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Hui Y, Guo H, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xiao H. Two spirobifluene-based turn-on fluorescent probes for highly selective detection of Cysteine and the applications in cells two-photon fluorescence imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 316:124342. [PMID: 38676981 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Two spirobifluene-based fluorescent probes SPF1 and SPF2, were designed and synthesized. The probes displayed "turn-on" fluorescence response for Cysteine. One of the challenges in developing a Cysteine probe is to secure high selectivity. SPF1/SPF2 can discriminate Cysteine from GSH as well as Hcy, and showed high substrate selectivity. The detection limit of SPF1 is 36 nM, which is excellent comparing with other optical sensors for Cysteine. The sensing mechanism of SPF1/SPF2 was verified by experimental data and theoretical calculations. There was a good linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of SPF1/SPF2 and the concentration of Cysteine. The MTT tests indicated that SPF1/SPF2 had low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. Theoretical calculations demonstrated that SPF1, SPF2, and their related reaction products with Cysteine exhibited good two-photon absorption properties. Finally, SPF1/SPF2 had been successfully applied to the imaging of Cysteine in living cells under two-photon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Hui
- Department of chemistrys, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234 PR China
| | - Hongda Guo
- Department of chemistrys, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234 PR China
| | - Yeshen Liu
- Department of chemistrys, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234 PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of chemistrys, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234 PR China
| | - Haibo Xiao
- Department of chemistrys, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234 PR China.
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2
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Ma Q, Liu S, Xu J, Mao G, Wang G, Hou S, Ma Y, Lian Y. A coumarin-naphthalimide-based ratiometric fluorescent probe for nitroxyl (HNO) based on an ICT-FRET mechanism. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 323:124876. [PMID: 39059141 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Nitroxyl (HNO) is an important reactive nitrogen that is associated with various states in physiology and pathology and plays a unique function in living systems. So, it is important to exploit fluorescent probes with high sensitivity and selectivity for sensing HNO. In this paper, a novel ratiometric fluorescent probe for HNO was developed utilizing intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms. The probe selected coumarin as energy donor, naphthalimide as energy receptor and 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate as the sensing site for detecting HNO. When HNO was not present, the 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate unit of the probe restricted electron transfer and the ICT process could not occur, leading to the inhibition of FRET process as well. Thus, in the absence of HNO the probe displayed the intrinsic blue fluorescence of coumarin. When HNO was added, the HNO reacted with the 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate unit of the probe to yield a hydroxyl group which resulting in the opening of ICT process and the occurring of FRET process. Thus, after providing HNO the probe displayed yellow fluorescence. In addition, the probe showed good linearity in the ratio of fluorescence intensity at 545 nm and 472 nm (I545 nm/I472 nm) with a concentration of HNO (0.1-20 μM). The probe processed a detection limit of 0.014 μM and a response time of 4 min. The probe also specifically identified HNO over a wide pH scope (pH = 4.00-10.00), including physiological conditions. Cellular experiments had shown that this fluorescent probe was virtually non-cytotoxic and could be applied for ratiometric sensing of HNO in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Research, Development and Application, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| | - Shuangyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Junhong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, PR China.
