch fashion. The sample preparation method was modified to include only volatile ion-pairing reagents in the buffer systems. A capillary size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) column was coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometer for high-throughput nMS analysis. Samples from two mouse pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were analyzed using both intact quantitation workflow and the conventional MRM-based approach. RESULTS A linear dynamic range of 5-100 μg/mL was achieved using 20 μL of serum sample volume. The results of mouse in vivo PK measurement using the intact quantitation workflow and the MRM-based approach were compared, revealing excellent method agreement. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing nMS for the quantitation of ADCs at the intact protein level in preclinical PK studies. Our results indicate that this intact quantitation workflow can serve as an alternative generic method for high-throughput analysis, enabling an in-depth understanding of ADC stability and safety in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Li
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vikram M Shenoy
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shuai Niu
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gary J Jenkins
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hetal Sarvaiya
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie, South San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Sani A, Tian Y, Zha G, Xiao X, Shah S, Idrees Khan M, Fan L, Zhang Q, Liu W, Wang Y, Chen P, Cao C. A high stable sample loading for analysis of adult alpha-thalassemia via the improved microarray isoelectric focusing of Hb species. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1244:124238. [PMID: 39018990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The isoelectric focusing has realized various improvements, including the protocols and creation of mIEF (microcolumn isoelectric focusing) instruments with excellent sensitivity for screening of diabetes and beta thalassemia. However, the problem of manual sample loading and hydration for the mIEF limits the operational capacity for stably detecting and quantitating most abnormal hemoglobin (Hb). Herein, we provided a high stable sample loading protocol for analysis of alpha thalassemia and Hb variants. In contrast to the previous volume of 20 μl, a 100 µl blood sample solution in this protocol was optimized with mixture of 6.4-7.5 and 3-10 pH carrier ampholytes, pI markers and loaded for 30 mins IPG microcolumn hydration. The hydrated microcolumn was then automatically loaded onto the mIEF chip array to which CH3COOH and NH4OH act as anodic and cathodic solutions. Lastly, the IEF was run for 9 mins. Hb H, Barts, A1c, F, A2 and CS were simultaneously separated and focused with higher resolution and sensitivity in quantifying H and Barts as low as 0.6 and 0.5 % respectively. Accordingly, there was an enhanced stability and linearity with a rapid assay time of 45 secs per sample. Moreover, analysis showed a fitting linear relationship with conventional technology at R2 = 0.9803 for H and R2 = 0.9728 for Barts thereby indicating greater accuracy confirmed by the AUC. Hence, the developed protocol could simply be employed for high stable and throughput batch sample loading of hydration, and accurate separation and quantitation of Hb variants for alpha and beta thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sani
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Youli Tian
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Genhan Zha
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Medicine, Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Saud Shah
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Idrees Khan
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liuyin Fan
- Student Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weiwen Liu
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Medicine, Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China.
| | - Chengxi Cao
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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3
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Wang Q, Wang Q, Qi Z, Moeller W, Wysocki VH, Sun L. Native Proteomics by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590970. [PMID: 38712154 PMCID: PMC11071496 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Native proteomics measures endogenous proteoforms and protein complexes under a near physiological condition using native mass spectrometry (nMS) coupled with liquid-phase separations. Native proteomics should provide the most accurate bird's-eye view of proteome dynamics within cells, which is fundamental for understanding almost all biological processes. nMS has been widely employed to characterize well-purified protein complexes. However, there are only very few trials of utilizing nMS to measure proteoforms and protein complexes in a complex sample (i.e., a whole cell lysate). Here, we pioneer the native proteomics measurement of large proteoforms or protein complexes up to 400 kDa from a complex proteome via online coupling of native capillary zone electrophoresis (nCZE) to an ultra-high mass range (UHMR) Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The nCZE-MS technique enabled the measurement of a 115-kDa standard protein complex while consuming only about 0.1 ng of protein material. nCZE-MS analysis of an E . coli cell lysate detected 72 proteoforms or protein complexes in a mass range of 30-400 kDa in a single run while consuming only 50-ng protein material. The mass distribution of detected proteoforms or protein complexes agreed well with that from mass photometry measurement. This work represents a technical breakthrough in native proteomics for measuring complex proteomes.
