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Li L, Chen C, Bu Y, Wang J, Shao J, Li A, Lin H, Gao J. Fluorinated 1,7-DO2A-Based Iron(II) Complexes as Sensitive 19F MRI Molecular Probes for Visualizing Renal Dysfunction in Living Mice. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38885015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Kidney diseases have become an important global health concern due to their high incidence, inefficient diagnosis, and poor prognosis. Devising direct methods, especially imaging means, to assess renal function is the key for better understanding the mechanisms of various kidney diseases and subsequent development of effective treatment. Herein, we developed a fluorinated ferrous chelate-based sensitive probe, 1,7-DO2A-Fe(II)-F18 (Probe 1), for 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This highly fluorinated probe (containing 18 chemically equivalent 19F atoms with a fluorine content at 35 wt %) achieves a 15-time enhancement in signal intensity compared with the fluorine-containing ligand alone due to the appropriately regulated 19F relaxation times by the ferrous ion, which significantly increases imaging sensitivity and reduces acquisition time. Owing to its high aqueous solubility, biostability, and biocompatibility, this probe could be rapidly cleared by kidneys, which provides a means for monitoring renal dysfunction via 19F MRI. With this probe, we accomplish in vivo imaging of the impaired renal dysfunction caused by various kidney diseases including acute kidney injury, unilateral ureteral obstruction, and renal fibrosis at different stages. Our study illustrates the promising potential of Probe 1 for in vivo real-time visualization of kidney dysfunction, which is beneficial for the study, diagnosis, and even stratification of different kidney diseases. Furthermore, the design strategy of our probe is inspiring for the development of more high-performance 19F MRI probes for monitoring various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxuan Li
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chuankai Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yifan Bu
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Juan Shao
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ao Li
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jinhao Gao
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Yuan M, Han Z, Li Y, Zhan X, Sun Y, He B, Liang Y, Luo K, Li F. A pH-responsive nanoplatform with dual-modality imaging for enhanced cancer phototherapy and diagnosis of lung metastasis. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:180. [PMID: 38622591 PMCID: PMC11017640 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
To address the limitations of traditional photothermal therapy (PTT)/ photodynamic therapy (PDT) and real-time cancer metastasis detection, a pH-responsive nanoplatform (NP) with dual-modality imaging capability was rationally designed. Herein, 1 H,1 H-undecafluorohexylamine (PFC), served as both an oxygen carrier and a 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe, and photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) were grafted onto the pH-responsive peptide hexahistidine (H6) to form H6-PFC-ICG (HPI). Subsequently, the heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, gambogic acid (GA), was incorporated into hyaluronic acid (HA) modified HPI (HHPI), yielding the ultimate HHPI@GA NPs. Upon self-assembly, HHPI@GA NPs passively accumulated in tumor tissues, facilitating oxygen release and HA-mediated cell uptake. Once phagocytosed by lysosomes, protonation of H6 was triggered due to the low pH, resulting in the release of GA. With near-infrared laser irradiation, GA-mediated decreased HSP90 expression and PFC-mediated increased ROS generation amplified the PTT/PDT effect of HHPI@GA, leading to excellent in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacies. Additionally, the fluorescence and 19F MRI dual-imaging capabilities of HHPI@GA NPs enabled effective real-time primary cancer and lung metastasis monitoring. This work offers a novel approach for enhanced cancer phototherapy, as well as precise cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujie Yuan
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zeyu Han
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xin Zhan
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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Li Y, Zeng P, Lou Q, Su X, Li W, Wang X. Prediction of 19F NMR chemical shifts for organic compounds with ORCA. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2024; 358:107611. [PMID: 38104491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assignment of 19F NMR has long been a challenge, and quantum chemical methods are possible solutions. Herein we reported a scaling method for the prediction of 19F NMR chemical shift with freely available ORCA program package. Performance of 31 DFT functionals coupled with 11 basis sets were evaluated and influence of geometry optimization was also studied with five functionals coupled with three basis sets. The significance of geometry was further examined through the execution of relaxed surface scans of seven flexible compounds, and averaged shieldings of obtained conformers yielded notable improvement of the correlation between calculated isotropic shielidings and experimental chemical shifts. Utilization of the best scaling factor obtained successfully assigned of fluorine atoms in multifluorinated molecules with different conformations. The method reported here was computationally inexpensive, easily available with acceptable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qing Lou
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China(1)
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Fan Y, Chen D, Chen L, Liu K, Zheng Y, Li L, Li J, Lin H, Gao J. Fluorinated Iron Metal-Organic Frameworks for Activatable 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Synergistic Therapy of Tumors. