1
|
Giubertoni G, Rachid MG, Moll C, Hilbers M, Samanipour S, Woutersen S. UV/Visible Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy: A Simultaneous Probe of Molecular Size and Electronic Absorption. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39255422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Based on concepts from nuclear magnetic resonance, we have developed UV/vis diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, which simultaneously probes the size and electronic absorption spectrum of molecules and particles. We use simple flow technology to create a step-function concentration profile inside an optical sample cell, and by measuring the time-dependent absorption spectrum in an initially solvent-filled part of the sample volume, we obtain the diffusion coefficients and UV/vis spectra of the species present in the sample solution. From these data, we construct a two-dimensional spectrum with absorption wavelength on one axis and diffusion coefficient (or equivalently, size) on the other, in which the UV/vis spectrum of a mixture with different molecular sizes is separated into the spectra of the different species, sorted by size. We demonstrate this method on mixed solutions of fluorescent dyes, biomolecules, and the UV-absorbing components of coffee, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid, all with concentrations in the μM range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giubertoni
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Gomes Rachid
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn Moll
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Hilbers
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hiller W, Grabe B, Schonert J. Molar Mass Determination for Small and Large Molecules Using Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39235468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of the most comprehensive universal calibration of molar mass dependences will be presented. For the first time, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) can now provide structure-, solvent-, and temperature-independent molar mass determinations for both small and large molecules. This fundamental theoretical approach provides only one single function which could perfectly describe all molar mass dependences. The new development using DOSY was tested on 477 diffusion coefficients representing altogether 56 molar mass dependences of 30 small molecules in 7 solvents, 5 different polymers in 10 solvents, and 11 temperature dependences of 2 polymers in 2 solvents, respectively. These samples cover a very large range of molar masses varying between 70 g/mol until 1 200 000 g/mol. The derived equation for the molar masses delivered a very good accuracy for all samples and might be one of the best tools for molar mass determinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Bastian Grabe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Jan Schonert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li L, Qu J, Liu W, Peng B, Cong S, Yu H, Zhang B, Li Y. Advancements in Characterization Techniques for Microemulsions: From Molecular Insights to Macroscopic Phenomena. Molecules 2024; 29:2901. [PMID: 38930964 PMCID: PMC11206267 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, optically isotropic, transparent, or semi-transparent mixed solutions composed of two immiscible solvents stabilized by amphiphilic solutes. This comprehensive review explores state-of-the-art techniques for characterizing microemulsions, which are versatile solutions essential across various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, food, and petroleum. This article delves into spectroscopic methods, nuclear magnetic resonance, small-angle scattering, dynamic light scattering, conductometry, zeta potential analysis, cryo-electron microscopy, refractive index measurement, and differential scanning calorimetry, examining each technique's strengths, limitations, and potential applications. Emphasizing the necessity of a multi-technique approach for a thorough understanding, it underscores the importance of integrating diverse analytical methods to unravel microemulsion structures from molecular to macroscopic scales. This synthesis provides a roadmap for researchers and practitioners, fostering advancements in microemulsion science and its wide-ranging industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Li
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.); (B.P.); (S.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.)
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China;
- National Elite Institute of Engineering, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Beijing 102200, China
| | - Jiepeng Qu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.); (B.P.); (S.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.)
- National Elite Institute of Engineering, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Beijing 102200, China
- School of Rare Earth, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.); (B.P.); (S.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Baoliang Peng
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.); (B.P.); (S.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sunan Cong
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.); (B.P.); (S.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Haobo Yu
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China;
| | - Biao Zhang
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.); (B.P.); (S.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yingying Li
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.); (B.P.); (S.C.); (B.Z.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Usuba J, Sun Z, Nguyen HPQ, Raju C, Schmidt-Rohr K, Han GGD. Mechanoactivated amorphization and photopolymerization of styryldipyryliums. COMMUNICATIONS MATERIALS 2024; 5:98. [PMID: 38859933 PMCID: PMC11162349 DOI: 10.1038/s43246-024-00539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Conventional topochemical photopolymerization reactions occur exclusively in precisely-engineered photoactive crystalline states, which often produces high-insoluble polymers. To mitigate this, here, we report the mechanoactivation of photostable styryldipyrylium-based monomers, which results in their amorphization-enabled solid-state photopolymerization and produces soluble and processable amorphous polymers. A combination of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, and absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy reveals the crucial role of a mechanically-disordered monomer phase in yielding polymers via photo-induced [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Hence, mechanoactivation and amorphization can expand the scope of topochemical polymerization conditions to open up opportunities for generating polymers that are otherwise difficult to synthesize and analyze.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Usuba
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| | - Zhenhuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| | - Han P. Q. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| | - Cijil Raju