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4
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Xu T, Wang Q, Wang Q, Sun L. Mass spectrometry-intensive top-down proteomics: an update on technology advancements and biomedical applications. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:4664-4682. [PMID: 38973469 PMCID: PMC11257149 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00651h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Proteoforms are all forms of protein molecules from the same gene because of variations at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels, e.g., alternative splicing and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Delineation of proteins in a proteoform-specific manner is crucial for understanding their biological functions. Mass spectrometry (MS)-intensive top-down proteomics (TDP) is promising for comprehensively characterizing intact proteoforms in complex biological systems. It has achieved substantial progress in technological development, including sample preparation, proteoform separations, MS instrumentation, and bioinformatics tools. In a single TDP study, thousands of proteoforms can be identified and quantified from a cell lysate. It has also been applied to various biomedical research to better our understanding of protein function in regulating cellular processes and to discover novel proteoform biomarkers of diseases for early diagnosis and therapeutic development. This review covers the most recent technological development and biomedical applications of MS-intensive TDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Qianjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Qianyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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5
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Fang F, Xu T, Hagar HTC, Hovde S, Kuo MH, Sun L. A pilot study for deciphering post-translational modifications and proteoforms of tau protein by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.04.602093. [PMID: 39026802 PMCID: PMC11257423 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.04.602093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of tau proteins is one pathological hallmark of Alzheimer□s disease (AD). Many tau protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are associated with the development of AD, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation. Therefore, a complete picture of PTM landscape of tau is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms of AD progression. Here, we offered a pilot study of combining two complementary analytical techniques, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)-MS/MS, for bottom-up proteomics of recombinant human tau-0N3R. We identified 53 phosphorylation sites of tau-0N3R in total, which is about 30% higher than that from RPLC-MS/MS alone. CZE-MS/MS provided more PTM sites (i.e., phosphorylation) and modified peptides of tau-0N3R than RPLC-MS/MS, and its predicted electrophoretic mobility helped improve the confidence of the identified modified peptides. We developed a highly efficient capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF)-MS technique to offer a bird's-eye view of tau-0N3R proteoforms, with 11 putative tau-0N3R proteoforms carrying up to nine phosphorylation sites and lower pI values from more phosphorylated proteoforms detected. Interestingly, under a native-like cIEF-MS condition, we observed three putative tau-0N3R dimers carrying phosphate groups. The findings demonstrate that CE-MS is a valuable analytical technique for the characterization of tau PTMs, proteoforms, and even oligomerization.
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6
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Roberts DS, Loo JA, Tsybin YO, Liu X, Wu S, Chamot-Rooke J, Agar JN, Paša-Tolić L, Smith LM, Ge Y. Top-down proteomics. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2024; 4:38. [PMID: 39006170 PMCID: PMC11242913 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Proteoforms, which arise from post-translational modifications, genetic polymorphisms and RNA splice variants, play a pivotal role as drivers in biology. Understanding proteoforms is essential to unravel the intricacies of biological systems and bridge the gap between genotypes and phenotypes. By analysing whole proteins without digestion, top-down proteomics (TDP) provides a holistic view of the proteome and can decipher protein function, uncover disease mechanisms and advance precision medicine. This Primer explores TDP, including the underlying principles, recent advances and an outlook on the future. The experimental section discusses instrumentation, sample preparation, intact protein separation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques and data collection. The results section looks at how to decipher raw data, visualize intact protein spectra and unravel data analysis. Additionally, proteoform identification, characterization and quantification are summarized, alongside approaches for statistical analysis. Various applications are described, including the human proteoform project and biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical sciences. These are complemented by discussions on measurement reproducibility, limitations and a forward-looking perspective that outlines areas where the field can advance, including potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Xiaowen Liu
- Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Si Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey N Agar
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lloyd M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Human Proteomics Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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7
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Li Y, Miao S, Tan J, Zhang Q, Chen DDY. Capillary Electrophoresis: A Three-Year Literature Review. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7799-7816. [PMID: 38598751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Siyu Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jiahua Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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8