| | - Guojiang Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Gege Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Shuqi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Yijie Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Yujie Lian
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
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3
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Porcu S, Corpino R, Carbonaro CM, Ricci PC, Vargiu AV, Sanna AL, Sforazzini G, Chiriu D. Promising Molecular Architectures for Two-Photon Probes in the Diagnosis of α-Synuclein Aggregates. Molecules 2024; 29:2817. [PMID: 38930882 PMCID: PMC11207056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The abnormal deposition of protein in the brain is the central factor in neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). These detrimental aggregates, stemming from the misfolding and subsequent irregular aggregation of α-synuclein protein, are primarily accountable for conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. Two-photon-excited (TPE) probes are a promising tool for the early-stage diagnosis of these pathologies as they provide accurate spatial resolution, minimal intrusion, and the ability for prolonged observation. To identify compounds with the potential to function as diagnostic probes using two-photon techniques, we explore three distinct categories of compounds: Hydroxyl azobenzene (AZO-OH); Dicyano-vinyl bithiophene (DCVBT); and Tetra-amino phthalocyanine (PcZnNH2). The molecules were structurally and optically characterized using a multi-technique approach via UV-vis absorption, Raman spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence mapping (PLE), time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), and pump and probe measurements. Furthermore, quantum chemical and molecular docking calculations were performed to provide insights into the photophysical properties of the compounds as well as to assess their affinity with the α-synuclein protein. This innovative approach seeks to enhance the accuracy of in vivo probing, contributing to early Parkinson's disease (PD) detection and ultimately allowing for targeted intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Porcu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP n°8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (S.P.); (R.C.); (C.M.C.); (P.C.R.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Riccardo Corpino
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP n°8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (S.P.); (R.C.); (C.M.C.); (P.C.R.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Carlo Maria Carbonaro
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP n°8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (S.P.); (R.C.); (C.M.C.); (P.C.R.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Pier Carlo Ricci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP n°8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (S.P.); (R.C.); (C.M.C.); (P.C.R.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Attilio Vittorio Vargiu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP n°8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (S.P.); (R.C.); (C.M.C.); (P.C.R.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Anna Laura Sanna
- Department of Chemistry and Hearth Science, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP n°8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Sforazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Hearth Science, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP n°8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy;
| | - Daniele Chiriu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP n°8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (S.P.); (R.C.); (C.M.C.); (P.C.R.); (A.V.V.)
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4
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Qi FY, Qiao L, Peng L, Yang Y, Zhang CH, Liu X. An activatable fluorescent-photoacoustic dual-modal probe for highly sensitive imaging of nitroxyl in vivo. Analyst 2024; 149:2299-2305. [PMID: 38516833 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00188e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Nitroxyl (HNO) plays a vital role in various biological functions and pharmacological activities, so the development of an excellent near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) and photoacoustic (PA) dual-modality probe is crucial for understanding HNO-related physiological and pathological progression. Herein, we proposed and synthesized a novel NIRF/PA dual probe (QL-HNO) by substituting an indole with quinolinium in hemicyanine for the sensitive detection of exogenous and endogenous HNO in vivo. The designed probe showed the highest sensitivity in NIRF mode and a desirable PA signal-to-noise ratio for HNO detection in vitro and was further applied for NIRF/PA dual-modal imaging of HNO with high contrast in living cells and tumor-bearing animals. Based on the excellent performance of QL-HNO, we believe that this study provides a promising molecular tool for further understanding of HNO-related physiological and pathological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yuan Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- Central Laboratory of the Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lan Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
| | - Chong-Hua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
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5
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Xu Z, Liu S, Xu L, Li Z, Zhang X, Kang H, Liu Y, Yu J, Jing J, Niu G, Zhang X. A novel ratiometric fluorescent probe with high selectivity for lysosomal nitric oxide imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1297:342303. [PMID: 38438223 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays critical roles in both physiology and pathology, serving as a significant signaling molecule. Recent investigations have uncovered the pivotal role of lysosome as a critical organelle where intracellular NO exists and takes function. In this study, we developed a novel ratiometric fluorescent probe called XL-NO and modified it with a morpholine unit, which followed the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. The probe could detect lysosomal nitric oxide with high selectivity and sensitivity. The probe XL-NO contained a secondary amine moiety that could readily react with NO in lysosomes, leading to the formation of the N-nitrosation product. The N-nitroso structure enhanced the capability in push-pull electron, which obviously led to the change of fluorescence from 621 nm to 521 nm. In