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11989-11998. [PMID: 38064383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to their appealing physiochemical properties, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely employed in biomedical fields. In this study, we utilize ferric ions and fluorine-containing organic ligands as both structural and functional units to develop a stimulus-responsive nanoagent, 19FIMOF-TA nanoparticles, for activatable 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and synergistic therapy of tumors. This nanoagent could respond to excess GSH in a tumor microenvironment, discharging fluorinated organic ligands and reduced ferrous ions. The release of these fluorine-containing small molecules results in boosting of the 19F MRI signals, which could be further enhanced by the photothermal effect of this nanoagent to achieve a responsive cascaded amplification of 19F MRI signals for tumor visualization. Meanwhile, ferroptosis promoted by the ferrous ions leads to significant tumor cell death, which is synergistically aggravated by the photothermal effect. The encouraging results illustrate the promising potential of our nanoagent for effective tumor imaging and combinative cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dongxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Limin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuanxi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lingxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jinhao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Chen D, Lin Y, Fan Y, Li L, Tan C, Wang J, Lin H, Gao J. Glycan Metabolic Fluorine Labeling for In Vivo Visualization of Tumor Cells and In Situ Assessment of Glycosylation Variations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313753. [PMID: 37899303 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The abnormality in the glycosylation of surface proteins is critical for the growth and metastasis of tumors and their capacity for immunosuppression and drug resistance. This anomaly offers an entry point for real-time analysis on glycosylation fluctuations. In this study, we report a strategy, glycan metabolic fluorine labeling (MEFLA), for selectively tagging glycans of tumor cells. As a proof of concept, we synthesized two fluorinated unnatural monosaccharides with distinctive 19 F chemical shifts (Ac4 ManNTfe and Ac4 GalNTfa). These two probes could undergo selective uptake by tumor cells and subsequent incorporation into surface glycans. This approach enables efficient and specific 19 F labeling of tumor cells, which permits in vivo tracking of tumor cells and in situ assessment of glycosylation changes by 19 F MRI. The efficiency and specificity of our probes for labeling tumor cells were verified in vitro with A549 cells. The feasibility of our method was further validated with in vivo experiments on A549 tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, the capacity of our approach for assessing glycosylation changes of tumor cells was illustrated both in vitro and in vivo. Our studies provide a promising means for visualizing tumor cells in vivo and assessing their glycosylation variations in situ through targeted multiplexed 19 F MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yaying Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yifan Fan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lingxuan Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chenlei Tan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jinhao Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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Koucký F, Kotek J, Císařová I, Havlíčková J, Kubíček V, Hermann P. Transition metal complexes of cyclam with two 2,2,2-trifluoroethylphosphinate pendant arms as probes for 19F magnetic resonance imaging. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12208-12223. [PMID: 37401675 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01420g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
A new cyclam-based ligand bearing two methylene(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate pendant arms was synthesized and its coordination behaviour towards selected divalent transition metal ions [Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)] was studied. The ligand was found to be very selective for the Cu(II) ion according to the common Williams-Irving trend. Complexes with all the studied metal ions were structurally characterized. The Cu(II) ion forms two isomeric complexes; the pentacoordinated isomer pc-[Cu(L)] is the kinetic product and the octahedral trans-O,O'-[Cu(L)] isomer is the final (thermodynamic) product of the complexation reaction. Other studied metal ions form octahedral cis-O,O'-[M(L)] complexes. The complexes with paramagnetic metal ions showed a significant shortening of 19F NMR longitudinal relaxation times (T1) to the millisecond range [Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes] or tens of milliseconds [Co(II) complex] at the temperature and magnetic field relevant for 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Such a short T1 results from a short distance between the paramagnetic metal ion and the fluorine atoms (∼6.1-6.4 Å). The complexes show high kinetic inertness towards acid-assisted dissociation; in particular, the trans-O,O'-[Cu(L)] complex was found to be extremely inert with a dissociation half-time of 2.8 h in 1 M HCl at 90 °C. Together with the short relaxation time, it potentially enables in vitro/in vivo utilization of the complexes as efficient contrast agents for 19F MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Koucký
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 42 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kotek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 42 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 42 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Havlíčková
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 42 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtěch Kubíček
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 42 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Hermann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 42 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Nguyen AT, Kim HK. Recent Developments in PET and SPECT Radiotracers as Radiopharmaceuticals for Hypoxia Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1840. [PMID: 37514026 PMCID: PMC10385036 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a deficiency in the levels of oxygen, is a common feature of most solid tumors and induces many characteristics of cancer. Hypoxia is associated with metastases and strong resistance to radio- and chemotherapy, and can decrease the accuracy of cancer prognosis. Non-invasive imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using hypoxia-targeting radiopharmaceuticals have been used for the detection and therapy of tumor hypoxia. Nitroimidazoles are bioreducible moieties that can be selectively reduced under hypoxic conditions covalently bind to intracellular macromolecules, and are trapped within hypoxic cells and tissues. Recently, there has been a strong motivation to develop PET and SPECT radiotracers as radiopharmaceuticals containing nitroimidazole moieties for the visualization and treatment of hypoxic tumors. In this review, we summarize the development of some novel PET and SPECT radiotracers as radiopharmaceuticals containing nitroimidazoles, as well as their physicochemical properties, in vitro cellular uptake values, in vivo biodistribution, and PET/SPECT imaging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
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