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Wang L, Wu H, Cao T, Li H, Shen P, Lu L, Zhang Z. Identification of structural origins of complex charge heterogeneity in therapeutic ACE2Fc fusion protein facilitated by free-flow isoelectric focusing. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 198:114248. [PMID: 38467335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Fc Fusion protein represents a versatile molecular platform with considerable potential as protein therapeutics of which the charge heterogeneity should be well characterized according to regulatory guidelines. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Fc fusion protein (ACE2Fc) has been investigated as a potential neutralizing agent to various coronaviruses, including the lingering SARS-CoV-2, as this coronavirus must bind to ACE2 to allow for its entry into host cells. ACE2Fc, an investigational new drug developed by Henlius (Shanghai China), has passed the Phase I clinical trial, but its huge amount of charge isoforms and complicated charge heterogeneity posed a challenge to charge variant investigation in pharmaceutical development. We employed offline free-flow isoelectric focusing (FF-IEF) fractionation, followed by detailed characterization of enriched ACE2Fc fractions, to unveil the structural origins of charge heterogeneity in ACE2Fc expressed by recombinant CHO cells. We adopted a well-tuned 3-component separation medium for ACE2Fc fractionation, the highest allowable voltage to maximize the FF-IEF separation window and a mild Protein A elution method for preservation of protein structural integrity. Through peptide mapping and other characterizations, we revealed that the intricate profiles of ACE2Fc charge heterogeneity are mainly caused by highly sialylated multi-antenna N-glycosylation. In addition, based on fraction characterization and in silico glycoprotein model analysis, we discovered that the large acidic glycans at N36, N73, and N305 of ACE2Fc were able to decrease the binding activity towards Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Our study exemplifies the value of FF-IEF in highly complex fusion protein characterization and revealed a quantitative sialylation-activity relationship in ACE2Fc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Wang
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Hai Wu
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Hongyang Li
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Pengcheng Shen
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Lihong Lu
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Department of Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201600, China.
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9
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Wu G, Du J, Yu C, Fu Z, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang J. Mass spectrometry study on SARS-CoV-2 recombinant vaccine with comprehensive separation techniques to characterize complex heterogeneity. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1297:342349. [PMID: 38438233 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has imposed a major public health threat, which needs effective therapeutics and vaccination strategies. Several potential candidate vaccines being rapidly developed are in clinical evaluation and recombinant vaccine has gained much attention thanks to its potential for greater response predictability, improved efficacy, rapid development and reduced side effects. Recombinant vaccines are designed and manufactured using bacterial, yeast cells or mammalian cells. A small piece of DNA is taken from the virus or bacterium against which we want to protect and inserted into the manufacturing cells. Due to the extremely complex heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant vaccine, single technology platform cannot achieve thorough and accurate characterization of such difficult proteins so integrating comprehensive technologies is essential. This study illustrates an innovative workflow employing multiple separation techniques tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry for comprehensive and in-depth characterization of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant vaccine, including ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), ion exchange chromatography (IEX) and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF). The integrated methodology focuses on the importance of cutting-edge icIEF-MS online coupling and icIEF fractionation applied to revealing the heterogeneity secret of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Jialiang Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, A Building, Henggu1976, No.1976 Middle Gaoke Road, Pudong District, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
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10
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Liu Q, Chen K, Xu X, Zhang Q, Liang H, Cao C. A facile double moving redox boundary model for visual electrophoresis titration of ascorbic acid. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:639-650. [PMID: 38227365 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we proposed a double moving redox boundary (MROB) model to realize the colorless analyte electrophoresis titration (ET) by the two steps of the redox reaction. Single MROB has been proposed for the development of ET sensing (Analyst, 2013, 138, 1137. ACS Sensor, 2019, 4, 126.), and faces great challenges in detecting the analyte without color change during redox reaction. Herein, a novel model of double-MROB electrophoresis, including its mechanisms, equations, and procedures, was developed for titration by using ascorbic acid as a model analyte. The first MROB was created with ferric iron (Fe3+) and iodide ion (I-) in which Fe3+ was reduced as Fe2+ and I- was oxidized as molecular iodine (I2) used as an indicator of visible MROB due to blue starch-iodine complex. The second boundary was then formed between the molecular iodine and model analyte of ascorbic acid. Under given conditions, there was a quantitative relationship between velocity of MROB (VMROB(ii)) and ascorbic acid concentration (CVit C) in the double-MROB system (1/VMROB(ii) = 0.6502CVit C + 4.5165, and R = 0.9939). The relevant relative standard deviation values of intraday and inter-day were less than ∼5.55% and ∼6.64%, respectively. Finally, the titration of ascorbic acid in chewable vitamin C tablets was performed by the developed method, the titration results agreed with those via the classic iodometric titration. All the results briefly demonstrated the validity of the double MROB model, in which Vit C was used as a model analyte. The developed method had potential use in quantitative analysis of redox-active species in biomedical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- School of Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Keer Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xu Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Heng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Chengxi Cao
