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Liang SY, Cua Estayan MI, Hsieh LW, Pan MC, Li KX, Chang HC, Peng WP. Real-Time Monitoring of the Evaporation and Fission of Electrospray-Ionized Polystyrene Beads and Bacterial Pellets at Elevated Temperatures. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7179-7186. [PMID: 38661266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This study uses real-time monitoring, at microsecond time scales, with a charge-sensing particle detector to investigate the evaporation and fission processes of methanol/micrometer-sized polystyrene beads (PS beads) droplets and bacterial particles droplets generated via electrospray ionization (ESI) under elevated temperatures. By incrementally raising capillary temperatures, the solvent, such as methanol on 0.75 μm PS beads, experiences partial evaporation. Further temperature increase induces fission, and methanol molecules continue to evaporate until PS ions are detected after this range. Similar partial evaporation is observed on 3 μm PS beads. However, the shorter period of the fission temperature range is necessary compared to 0.75 μm PS beads. For the spherical-shaped bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, the desolvation process shows a similar fission period as compared to 0.75 μm PS beads. Comparably, the rod-shaped bacteria, Escherichia coli EC11303, and E. coli strain W have shorter fission periods than S. aureus. This research provides insights into the evaporation and fission mechanisms of ESI droplets containing different sizes and shapes of micrometer-sized particles, contributing to a better understanding of gaseous macroion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yu Liang
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
| | - Mhar Ian Cua Estayan
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Li-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
| | - Meng-Cheng Pan
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
| | - Kai-Xiang Li
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10617
| | - Wen-Ping Peng
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
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Lima C, Muhamadali H, Goodacre R. Monitoring Phenotype Heterogeneity at the Single-Cell Level within Bacillus Populations Producing Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate by Label-Free Super-resolution Infrared Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17733-17740. [PMID: 37997371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity is commonly found among bacterial cells within microbial populations due to intrinsic factors as well as equipping the organisms to respond to external perturbations. The emergence of phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial populations, particularly in the context of using these bacteria as microbial cell factories, is a major concern for industrial bioprocessing applications. This is due to the potential impact on overall productivity by allowing the growth of subpopulations consisting of inefficient producer cells. Monitoring the spread of phenotypes across bacterial cells within the same population at the single-cell level is key to the development of robust, high-yield bioprocesses. Here, we discuss the novel development of optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy to probe phenotypic heterogeneity within Bacillus strains by monitoring the production of the bioplastic poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) at the single-cell level. Measurements obtained on single-point and in imaging mode show significant variability in the PHB content within bacterial cells, ranging from whether or not a cell produces PHB to variations in the intragranular biochemistry of PHB within bacterial cells. Our results show the ability of O-PTIR spectroscopy to probe PHB production at the single-cell level in a rapid, label-free, and semiquantitative manner. These findings highlight the potential of O-PTIR spectroscopy in single-cell microbial metabolomics as a whole-organism fingerprinting tool that can be used to monitor the dynamic of bacterial populations as well as for understanding their mechanisms for dealing with environmental stress, which is crucial for metabolic engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio Lima
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Howbeer Muhamadali
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
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Rizzarelli P, Leanza M, Rapisarda M. Investigations into the characterization, degradation, and applications of biodegradable polymers by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 38014928 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have been getting more and more attention because of their contribution to the plastic pollution environmental issues and to move towards a circular economy. Nevertheless, biodegradable materials still exhibit various disadvantages restraining a widespread use in the market. Therefore, additional research efforts are required to improve their performance. Mass spectrometry (MS) affords a relevant contribution to optimize biodegradable polymer synthesis, to confirm macromolecular structures, to examine along the time the progress of degradation processes and highlight advantages and drawbacks in the extensive applications. This review aims to provide an overview of the MS investigations carried out to support the synthesis of biodegradable polymers, with helpful information on undesirable products or polymerization mechanism, to understand deterioration pathways by the structure of degradation products and to follow drug release and pharmacokinetic. Additionally, it summarizes MS studies addressed on environmental and health issues related to the extensive use of plastic materials, that is, potential migration of additives or microplastics identification and quantification. The paper is focused on the most significant studies relating to synthetic and microbial biodegradable polymers published in the last 15 years, not including agro-polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Melania Leanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
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Saito K, Reddy MV, Sarkar O, Kumar AN, Choi D, Chang YC. Quantification of the Monomer Compositions of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) by Alkaline Hydrolysis and Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050618. [PMID: 37237688 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing interest in bioplastics, there is an urgent need to develop rapid analysis methods linked to production technology development. This study focused on the production of a commercially non-available homopolymer, poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(3HV)), and a commercially available copolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(3HB-co-3HV)), through fermentation using two different bacterial strains. The bacteria Chromobacterium violaceum and Bacillus sp. CYR1 were used to produce P(3HV) and P(3HB-co-3HV), respectively. The bacterium Bacillus sp. CYR1 produced 415 mg/L of P(3HB-co-3HV) when incubated with acetic acid and valeric acid as the carbon sources, whereas the bacterium C. violaceum produced 0.198 g of P(3HV)/g dry biomass when incubated with sodium valerate as the carbon source. Additionally, we developed a fast, simple, and inexpensive method to quantify P(3HV) and P(3HB-co-3HV) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As the alkaline decomposition of P(3HB-co-3HV) releases 2-butenoic acid (2BE) and 2-pentenoic acid (2PE), we were able to determine the concentration using HPLC. Moreover, calibration curves were prepared using standard 2BE and 2PE, along with sample 2BE and 2PE produced by the alkaline decomposition of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and P(3HV), respectively. Finally, the HPLC results obtained by our new method were compared using gas chromatography (GC) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Saito
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
| | - M Venkateswar Reddy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Omprakash Sarkar
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - A Naresh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - DuBok Choi
- Faculty of Advanced Industry Convergence, Chosun University, Kwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Cheol Chang
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
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High-throughput determination of dry mass of single bacterial cells by ultrathin membrane resonators. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1227. [PMID: 36369276 PMCID: PMC9651879 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How bacteria are able to maintain their size remains an open question. Techniques that can measure the biomass (dry mass) of single cells with high precision and high-throughput are demanded to elucidate this question. Here, we present a technological approach that combines the transport, guiding and focusing of individual bacteria from solution to the surface of an ultrathin silicon nitride membrane resonator in vacuum. The resonance frequencies of the membrane undergo abrupt variations at the instants where single cells land on the membrane surface. The resonator design displays a quasi-symmetric rectangular shape with an extraordinary capture area of 0.14 mm2, while maintaining a high mass resolution of 0.7 fg (1 fg = 10−15 g) to precisely resolve the dry mass of single cells. The small rectangularity of the membrane provides unprecedented frequency density of vibration modes that enables to retrieve the mass of individual cells with high accuracy by specially developed inverse problem theory. We apply this approach for profiling the dry mass distribution in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli cells. The technique allows the determination of the dry mass of single bacterial cells with an accuracy of about 1% at an unparalleled throughput of 20 cells/min. Finally, we revisit Koch & Schaechter model developed during 60 s to assess the intrinsic sources of stochasticity that originate cell size heterogeneity in steady-state populations. The results reveal the importance of mass resolution to correctly describe these mechanisms. A technological approach combines transport, guiding and focusing of individual bacteria from solution to ultrathin membrane resonators for dry mass determination of single cells with accuracy within 1% and throughput of 20 cells/min.
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