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Park J. Smartphone based lateral flow immunoassay quantifications. J Immunol Methods 2024; 533:113745. [PMID: 39173705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFI) is a disposable tool designed to detect target substances using minimal resources. For qualitative analysis, LFI does not require a device (i.e., reader) to interpret test results. However, various studies have been conducted to implement quantitative analysis using LFI systems, incorporating LFI along with electrical/electronic readers, to overcome the limitations associated with qualitative LFI analysis. The reader used for the quantitative analysis of LFI should ensure mobility for easy on-site diagnostics and inspections, be user-friendly in operation, and have a fast processing speed until the results are obtained. Due to these requirements, smartphones are increasingly utilized as readers in quantitative analysis of LFI. Among the various components constituting a smartphone, high-performance cameras can serve as sensors converting visual signals into electrical signals. With powerful processing units, large storage capacity, and network capabilities for transmitting analysis results, smartphones are also utilized as interfaces for quantitative analysis. Absolutely, the widespread global use of smartphones is a key advantage, leading to their utilization as diagnostic devices for acquiring, analyzing, storing, and transmitting assay test results. This paper summarizes research cases where smartphones are utilized as readers for quantitative LFI systems used in confirming contamination in food or the environment, detecting drugs, and diagnosing diseases in humans or animals. The systems are classified based on the types of label particles used in the assay, and efforts to improve the quantitative analysis performance for each are examined. Cases where smartphones were used as LFI readers for the diagnosis of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), which has recently caused significant global damage, have also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan 38428, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Khachornsakkul K, Del-Rio-Ruiz R, Asci C, Sonkusale S. NFC-enabled photothermal-based microfluidic paper analytical device for glucose detection. Analyst 2024; 149:3756-3764. [PMID: 38837236 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00506f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces the development of a photothermal-based microfluidic paper analytical device (PT-µPAD) integrated with near-field communication (NFC) technology and smartphone readout for enzyme-free glucose quantification in human samples. With the properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) both as a nanozyme and as a photothermal substrate, there is no need for costly reagents like enzymes or a readout instrumentation for the selective and sensitive detection of glucose. In PT-µPADs, AuNPs are etched by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated from glucose catalysis. Photothermal detection from the plasmonic heating of these AuNPs when illuminated by a 533nm LED light source is achieved by inserting the PT-µPAD sensor into a portable NFC platform suitable for smartphone readout. Temperature variation is directly proportional to the glucose concentration. After optimization, we acquired a linear range between 5.0 and 20.0 µmol L-1 (R2 = 0.9967) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 25.0 nmol L-1 for glucose. Additionally, while our sensor does not utilize any enzyme, it is remarkably selective to glucose with no effects from interferences. Recovery studies in various human control samples indicated a range of 99.73-102.66% with the highest RSD of 3.53%, making it highly accurate and precise. Moreover, our method is more sensitive than other methods relying on conventional µPADs for glucose sensing. By integrating the potential benefits of microfluidics, nanomaterials as nanozymes, and NFC technology for wireless readout, our sensor demonstrates great promise as an accessible, affordable, and shelf-stable device for glucose quantification. Moreover, this concept can be extended to detect other molecules of interest as a point-of-care (POC) diagnostics device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawin Khachornsakkul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ruben Del-Rio-Ruiz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Cihan Asci
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Sameer Sonkusale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
- Nano Lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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3
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Peala W, Kitchanakan P, Khongchareonporn N, Angsujinda K, Sittidech A, Wanganurakkul S, Chintapitaksakul L, Suea-Ngam A, Wang SF, Kunpatee K, Chaiyo S, Assavalapsakul W. Paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for highly sensitive detection of chicken anemia virus. Talanta 2024; 272:125820. [PMID: 38430864 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality in young chickens. Given the importance of timely detection for maintaining livestock quality, there is a pressing need for rapid and field-deployable diagnostic tools. This study introduces a highly sensitive paper-based electrochemical immunosensor (PEI) for the detection of the 60 amino acid N-terminally truncated viral protein 1 (Δ60VP1), a derivative of the CAV capsid (VP1). A custom antibody was produced for precise immunoassay detection, with results obtainable within 30 min using Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV). The underlying mechanism involves an immunocomplex in the sample zone that hinders the electron transfer of redox species, thereby reducing the current signal in proportion to the Δ60VP1 concentration. Under optimal conditions, the detection linearity for Δ60VP1 ranged from 80 to 2500 ng/mL, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 25 ng/mL. This device was then successfully applied to detect VP1 in 29 chicken serum samples, achieving 91.6% sensitivity and 94.1% selectivity. In conclusion, the PEI device presents a promising solution for rapid, sensitive, and disposable detection of chicken pathogens, potentially revolutionizing productivity and quality assurance in chicken farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisuttiya Peala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Phatpimol Kitchanakan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nanthika Khongchareonporn