- School of Sensing Science and Technology, School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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11
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Thormann W, Mosher RA. Mobilization in two-step capillary isoelectric focusing: Concepts assessed by computer simulation. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:618-638. [PMID: 38115749 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The mobilization step in a two-step capillary isoelectric focusing protocol is discussed by means of dynamic computer simulation data for systems without and with spacer compounds that establish their zones at the beginning and end of the focusing column. After focusing in an electroosmosis-free environment (first step), mobilization (second step) can be induced electrophoretically, by the application of a hydrodynamic flow, or by a combination of both means. Dynamic simulations provide insight into the complexity of the various modes of electrophoretic mobilization and dispersion associated with hydrodynamic mobilization. The data are discussed together with the relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Thormann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Schwenzer AK, Kruse L, Jooß K, Neusüß C. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for protein analyses under native conditions: Current progress and perspectives. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300135. [PMID: 37312401 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry is a rapidly emerging technique for fast and sensitive structural analysis of protein constructs, maintaining the protein higher order structure. The coupling with electromigration separation techniques under native conditions enables the characterization of proteoforms and highly complex protein mixtures. In this review, we present an overview of current native CE-MS technology. First, the status of native separation conditions is described for capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), as well as their chip-based formats, including essential parameters such as electrolyte composition and capillary coatings. Further, conditions required for native ESI-MS of (large) protein constructs, including instrumental parameters of QTOF and Orbitrap systems, as well as requirements for native CE-MS interfacing are presented. On this basis, methods and applications of the different modes of native CE-MS are summarized and discussed in the context of biological, medical, and biopharmaceutical questions. Finally, key achievements are highlighted and concluded, while remaining challenges are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Kruse
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Chen H, Qiu D, Shi J, Wang N, Li M, Wu Y, Tian Y, Bu X, Liu Q, Jiang Y, Hamilton SE, Han P, Sun S. In-Depth Structure and Function Characterization of Heterogeneous Interchain Cysteine-Conjugated Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:212-221. [PMID: 38230295 PMCID: PMC10789146 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), integrating high specificity of antigen-targeting antibodies and high potency of cell-killing chemical drugs, have become one of the most rapidly expanding therapeutic biologics in oncology. Although ADCs were widely studied from multiple aspects, overall structural elucidation with comprehensive understanding of variants is scarcely reported. Here, for the first time, we present a holistic and in-depth characterization of an interchain cysteine-conjugated ADC, focusing on conjugation and charge heterogeneity, and in vitro biological activities. Conjugation mapping utilized a bottom-up approach, unraveled positional isomer composition, provided insights into the conjugation process, and elucidated how conjugation affects the physicochemical and biological properties of an ADC. Charge profiling combined bottom-up and top-down approaches to interrogate the origin of charge heterogeneity, its impact on function, and best practice for characterization. Specifically, we pioneered the utilization of capillary isoelectric focusing-mass spectrometry to decode not only critical post-translational modifications but also drug load and positional isomer distribution. The study design provides general guidance for in-depth characterization of ADCs, and the analytical findings in turn benefit the discovery and development of future ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Chen
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 31 Yiwei Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Danye Qiu
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 1150 Lanfeng Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 31 Yiwei Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- WuXi
Process Development Analytical Science, WuXi Biologics, 200
Meiliang Road, Binhu District, WuXi, Jiangsu 214092, China
| | - Muchen Li
- WuXi
Process Development Analytical Science, WuXi Biologics, 200
Meiliang Road, Binhu District, WuXi, Jiangsu 214092, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 31 Yiwei Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Biologics
Innovation & Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 227 Meisheng Road, Waigaoqiao Free
Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaodong Bu
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln
Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yanrui Jiang
- Analytical
Research & Development, MSD, Industrie Nord 1, Schachen (Luzern) CH-6105, Switzerland
| | - Simon E. Hamilton
- Analytical
Research & Development, MSD, 120 Moorgate, London EC2M 6UR, U.K.