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| | - Grace G. D. Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu H, Hu Z, Ji X. Characterization by Gel Permeation Chromatography of the Molecular Weight of Supramolecular Polymers Generated by Forming Polyrotaxanes through the Introduction of External Stoppers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400099. [PMID: 38212246 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers find wide applications across diverse domains, and the molecular weight exerts a critical influence on their applicability. Consequently, the measurement of molecular weight for supramolecular polymers assumes paramount significance. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) requiring low-concentration condition is a common characterization employed for molecular weight determination, which is not suitable for supramolecular polymers possessing concentration-independence property. Here, to break this threshold, we synthesized M1 embodying dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8) moiety as well as dibenzylammonium salt (DBA) group, which was capable of self-assembling into supramolecular polymers terminated with aldehyde groups at its end. Upon the addition of (4- (1,2,2-Triphenylvinyl) phenyl) methylamine (TPE-NH2), supramolecular polymers underwent a transition into polyrotaxanes, for which it was led by the generation of imine bonds. By virtue of GPC, the molecular weight of polyrotaxanes was obtained, then it was available to gain the molecular weight of supramolecular polymers with the help of transformation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Ziqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bandelli D, Mastrangelo R, Poggi G, Chelazzi D, Baglioni P. New sustainable polymers and oligomers for Cultural Heritage conservation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2443-2455. [PMID: 38362426 PMCID: PMC10866357 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03909a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of "green" chemistry materials with enhanced properties is a central topic in numerous applicative fields, including the design of polymeric systems for the conservation of works of art. Traditional approaches in art restoration comprise polymer thickeners and viscous dispersions to partially control solvents in the removal of soil or aged varnishes/coatings from artifacts. Alternatively, polymeric gel networks can be specifically designed to grant full control of the cleaning action, yielding safe, time- and cost-effective restorations. The selection of polymers and oligomers in gel design is crucial to tune solvent upload, retention, and controlled release over the sensitive artistic surfaces. Starting from an overview of traditional polymer formulations and state-of-the-art gel systems for cleaning works of art, we provide here the design of a new class of gels, focusing on the selection of oligomers to achieve gels with tailored hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. We evaluated the oligomers Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) by developing, for the first time, a novel methodology combining SEC and DOSY NMR analysis, which was tested on a library of "green" oligoesters synthesized by polycondensation and poorly explored in the literature. Oligomers with moderate polydispersity were chosen to validate the new protocol as a robust tool for designing polymeric gels even on industrial scale. The methodology is more time-effective than traditional methods, and gives additional insights on the oligomers physico-chemical nature, evaluating their compatibility with different solvents. Then, we used the selected oligoesters with castor oil to obtain a new class of organogels able to upload solvents with varying polarity, which effectively removed different types of unwanted layers typically found in painting restoration. These results validate the oligomers screening approach and the new class of gels as promising chemical processes/materials in art preservation. The methodology can potentially allow evaluation of HLB also for small molecules (e.g., surfactants), opening for the formulation of polymers solutions/gels beyond Cultural Heritage conservation, as in pharmaceutics, cosmetics, food industry, tissue engineering, agriculture, and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Bandelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Rosangela Mastrangelo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Giovanna Poggi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019 Florence Italy
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Piero Baglioni
- CSGI and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019 Florence Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hiller W, Grabe B. The Universal Calibration for Structure- and Solvent-Independent Molar Mass Determinations of Polymers Using Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 38016106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
It will be shown how diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) can produce a universal calibration of molar mass dependences of polymers compared to size exclusion chromatography (SEC) or recently published DOSY methods. Whereas SEC can deliver only structure-independent universal calibrations for a particular solvent, DOSY was used for creating solvent-independent calibrations for a certain polymer. Now, we can demonstrate a universal calibration method that generates both a structure- and solvent-independent molar mass calibration. Only one mathematical function describes the structure- and solvent-independent calibrations for DOSY by implementing the Mark-Houwink approach. The derived equation is tested on polystyrene (PS), poly(ethylene oxide), and poly(methyl methacrylate) of different molar masses and in different solvents. Altogether, 94 diffusion coefficients representing 16 molar mass calibrations of the diffusion coefficients in 10 different solvents could be perfectly matched to one universal calibration function with an average deviation of just 2.5%. It was also found that the Mark-Houwink parameters calculated by DOSY are very close to the SEC data. In any case, this new approach is a very useful tool for the determination of molar masses and new Mark-Houwink parameters via DOSY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,TU Dortmund University,Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a,44227Dortmund,Germany
| | - Bastian Grabe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,TU Dortmund University,Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a,44227Dortmund,Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hidalgo-Carvajal D, Muñoz ÁH, Garrido-González JJ, Carrasco-Gallego R, Alcázar Montero V. Recycled PLA for 3D Printing: A Comparison of Recycled PLA Filaments from Waste of Different Origins after Repeated Cycles of Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3651. [PMID: 37688276 PMCID: PMC10490016 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work is to evaluate the reprocessing of PLA 3D printing waste from different origins, into filaments and films, and without the addition of any additive. Two types of waste were considered: a blend of different printing wastes (masks, visors, other components) of personal protective equipment coming from an association of Spanish coronamakers, and PLA waste from a single known commercial source. Both types of materials were subjected to repeated extrusion cycles and processed into films by compression molding. Samples were characterized after each cycle and their mechanical and viscosity properties evaluated. Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) experiments were also carried out to estimate molecular weights. The results show a better performance for the PLA waste from the known origin, capable of withstanding up to three re-extrusion cycles per two for the waste blending, without significant degradation. Additionally, a model to address collection and mechanical recycling cycles under two different scenarios (full traceability and not full traceability) was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Hidalgo-Carvajal
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain (R.C.-G.)
| | - Álvaro Hortal Muñoz
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain (R.C.-G.)
- Dirección de Compras Industrial y Cliente, Repsol, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ruth Carrasco-Gallego
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain (R.C.-G.)
| | - Victoria Alcázar Montero
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain (R.C.-G.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|