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kitipong Angsujinda
- Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Akekarach Sittidech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Saruda Wanganurakkul
- Veterinary Research and Development Center, Eastern Region, Department of Livestock Development, Chonburi, 20220, Thailand
| | | | - Akkapol Suea-Ngam
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Kanjana Kunpatee
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sudkate Chaiyo
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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4
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Gonzalez-Macia L, Li Y, Zhang K, Nunez-Bajo E, Barandun G, Cotur Y, Asfour T, Olenik S, Coatsworth P, Herrington J, Güder F. NFC-enabled potentiostat and nitrocellulose-based metal electrodes for electrochemical lateral flow assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116124. [PMID: 38359669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Rapid detection of pathogens at the point-of-need is crucial for preventing the spread of human, animal and plant diseases which can have devastating consequences both on the lives and livelihood of billions of people. Colorimetric, lateral flow assays consisting of a nitrocellulose membrane, are the preferred format today for low-cost on-site detection of pathogens. This assay format has, however, historically suffered from poor analytical performance and is not compatible with digital technologies. In this work, we report the development of a new class of digital diagnostics platform for precision point-of-need testing. This new versatile platform consists of two important innovations: i) A wireless and batteryless, microcontroller-based, low-cost Near Field Communication (NFC)-enabled potentiostat that brings high performance electroanalytical techniques (cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, square wave voltammetry) to the field. The NFC-potentiostat can be operated with a mobile app by minimally trained users; ii) A new approach for producing nitrocellulose membranes with integrated electrodes that facilitate high performance electrochemical detection at the point-of-need. We produced an integrated system housed in a 3D-printed phone case and demonstrated its use for the detection of Maize Mosaic Virus (MMV), a plant pathogen, as a proof-of-concept application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kaijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Giandrin Barandun
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yasin Cotur
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek Asfour
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Selin Olenik
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Coatsworth
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Herrington
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Deenin W, Wenninger N, Schmid MG, Kalcher K, Ortner A, Chaiyo S. Rapid electrochemical lateral flow device for the detection of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341768. [PMID: 37827668 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is a plant that is harmful and beneficial because it contains more than 400 bioactive compounds, and the main compounds are Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Currently, cannabis extracts are used in medicine, but the amount of THC as a main psychoactive component is strictly regulated. Therefore, the ability to rapidly and accurately detect THC is important. Herein, we developed a sensitive electrochemical method combining a rapid lateral flow assay (LFA) to detect THC rapidly. An electrochemical LFA device was constructed by attaching a screen-printed electrode inside a lateral-flow device to exploit the remarkable binding of THC to the cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor in the test zone. The ferrocene carboxylic acid attached to the monoclonal THC antibody acts as an electroactive species when it binds to the THC in the sample before it flows continuously to the CB2 receptor region on the electrode. Under optimal conditions, the detection time is within 6 min and the devise shows excellent performance with a detection limit of 1.30 ng/mL. Additionally, the device could be applied to detect THC in hemp extract samples. The results obtained from this sensor are similar to the standard method (HPLC) for detecting THC. Therefore, this proposed device is useful as an alternative device for the on-site determination of THC because it is inexpensive, portable, and exhibits high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Deenin
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nadine Wenninger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Martin G Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Kurt Kalcher
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Astrid Ortner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, Graz, 8010, Austria.