| | - Ping Han
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shuwen Sun
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln
Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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14
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Kwok T, Chan SL, Courtney M, Zhou M, Huang T, Bo T, Li V, Chen T. Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry using nano electrospray ionization (ESI) for protein heterogeneity characterization. Anal Biochem 2023; 680:115312. [PMID: 37683714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been spurring the rapid growth of commercial biotherapeutics. During production their charge heterogeneity must be assessed as a critical quality attribute to ensure safety, efficacy, and potency. Although imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) is a powerful tool for this process, it could be improved further with tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). In this work, a nano-electrospray ionization (nano-ESI) apparatus was constructed to directly couple icIEF to HRMS. The system was evaluated with the standard NISTmAb, as well as more complex mAb, bi-specific antibody, and fusion protein samples. NISTmAb concentrations as low as 0.25 mg/ml demonstrated excellent sensitivity. There were good repeatabilities at 1 mg/ml with 7.58% and 8.01% RSDs for intention time and MS intensity, respectively, and the HRMS signal showed a strong linearity (R = 0.9983) across different concentrations. Meanwhile, the fingerprinting of the complex samples illustrated the versatility and potential of icIEF-HRMS. icIEF-HRMS developed can provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying structural modifications that impact protein charge heterogeneity. Compared to the traditional ESI, nano-ESI can significantly improve sensitivity while maintaining a reasonable repeatability and throughput. Furthermore, the interface is much easier to connect, and is compatible with many commercial HRMS instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kwok
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd., Cambridge, Canada
| | - She Lin Chan
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd., Cambridge, Canada
| | | | - Mike Zhou
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd., Cambridge, Canada
| | - Tiemin Huang
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd., Cambridge, Canada
| | - Tao Bo
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd., Cambridge, Canada
| | - Victor Li
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd., Cambridge, Canada
| | - Tong Chen
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd., Cambridge, Canada.
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15
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Beloborodov SS, Schneider BB, Oleschuk RD, Yves Le Blanc JC. Open Port Interface for Coupling Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry: Performance Evaluation for Capillary Isoelectric Focusing. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2107-2116. [PMID: 37650584 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical technique that utilizes the resolving power of CE and the mass-detection capabilities of MS. In many cases, CE is coupled to MS via a sheath-flow interface (SFI). This interface has a simple design and can be easily constructed; however, it often suffers from issues such as MS signal suppression, interference of MS and CE electrical circuits, and the inability to set an optical point of detection close to the capillary end due to the specific design of the coupling union. In this paper, we describe a novel coupling of CE and MS based upon the open port interface (OPI). The OPI differs from classical sheath flow interfaces by operating at flow rates at least 1 order of magnitude higher. In addition to the flow rate difference, the OPI provides more efficient mixing of the capillary eluates with the transport fluid and thus minimizes MS signal suppression. In this work, we compared the performance of OPI and SFI in a series of capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) experiments with 5 pI markers, carbonic anhydrase II and NIST antibody. The evaluation criteria for the comparison of the OPI and SFI were analytical sensitivity, reproducibility, and pI marker linearity. Given the extent of sample dilution in the OPI, we also compared the peak resolution determined using an upstream UV detector to those determined by the downstream mass spectrometer. The results suggested that the OPI configuration reduced signal suppression, with no adverse effect on peak resolution. In addition, the OPI provided better decoupling of the CE and MS potentials as well as reduced signal dependence upon the sheath liquid composition. While these results are preliminary, they suggest that the OPI is a viable approach for CE-MS coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard D Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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16
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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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17
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Sarkozy D, Guttman A. Analysis of Peptides and Proteins by Native and SDS Capillary Gel Electrophoresis Coupled to Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry via a Closed-Circuit Coaxial Sheath Flow Reactor Interface. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7082-7086. [PMID: 37094174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple and widely applicable coaxial sheath flow reactor interface (CSFRI) is introduced for easy and robust connection of liquid-phase microseparation methods to mass spectrometric detection, especially for capillary gel electrophoresis analysis of proteins and peptides including SDS-protein complexes. The interface readily accommodated post-column reactions prior to MS detection. It was demonstrated that this novel closed-circuit connection allowed the utilization of non-MS friendly buffer components without significant ion suppression and supported stable electrospray. In SDS capillary agarose gel electrophoresis mode, addition of γ-cyclodextrin to the sheath liquid efficiently removed the SDS content of the sample and the background electrolyte in the flow reactor section by inclusion complexation, while maintaining good separation efficiency and decreasing ion suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sarkozy