addition, XL-NO was discovered to have some evident advantages, such as significant ratiometric signal (I521/I621) change, strong anti-interference ability, good biocompatibility, and a low detection limit (LOD = 44.3 nM), which were crucial for the detection of lysosomal NO. To evaluate the practical application of XL-NO, NO imaging experiments were performed in both living cells and zebrafish. The results from these experiments confirmed the feasibility and reliability of XL-NO for exogenous/endogenous NO imaging and lysosome targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Songtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Liren Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Zichun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China; School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Hao Kang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China; School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Guangle Niu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Analytical and Testing Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China; School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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6
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Sun X, Jiang Q, Zhang Y, Su J, Liu W, Lv J, Yang F, Shu W. Advances in fluorescent probe development for bioimaging of potential Parkinson's biomarkers. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116195. [PMID: 38330868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. The clinical symptoms of PD are usually related to motor symptoms, including postural instability, rigidity, bradykinesia, and resting tremors. At present, the pathology of PD is not yet clear. Therefore, revealing the underlying pathological mechanism of PD is of great significance. A variety of bioactive molecules are produced during the onset of Parkinson's, and these bioactive molecules may be a key factor in the development of Parkinson's. The emerging fluorescence imaging technology has good sensitivity and high signal-to-noise ratio, making it possible to deeply understand the pathogenesis of PD through these bioactive molecules. Currently, fluorescent probes targeting PD biomarkers are widely developed and applied. This article categorizes and summarizes fluorescent probes based on different PD biomarkers, systematically introduces their applications in the pathological process of PD, and finally briefly elaborates on the challenges and prospects of these probes. We hope that this review will provide in-depth reference insights for designing fluorescent probes, and contribute to study of the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, PR China
| | - Qingqing Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, PR China
| | - Jiali Su
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, PR China
| | - Wenqu Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Lv
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, PR China.
| | - Fengtang Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, PR China.
| | - Wei Shu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, PR China.
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7
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Liu M, Zhu H, Fang Y, Liu C, Wang K, Zhang X, Li X, Ma L, Yu M, Sheng W, Zhu B. 3D-printed colorimetric copper ion detection kit and portable fluorescent sensing device using smartphone based on ratiometric fluorescent probes. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1286:341980. [PMID: 38049232 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper ion (Cu2+) is not only a transition metal ion but also a significant environmental pollutant. The imbalance of Cu2+ content will threaten the safety of the environment and even life. The portable detection devices based on ratiometric fluorescent probes have garnered increasing attention and acclaim because of their reliable analysis parameters. Therefore, two Cu2+ ratiometric fluorescent probes (RH-1 and RH-2) were developed, which exhibit pronounced fluorescence changes, high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and large Stokes shift. Both probes are capable of detecting Cu2+ in water and milk samples. It is worth noting that a 3D-printed fluorescence sensing device was constructed using RH-1, and a new 3D-printed copper ion detection kit was developed based on RH-2, enabling on-the-spot estimation of Cu2+ concentration. These devices significantly facilitate Cu2+ detection in daily life. RH-2 has been successfully employed for imaging Cu2+ in living cells and zebrafish. In conclusion, this work provides, for the first time, the 3D-printed ideal tools for detecting Cu2+. It also provides valuable insights for the establishment of on-site portable detection methods for other important substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Hanchuang Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yikun Fang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xinke Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Lixue Ma
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Miaohui Yu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, China
| | - Baocun Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
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8
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Fang Z, Chen H. The in vivo drug delivery pattern of the organelle-targeting small molecules. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115020. [PMID: 37481114 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell organelles sustain the life of cells. Their structural changes and dysfunctions can cause abnormal physiological activities and lead to various diseases. Molecular imaging technology enables the visualization of subcellular structures, cells, organs, and the whole living body's structure and metabolism dynamic changes. This could help to reveal the pharmacology mechanisms and drug delivery pathway in vivo. This article discusses the relationship between organelles and human disease, reviews recent probes targeting organelles and their behavior in vivo. We found that mitochondria-targeting probes prefer accumulation in the intestine, heart, and tumor. The lysosome-targeting probe accumulates in the intestine and tumor. Few studies on endoplasmic reticulum- or Golgi apparatus-targeting probes have been reported for in vivo imaging. We hope this review could provide new insights for developing and applying organelle-targeting probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Fang
- Molecular Imaging Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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