| | - Sudkate Chaiyo
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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6
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Huang X, Chen L, Zhi W, Zeng R, Ji G, Cai H, Xu J, Wang J, Chen S, Tang Y, Zhang J, Zhou H, Sun P. Urchin-Shaped Au-Ag@Pt Sensor Integrated Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Multimodal Detection and Specific Discrimination of Clinical Multiple Bacterial Infections. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13101-13112. [PMID: 37526338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
A new lateral flow immunoassay strip (LFIA) combining sensitive detection and identification of multiple bacteria remains a huge challenge. In this study, we first developed multifunctional urchin-shaped Au-Ag@Pt nanoparticles (UAA@P NPs) with a unique combination of colorimetric-SERS-photothermal-catalytic (CM/SERS/PT/CL) properties and integrated them with LFIA for multiplexed detection and specific discrimination of pathogenic bacteria in blood samples. Unlike the conventional LFIA that relied on antibody (Ab), this novel LFIA introduced 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) as an ideal Ab replacer that was functionalized on UAA@P NPs (UAA@P/M NPs) with outstanding binding and enrichment capacities toward bacteria. Taking Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as model bacteria, the limit of detection (LOD) was 3 CFU/mL for SERS-LFIA, 27 CFU/mL for PT-LFIA, and 18 CFU/mL for CL-LFIA, three of which were over 330-fold, 37-fold, and 55-fold more sensitive than ordinary visual CM-LFIA, respectively. Besides, this SERS-LFIA is capable of identifying three types of bacterial spiked blood samples (E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa) effectively according to specific bacterial Raman "fingerprints" by partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). More importantly, this LFIA was successfully applied to blood samples with satisfactory recoveries from 90.3% to 108.8% and capable of identifying the infected patients (N = 4) from healthy subjects (N = 2) with great accuracy. Overall, the multimodal LFIA incorporates bacteria discrimination and quantitative detection, offering an avenue for early warning and diagnosis of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lingzhi Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weixia Zhi
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Runmin Zeng
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guanxu Ji
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Huaihong Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jun Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shanze Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pinghua Sun
- The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Norouzi S, Dashtian K, Amourizi F, Zare-Dorabei R. Red-emissive carbon nanostructure-anchored molecularly imprinted Er-BTC MOF: a biosensor for visual anthrax monitoring. Analyst 2023. [PMID: 37366050 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00865g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Investigating effective fluorescence strategies for real-time monitoring of dipicolinic acid (DPA) is of paramount importance in safeguarding human health. Herein, we present the design of a desirable red-emissive carbon nanostructure anchoring a molecularly imprinted Er-BTC MOF as a fluorescence biosensor for the visual determination of DPA. DPA is a biomarker of Bacillus anthracis, a subcategory of serious infectious diseases and bioweapons. We introduce a paper test strip sensitized with the aforementioned nanostructure, which is integrated with online UV excitation and smartphone digital imaging, resulting in a DPA signal-off sensing platform. The proposed fluorometric visual paper-based biosensor demonstrates wide linear ranges for DPA (10-125 μM) with a LOQ and LOD of 4.32 and 1.28 μM, respectively. The designed platform exhibits impressive emission properties and adaptable surface functional groups, which confirm its desirable selective sensing capabilities against other biological molecules and DPA isomers. As a proof of concept, DPA monitoring is successfully applied to real samples of tap water and urine. This integrated selective paper-based nano-biosensor, coupled with smartphone signal recording, holds great promise for state-of-the-art practical applications including fluorometric/colorimetric detection in healthcare and environmental monitoring, food safety analysis, and point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Norouzi
- Research Laboratory of Spectrometry & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Kheibar Dashtian
- Research Laboratory of Spectrometry & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Amourizi
- Research Laboratory of Spectrometry & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Rouholah Zare-Dorabei
- Research Laboratory of Spectrometry & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
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