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andras Guttman
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary
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18
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Zhou Y, Niu J, Zhou Y, Li F. Liquid Plasticine-Based Electrokinetic Enrichment of Proteins. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200259. [PMID: 36971105 PMCID: PMC10041546 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein analysis is an important approach for disease diagnosis, in which sample pretreatment is an essential step since protein samples are often complex and many protein biomarkers are of low abundance. Here, given the good openness and light transmission of liquid plasticine (LP), which is a liquid entity formed by SiO2 nanoparticles and encapsulated aqueous solution, we developed a LP-based field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) system for protein enrichment. The system was composed of a LP container, a sample solution and a Tris-HCl solution containing hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The system design, mechanism investigation, optimization of experimental parameters and characterization of LP-FASS performance for protein enrichment were well studied. Under the optimized experimental conditions of 1 % HEC, 100 mm Tris-HCl and 100 V in the LP-FASS system, a 40-80 times enrichment of proteins was obtained in 40 min using bovine hemoglobin (BHb) as the model protein using the constructed LP-FASS system. The simultaneous enrichment of multiple proteins (phycocyanin, BHb and cytochrome C) was also realized using the system. The LP-FASS system can serve as a new platform for protein enrichment which is easy to be combined with online and offline detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Jicheng Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
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19
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Wu G, Yu C, Wang W, Du J, Fu Z, Xu G, Li M, Wang L. Mass Spectrometry-Based Charge Heterogeneity Characterization of Therapeutic mAbs with Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing and Ion-Exchange Chromatography as Separation Techniques. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2548-2560. [PMID: 36656605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) and ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) are two essential techniques that are routinely used for charge variant analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) during their development and in quality control. These two techniques that separate mAb charge variants based on different mechanisms and IEX have been developed as front-end separation techniques for online mass spectrometry (MS) detection, which is robust for intact protein identification. Recently, an innovative, coupled icIEF-MS technology has been constructed for protein charge variant analysis in our laboratory. In this study, icIEF-MS developed and strong cation exchange (SCX)-MS were optimized for charge heterogeneity characterization of a diverse of mAbs and their results were compared based on methodological validation. It was found that icIEF-MS outperformed SCX-MS in this study by demonstrating outstanding sensitivity, low carryover effect, accurate protein identification, and higher separation resolution although SCX-MS contributed to higher analysis throughput. Ultimately, integrating our novel icIEF-HRMS analysis with the more common SCX-MS can provide a promising and comprehensive strategy for accelerating the development of complex protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Jialiang Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Gangling Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
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20
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Kwok T, Zhou M, Schaefer A, Bo T, Li V, Huang T, Chen T. Fractionation and online mass spectrometry based on imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) for characterizing charge heterogeneity of therapeutic antibody. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:411-418. [PMID: 36537584 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01670b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) technology has been proved to be robust for the characterization of protein charge heterogeneity due to its high-resolution pI discrimination and high-throughput. Although high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS) and offline fraction collection technologies including isoelectric focusing (IEF), ion exchange chromatography (IEX) and free flow electrophoresis (FFE) have been widely utilized for protein charge variant characterization, there are a few applications of MS coupling with icIEF as a front-separation technique and related fractionation technologies for protein charge heterogeneity. However, the application of icIEF-MS has been much less frequent due to difficulties in MS interface, compatible ampholyte and coated capillary cartridge designation, ultimately impeding the breadth of icIEF applications in protein charge heterogeneity. In this study, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb-M-AT) was used for its charge variant characterization on an integrated icIEF platform with functions including analytical profiling, MS online coupling and fraction collection for charge heterogeneities. The main protein component and its four charge variants were identified using direct icIEF-MS coupling. Additionally, the two major acidic and basic charge variants were collected using preparative fractionation after the protein focused in the separation capillary. The identity of the fractions was confirmed by LC-MS at intact protein level and the results were consistent with those using icIEF-MS online coupling. The multiple operation modes of the icIEF platform described above can be rapidly and flexibly switched just by changing customized capillary separation cartridges without drastically altering instrument configuration. The whole workflow of icIEF-based profiling, fractionation and MS online coupling for protein heterogeneity is straightforward, reliable, and accurate, thus providing comprehensive solutions for in-depth protein heterogeneity characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kwok
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd, Cambridge, Canada.
| | - Mike Zhou
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd, Cambridge, Canada.
| | - Anna Schaefer
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd, Cambridge, Canada.
| | - Tao Bo
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd, Cambridge, Canada.
| | - Victor Li
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd, Cambridge, Canada.
| | - Tiemin Huang
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd, Cambridge, Canada.
| | - Tong Chen
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solution Ltd, Cambridge, Canada.
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21
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Xu T, Zhang F, Chen D, Sun L, Tomazela D, Fayadat-Dilman L. Interrogating heterogeneity of cysteine-engineered antibody-drug conjugates and antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates by capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. MAbs 2023; 15:2229102. [PMID: 37381585 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2229102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of site-specific cysteine-engineered antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in mammalian cells may produce developability challenges, fragments, and heterogenous molecules, leading to potential product critical quality attributes in later development stages. Liquid phase chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is widely used to evaluate antibody impurities and drug-to-antibody ratio, but faces challenges in analysis of fragment product variants of cysteine-engineered ADCs and oligonucleotide-to-antibody ratio (OAR) species of antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs). Here, for the first time, we report novel capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-MS approaches to address the challenges above. CZE analysis of six ADCs made with different parent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and small molecule drug-linker payloads revealed that various fragment impurities, such as half mAbs with one/two drugs, light chains with one/two drugs, light chains with C-terminal cysteine truncation, heavy chain clippings, were well resolved from the main species. However, most of these fragments were coeluted or had signal suppression during LC-MS analysis. Furthermore, the method was optimized on both ionization and separation aspects to enable the characterization of two AOCs. The method successfully achieved baseline separation and accurate quantification of their OAR species, which were also highly challenging using conventional LC-MS methods. Finally, we compared the migration time and CZE separation profiles among ADCs and their parent mAbs, and found that properties of mAbs and linker payloads significantly influenced the separation of product variants by altering their size or charge. Our study showcases the good performance and broad applicability of CZE-MS techniques for monitoring the heterogeneity of cysteine-engineered ADCs and AOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xu
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Daoyang Chen
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Daniela Tomazela
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
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22
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Recent advances in the hyphenation of electromigration techniques with mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Gao Z, Hutchins Z, Li Z, Zhong W. Offline Coupling of Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation and Capillary Electrophoresis for Separation of Extracellular Vesicles. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14083-14091. [PMID: 36191238 PMCID: PMC9988405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in cell-to-cell communications and carry high potential as markers targeted in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic development. The main obstacles to EV study are their high heterogeneity; low amounts present in samples; and physical similarity to the abundant, interfering matrix components. Multiple rounds of separation and purification are often needed prior to EV characterization and function assessment. Herein, we report the offline coupling of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) for EV analysis. While AF4 provides gentle and fast EV separation by size, CE resolves EVs from contaminants with similar sizes but different surface charges. Employing Western Blotting, ELISA, and SEM, we confirmed that intact EVs were eluted within a stable time window under the optimal AF4 and CE conditions. We also proved that EVs could be resolved from free proteins and high-density lipoproteins by AF4 and be further separated from the low-density lipoproteins co-eluted in AF4. The effectiveness of the coupled AF4-CE system in EV analysis was demonstrated by monitoring the changes in EV secretion from cells and by direct injection of human serum and detection of serum EVs. We believe that coupling AF4 and CE can provide rapid EV quantification in biological samples with much reduced matrix interference and be valuable for the study of total EVs and EV subpopulations produced by cells or present in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zachary Hutchins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zongbo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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